ABSTRACT
Putra, Leonardus Dikka Maha. (2008).The Types of and the Possible Reasons for a Code-Switching Phenomenon in Indonesian Teenage Magazine ‘HAI’. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
This study aimed at giving interpretations of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. There were some language elements of English language which were juxtaposed with Indonesian utterances in the magazine. Sosiolinguistics defined this kind of language switching as code-switching. The code-switching was employed prominently by the writers of the articles of the magazine so it became a language phenomenon.
There were two questions to be answered in this study. They were: 1) what are the types of the code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? 2) what are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? To answer the questions, I followed the steps in analyzing the data of qualitative research constructed by Creswell (1998) as cited by Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 150-151). The steps were: 1) organize the data, 2) peruse the data, 3) identify the data, 4) integrate and summarize the data. The steps were conducted to answer the first research question. In order to reveal the answer to the second research question, further interpretation of the data of code-switching and the answer to the first research question was conducted.
In order to present a clear description of what code-switching actually was, I organized the sentences that contained code-switching on an observation form. Then I perused the entire data. This process spelt out that there were three types of switching that existed in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine; single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords. Afterwards, further analysis was conducted to find out each type of the code-switching collected before. The summary of this process came up with the findings that single-word code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence, whereas conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords were consecutively in the second and third position of the percentage.
The identification of the possible reasons for code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine involved two important aspects. They were theories of code-switching from some linguists and the purposes of employing code-code-switching stated by the editorial staff of the magazine. I used them as the considerations to interpret the meaning of the existence of the language phenomenon in the magazine. The result of the interpretation implied that there were four possible reasons for code-switching in the magazine. First, code-switching was used to build intimate relationship with teenagers as the readers. Second, the writers faced some difficulty to describe or express certain things in Indonesian language. Third, it was because of the special terms related to the topic under discussion which were difficult to be translated to another language. Last, some quoted statements from the informants themselves contained code-switching.
Whatever the types or the possible reasons are, I suggest that code-switching utterances in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine provide good models for English
language understanding. The appropriate form of the juxtaposed foreign language element related to its function on the text is of chief importance.
ABSTRAK
Putra, Leonardus Dikka Maha. (2008).The Types of and the Possible Reasons for a Code-Switching Phenomenon in Indonesian Teenage Magazine ‘HAI’. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan interpretasi mengenai code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’. Terdapat beberapa elemen bahasa Inggris yang penggunaannya diselipkan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan berbahasa Indonesia dalam majalah tersebut. Sosiolinguistik mendefinisikan alih bahasa semacam ini dengan istilah code-switching.Code-switching digunakan secara sering oleh para penulis artikel majalah tersebut sehingga ini menjadi sebuah fenomena.
Ada dua pertanyaan yang ingin dijawab dalam penelitian ini yaitu: 1) tipe code-switching apa saja yang terdapat di majalah remaja ‘HAI’? 2) apa saja yang mungkin menjadi alasan dari penggunaan code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’? Guna menemukan jawab dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, saya mengikuti langkah-langkah penelitian untuk menganalisa data dalam penelitian kualitatif yang disusun oleh Creswell (1998) dan dikutip oleh Leedy dan Ormrod (2005: 150-151) sebagai berikut 1) mengorganisir data, 2) mengkaji data, 3) mengidentifikasi data, 4) mengkaitkan semua data dan merangkum kesimpulan. Langkah-langkah tersebut dilaksanakan guna menjawab pertanyaan yang pertama. Sedangkan untuk menguak jawaban dari pertanyaan yang kedua, dilaksanakan proses interpretasi lebih jauh dari data mengenaicode-switchingdan jawaban dari pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama.
Dalam rangka memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai apa sebenarnya code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’, saya mendaftarkan semua ungkapan yang mengandung code-switching dalam suatu lembar observasi. Kemudian saya menkaji data tersebut yang kemudian menguak fakta bahwa ada tiga tipe code-switching di majalah ‘HAI’ yaitu single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching, danintegrated loanwords. Proses selanjutnya adalah menganalisa tipe setiap code-switching yang ada dalam lembar observasi. Proses tersebut menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa single-word code-switching adalah tipe yang paling sering muncul. Sedangkan conversational code-switching dan integrated loanwordssecara berurutan berada di posisi kedua dan ketiga menurut persentase.
Peoses identifikasi dari apa saja yang mungkin menjadi alasan atas penggunaan code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’ melibatkan dua aspek penting yaitu teori-teori mengenaicode-switchingdari para ahli bahasa dan tujuan dari penggunaan code-switching yang disampaikan oleh para editor majalah tersebut. Saya menggunakan dua aspek tersebut sebagai pertimbangan dalam menguak interpretasi dari maksud atau tujuan penggunaan code-switching di majalah tersebut. Dari proses interpretasi, dapat kesimpulan bahwa ada empat hal yang menjadi alasan dari penggunaan code-switching di majalah tersebut. Hal yang pertama, code-switching digunakan dalam rangka membangun hubungan yang akrab dengan pembaca. Kedua, para penulis artikel di majalah ‘HAI’ mengalami kendala dalam menyampaikan beberapa hal dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Alasan ketiga yaitu karena istilah-istilah khusus dalam topik yang sedang dibahas sulit untuk diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa lain. Alasan yang terakhir yaitu karena beberapa pernyataan yang dikutip dari para narasumber sendiri mengandung code-switching.
Apapun tipenya atau yang mungkin menjadi alasannya, saya menyarankan agar code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’ memberi model yang baik bagi proses pemahaman bahasa Inggris. Bentuk yang tepat dari elemen-elemen bahasa asing yang digunakan sesuai dengan fungsinya masing-masing didalam teks merupakan hal yang sangat penting.
THE TYPES OF AND THE POSSIBLE REASONS
FOR A CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENON
IN INDONESIAN TEENAGE MAGAZINE ‘HAI’
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree
in English Language Education
By
Leonardus Dikka Maha Putra Student number: 041214113
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2008
A Thesis on
THE TYPES OF AND THE POSSIBLE REASONS
FOR A CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENON
IN INDONESIAN TEENAGE MAGAZINE ‘HAI’
By
Leonardus Dikka Maha Putra Student Number: 041214113
Approved by
Sponsor
A Thesis on
THE TYPES OF AND THE POSSIBLE REASONS
FOR A CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENON
IN INDONESIAN TEENAGE MAGAZINE ‘HAI’
By
Leonardus Dikka Maha Putra Student Number: 041214113
Defended before the Board Examiners on November 27, 2008
and Declared Acceptable Board of Examiners
Chairperson : A. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. ________________ Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ________________ Member : Yohana Veniranda, S.Pd., M.Hum. ________________ Member : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ________________ Member : G. Punto Aji, S.Pd., M.Hum. ________________
Yogyakarta, November 27, 2008
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University
Dean,
STATEMENT OF ORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I wrote, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the bibliography, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, November 15, 2008 The Writer
[ Today is a gift ]
Dedicated to:
My beloved parents ; Fortunatus Teguh Pudjiprawoto & Florentina Yustiani
My lovely brothers ; Christophorus Rikko Agita & Eduardus Vikki Verdhian
Thank you for today
I’ll do my best for tomorrow
[ Tomorrow is a mystery ]
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to praise Jesus Christ for giving me the belief that encourages me to always keep doing the right things. I thank Him for the belief that I have which whispers that there is something I can admire at the end of this exhausting process so I have good reasons why I have to finish my study. I also would like to express my gratitude to those who have supported me
First, I thank Yohana Veniranda, S.Pd., M.Hum., my sponsor, for her guidance in the process of completing my thesis. I would like to give much respect and appreciation of her kindness and patience in correcting simple-minor errors in which I should have been able to produce everything correctly.
Second, I thank F.X. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd.for giving me a new hope in the new topic for my thesis. I thank him for his trust that I can produce a fruitful research on code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. I hope that I have given beneficial interpretations of the language phenomenon.
Third, I thank alllecturersandstaff of the English Language Education Study Program for their care and guidance. I thank them for the shared knowledge and experience that would be very useful for me in the future.
Next, I also would like to give my never-ending thanks to my parents,
Fortunatus Teguh Pudjiprawoto & Florentina Yustiani, for all of the opportunity that I have had. My warmest thanks are to my little brothers,
Christophorus Rikko Agita & Eduardus Vikki Verdhian, I thank them very much for giving me another reason for finishing my study.
Last, I also express my big thanks to all of my friends in PBI. They are
Santi ‘Bantul’, Vensi ‘Solo’, Sigit ‘Puncak Merapi’, Bekti ‘Bantul juga’, Lexi
‘Jepang’, Susan ‘Kalimantan’, Alit ‘??’, Ayoex ‘Gombong’, Bernard
‘Magelang’Dita‘Kaliurang’, andBerto‘NTT’. I thank them for their willingness to study together with me in our beloved, Sanata Dharma University.
Leonardus Dikka Maha Putra
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PAGE OF TITLE ………... i
PAGES OF APPROVAL ……… ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY……… iv
PAGE OF DEDICATION ……….. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….……... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..…... viii
LIST OF TABLES ……….. xi
LIST OF FIGURE ……….. xii
ABSTRACT ………... xiii
ABSTRAK………... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………. 1
A. Background of the Study ……… 1
B. Problem Identification ……… 3
C. Problem Limitation ……… 4
D. Problem Formulation ………. 4
E. Objectives of the Study ……….………. 4
F. Benefits of the Study ……….. 5
G. Definition of Terms ……….... 5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………. 7
A. Theoretical Description ……….. 7
1. The Nature of Code-Switching ………... 7
Page
2. The Types of Code-Switching ……… 9
3. The Reasons for Code-Switching ………... 13
4. Code-Switching and Language Learning ………... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ………. 16
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………... 18
A. Research Method ……….. 18
B. Source of Data ……….. 20
C. Research Instruments ……… 21
D. Data Gathering Techniques ……….. 21
E. Data Analysis Techniques ……… 22
F. Research Procedures ………. 24
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH DISCUSSION AND OTHER FINDINGS.... 27
A. The Types of and the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching ……….. 27
1. Analysis of The Types of Code-Switching ……….………. 28
a. Organize the Data……….. 28
b. Peruse the Data……….. 29
c. Identify General Categories and Classify Each Piece of Data……….. 30
d. Integrate and Summarize the Data………. …….. 31
2. Identification of the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching………. 36
B. Code-Switching in Teaching-Learning Process of English Language…….. 42
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………. 45
A. Conclusions………... 45
1. The Types of Code-Switching in ‘HAI’ Teenage Magazine…………... 45
2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in ‘HAI’ Teenage Magazine….. 46
B. Suggestions……… 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 48
APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: The Observation Form of the List of Code-Switching………… 50
APPENDIX 2: The Observation Form of the Types Analysis ………... 51
APPENDIX 3: Code-Switching Cases in Vol. 37 ………... 52
APPENDIX 4: Code-Switching Cases in Vol. 13 ……….. 74
APPENDIX 5: E-mail Transcript……… 94
LIST OF TABLES
Page Table 4.1: The Summary of the Types of Code-Switching in Vol. 37………… 33 Table 4.2: The Summary of the Types of Code-Switching in Vol. 13 ………... 34
LIST OF FIGURE
Page Figure 3.1: The Data Analysis Spiral ……… 24
ABSTRACT
Putra, Leonardus Dikka Maha. (2008).The Types of and the Possible Reasons for a Code-Switching Phenomenon in Indonesian Teenage Magazine ‘HAI’. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
This study aimed at giving interpretations of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. There were some language elements of English language which were juxtaposed with Indonesian utterances in the magazine. Sosiolinguistics defined this kind of language switching as code-switching. The code-switching was employed prominently by the writers of the articles of the magazine so it became a language phenomenon.
There were two questions to be answered in this study. They were: 1) what are the types of the code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? 2) what are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? To answer the questions, I followed the steps in analyzing the data of qualitative research constructed by Creswell (1998) as cited by Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 150-151). The steps were: 1) organize the data, 2) peruse the data, 3) identify the data, 4) integrate and summarize the data. The steps were conducted to answer the first research question. In order to reveal the answer to the second research question, further interpretation of the data of code-switching and the answer to the first research question was conducted.
In order to present a clear description of what code-switching actually was, I organized the sentences that contained code-switching on an observation form. Then I perused the entire data. This process spelt out that there were three types of switching that existed in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine; single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords. Afterwards, further analysis was conducted to find out each type of the code-switching collected before. The summary of this process came up with the findings that single-word code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence, whereas conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords were consecutively in the second and third position of the percentage.
The identification of the possible reasons for code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine involved two important aspects. They were theories of code-switching from some linguists and the purposes of employing code-code-switching stated by the editorial staff of the magazine. I used them as the considerations to interpret the meaning of the existence of the language phenomenon in the magazine. The result of the interpretation implied that there were four possible reasons for code-switching in the magazine. First, code-switching was used to build intimate relationship with teenagers as the readers. Second, the writers faced some difficulty to describe or express certain things in Indonesian language. Third, it was because of the special terms related to the topic under discussion which were difficult to be translated to another language. Last, some quoted statements from the informants themselves contained code-switching.
Whatever the types or the possible reasons are, I suggest that code-switching utterances in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine provide good models for English
language understanding. The appropriate form of the juxtaposed foreign language element related to its function on the text is of chief importance.
ABSTRAK
Putra, Leonardus Dikka Maha. (2008).The Types of and the Possible Reasons for a Code-Switching Phenomenon in Indonesian Teenage Magazine ‘HAI’. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan interpretasi mengenai code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’. Terdapat beberapa elemen bahasa Inggris yang penggunaannya diselipkan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan berbahasa Indonesia dalam majalah tersebut. Sosiolinguistik mendefinisikan alih bahasa semacam ini dengan istilah code-switching.Code-switching digunakan secara sering oleh para penulis artikel majalah tersebut sehingga ini menjadi sebuah fenomena.
Ada dua pertanyaan yang ingin dijawab dalam penelitian ini yaitu: 1) tipe code-switching apa saja yang terdapat di majalah remaja ‘HAI’? 2) apa saja yang mungkin menjadi alasan dari penggunaan code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’? Guna menemukan jawab dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, saya mengikuti langkah-langkah penelitian untuk menganalisa data dalam penelitian kualitatif yang disusun oleh Creswell (1998) dan dikutip oleh Leedy dan Ormrod (2005: 150-151) sebagai berikut 1) mengorganisir data, 2) mengkaji data, 3) mengidentifikasi data, 4) mengkaitkan semua data dan merangkum kesimpulan. Langkah-langkah tersebut dilaksanakan guna menjawab pertanyaan yang pertama. Sedangkan untuk menguak jawaban dari pertanyaan yang kedua, dilaksanakan proses interpretasi lebih jauh dari data mengenaicode-switchingdan jawaban dari pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama.
Dalam rangka memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai apa sebenarnya code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’, saya mendaftarkan semua ungkapan yang mengandung code-switching dalam suatu lembar observasi. Kemudian saya menkaji data tersebut yang kemudian menguak fakta bahwa ada tiga tipe code-switching di majalah ‘HAI’ yaitu single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching, danintegrated loanwords. Proses selanjutnya adalah menganalisa tipe setiap code-switching yang ada dalam lembar observasi. Proses tersebut menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa single-word code-switching adalah tipe yang paling sering muncul. Sedangkan conversational code-switching dan integrated loanwordssecara berurutan berada di posisi kedua dan ketiga menurut persentase.
Peoses identifikasi dari apa saja yang mungkin menjadi alasan atas penggunaan code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’ melibatkan dua aspek penting yaitu teori-teori mengenaicode-switchingdari para ahli bahasa dan tujuan dari penggunaan code-switching yang disampaikan oleh para editor majalah tersebut. Saya menggunakan dua aspek tersebut sebagai pertimbangan dalam menguak interpretasi dari maksud atau tujuan penggunaan code-switching di majalah tersebut. Dari proses interpretasi, dapat kesimpulan bahwa ada empat hal yang menjadi alasan dari penggunaan code-switching di majalah tersebut. Hal yang pertama, code-switching digunakan dalam rangka membangun hubungan yang akrab dengan pembaca. Kedua, para penulis artikel di majalah ‘HAI’ mengalami kendala dalam menyampaikan beberapa hal dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Alasan ketiga yaitu karena istilah-istilah khusus dalam topik yang sedang dibahas sulit untuk diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa lain. Alasan yang terakhir yaitu karena beberapa pernyataan yang dikutip dari para narasumber sendiri mengandung code-switching.
Apapun tipenya atau yang mungkin menjadi alasannya, saya menyarankan agar code-switching di majalah remaja ‘HAI’ memberi model yang baik bagi proses pemahaman bahasa Inggris. Bentuk yang tepat dari elemen-elemen bahasa asing yang digunakan sesuai dengan fungsinya masing-masing didalam teks merupakan hal yang sangat penting.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Nowadays, people can easily gain as much as possible information that they need because there are a number of information resources such as newspapers, magazines, TV stations, and internet websites. Everybody needs up to date information to keep her or himself in touch with the world. In the middle of the fast advances in technology of the electronic information media such as television and internet, people are still interested in gaining much information that they need from the printed mass media like newspapers and magazines.
Unlike the middle-aged people who really love to read newspapers to support their social life, teenagers would rather read magazines than newspapers, especially teenage magazines. They have certain reasons for this; it can be because of some more interesting features of magazines such as colourful papers and pictures or due to various topics of the magazines which are in line with the interest among teenagers. In order to fulfill the needs of information among teenagers, at present, so many teenage magazines are published and they compete to be the best. ’HAI’ teenage magazine is one of the most popular teenage magazines in Indonesia which still concerns in supplying teenagers with enough information in line with entertainment. This commitment is being realized within a lot of interesting features of the magazine that can increase teenagers’ interest in reading the magazine.
One interesting language feature that can be found in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine is prominent borrowing of words, phrases, or even sentences from English language juxtaposed with Indonesian words, phrases, or sentences to create interesting language utterances. In addition, the writers of the articles are aware of their process of adoption by italicizing those foreign language elements. This becomes a phenomenon because the adoption is employed prominently. Almost in every page of the magazine, there are so many words from English language that exist within Indonesian utterances.
This phenomenon can be explained by linguists by the term code-switching. Asher (1994: 581) explains “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to the
juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.” So, someone may switch the language that she or he uses from one language to another. She or he can produce a language utterance which consists of language elements from two or more different languages. It can be found in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine in which the writers produce Indonesian utterances with the language elements of Indonesian and English language.
phrase of Indonesian language kesetaraan gender. Indonesians prefer borrowing an English word ‘gender’ to using an Indonesian phrase jenis kelamin. It is not strange at all to find an alteration between two different languages within a single utterance, which is called code-switching, as far as the speaker has appropriate reasons to apply it.
There is a great deal of implementation of code-switching dealing with the foreign language elements which are borrowed. There is apparent distinction on the length of these elements which vary from a single word up to a complete sentence. Language theories are chief matters which should be obeyed as guidance toward better understanding and implementation of various kinds of code-switching.
Since ‘HAI’ teenage magazine is one of the Indonesian public media which carries out education mission, it needs appropriate reasons for borrowing language elements from foreign language, in this case English language, to be juxtaposed with Indonesian utterances.
B. Problem Identification
teenage magazine, which are of chief importance for the process of language learning and understanding. The magazine has to have appropriate reasons for this.
C. Problem Limitation
I am going to gain further comprehension and gain interpretations of a language phenomenon that exists in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine which is identified as code-switching. The code-switching, which should involve at least two languages, in this study involves the switching between Indonesian and English language.
D. Problem Formulation
There are two problems formulated in this study in order to specify the main goal of the study. The problems can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the types of code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? 2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian teenage
magazine ‘HAI’?
E. Objectives of the Study
In this study, there are two objectives to elaborate as follows:
1. to analyze the types of code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’, and
F. Benefits of the Study
There are a number of benefits of this study for other people. The benefits are specified for two groups of people who are the learners and other researchers of English language.
The benefits for English language learners can be formulated as follows: 1. English learners will have broader knowledge of code-switching, especially
about the types of code-switching that exist in society. The code-switching with various types in ‘HAI’ teenage magazines can be models for English language learners to be applied in their daily communication.
2. English learners will obtain some possible reasons for code-switching so they can understand where and when to apply it appropriately.
The benefits for other researchers can be formulated as follows:
1. This study will hopefully encourage other researchers to conduct further study of code-switching.
2. Other researchers will have a kind of enlightenment or inspiration to explore other language phenomena which exist in society.
G. Definition of Terms
These are some terms which need to be defined: 1. Code-switching
when a bilingual person employs more than one language in her or his speech. This involves the alteration of the language expressions of languages used by the speaker. The alternated language elements take a number of forms such as sentences and phrases.
2. Teenage Magazines
Teenage magazines are magazines which assert teenagers as the target readers. The topics of the articles vary in line with teenagers’ favorites. The language which is conformed to the teenagers’ language style or dialect is important to be considered in order to build teenagers’ interest in the magazines. It can also be an identity of a teenage magazine which can be used to differentiate this sort of magazine from the others.
3. ‘HAI’ Teenage Magazine
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two main parts namelytheoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents general understanding of code-switching which is explained through discussion of some definitions from some linguist besides a number of type classifications and reasons for it as the main points of this study. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework explains procedures organized to accomplish this study.
A. Theoretical Description
In order to obtain good understanding of code-switching, this theoretical description is presented. This section consists of some definitions of code-switching from some linguists, where and when it may happen in a society, some types classifications and reasons for it, and also the relation of it with teaching and learning activities.
1. The Nature of Code-Switching
According to Wardhaugh (1992: 103) the term ‘code’ refers to any dialect or language used by a speaker to build communication with others. He asserts that a person may use more than one code in her or his speech instead of just employing a single code. People may switch or mix the codes or languages that they use. And a term ‘code-switching’ is used to name this conversational strategy.
There are a number of definitions of code-switching according to some linguists. They have various definitions of it and employ different ways to explain it. In order to obtain in-depth comprehension of code-switching, this study presents a number of definitions from a number of linguists.
Valdes-Fallis (1977) as cited by Duran in Toward a Better Understanding of Code-Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual
Instruction explains that code-switching may happen if two languages used simultaneously or interchangeable. In addition, Peter Stockwell (2002: 135) states that “Code-switching is often the specific mechanism through which the borrowing of words and constructions happens.” From these two arguments, it can be understood that code-switching involves two languages used simultaneously by a speaker. As a result, there is a kind of alteration in the language utterances involving language elements of those two languages by the process of borrowing and constructing or combining. A speaker may borrow certain language elements from another language and combine them with the language elements of her or his native language. The language elements here can be a word, phrase, clause or even complete sentence. But of course code-switching pursues a number of requirements such as the speaker’s language competence of the two languages in order to construct together the language elements of both languages appropriately. The construction needs match combination of the grammatical rules of the languages involved in the code-switching. It is explained by Chana (1984) as cited by Duran in Toward a Better Understanding of Code-Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual
someone’s speech which involves items of two different languages. The items are tied together according to the rules of both languages so the speaker is obliged to put much respect on both language rules.
Since code-switching belongs to sociolinguistics, social context is also important to be put in the discussion. The setting that enables code-switching to happen may be described. Wardhaugh (1992: 103-104) elaborates where code-switching may happen.
First, code-switching may happen in a multilingual country. It is a country which employs more than one language as media of communication among the citizens. Singapore, for instance, has five languages which are English, the Mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, Malay, and Hokkien, another variety of Chinese. The educational activity in formal school is held in formal Singapore English and Mandarin. Meanwhile, people tend to bargain something with either Hokkien or informal Singapore English in a traditional market.
Second, code-switching may also occur where there are multilingual people meet each other in a foreign setting. For example, Indonesian students who live in the United State have a tendency to use not only English language all the time but they may also speak in their native language or dialect in certain occasions. When they discuss academic work they may use English language, but when they want to share daily activities in their spare time, they may choose Indonesian language.
2. The Types of Code-Switching
phenomenon since it involves two distinctive languages in a single context of occurrence. There are so many factors that affect code-switching to happen. The different classification of the types of code-switching is considered normal and acceptable.
According to The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, there are seven types of code-switching. The classification among those seven types is mainly according to the length of the juxtaposed elements which are borrowed from foreign language.
The first one is calleddiglossia. There are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossic communities. They are high (H) and low (L) variety. The first one is the prestige variety which is used in formal discourse, and the other, which is lack of prestige, is used in less formal discourse. People may use L variety when they speak to their family at home but choose H variety, the more formal variety, when they do job presentation in the office. The switching in diglossia occurs in discourse level and involves the switching from H to L variety or just on the contrary. Discourse is a unit of language elements which is longer than a sentence.
helpful and possible if the teacher re-explains her or his English explanatory speech in Indonesian so the students can fairly comprehend it. Despite the framework of the context of occurrence which should be within one context, this example of situational code-switching also gives salient description that situational code-switching happens without any change of the topic.
The third one is metaphoric code-switching. The role of relationship between the speakers in a conversation may change. The change of the language or dialect that they use may also change in line with it. Unlike the previous one, this type of code-switching asserts a change of the topic under discussion. When someone meets her or his neighbour doing a duty as a bank teller the person may greet her or his neighbour with their daily language, the less formal one, such as a local dialect. But the person, then, appropriately and politely chooses the more formal language to assert her or his main purpose to come to the bank, that she or he wants to draw some money. Here, the person changes the role of relationship from personal to official. The different relationship between the speakers which is built by changing the code that they use asserts the existence of metaphoric code-switching.
The fourth type of code-switching is called conversational code-switching. It can also be calledstyle shiftingorcode mixing. It allows the speaker to juxtapose various length of foreign language elements within her or his speech. The juxtaposed foreign language element in this type can be a phrase, clause, or full sentence.
the speaker to borrow a single word from another language or dialect and place it within her or his native language utterances. Here is one example of this type of code-switching which involves Indonesian and English language:
‘Ceritanya dari film itu mengambilsettingdi Portugal.’
From the example, it can be seen that the speaker replaces an Indonesian wordlokasiwith an English word ‘setting’.
The last type of code-switching introduced in The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguisticsisintegrated loanwords. The juxtaposition in this type happens in a morpheme level. Morpheme is a minimal functional element of a word. Here, someone may integrate a word from a foreign language with affixes of her or his native language to form a certain language expression. Here is an example of this type of code-switching which involves English and Indonesia language.
‘Ronald adalah pemain gitar yangber-skilltinggi.’
From the sentence above, the speaker combines an Indonesian prefix ber-with an English word ‘skill’.
The next classification of code-switching is presented by Ronald Wardhaugh. He discusses three kinds of language switching that may exist in society.
formal lecture in a standard variety and then tries to encourage the following discussion in a local dialect so that the students will not get tired.
Second, there is metaphorical code-switching. One thing that enables people to identify metaphorical code-switching is that it has an affective dimension; formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, etc. This type of code-switching can be seen when two leaders of local companies transact business together. Even though the standard language is generally used, sometimes they also speak in a local dialect for special effect, e.g., to show that they trust each other.
The last type is conversational code-mixing. The difference between code-switching and code-mixing can be seen through the context of the occurrence in which code-mixing occurs within a single utterance of someone’s speech as what Wardhaugh (1992: 106) says that “Code-mixing occurs when conversances use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.” Here are some examples of conversational code-mixing that Wardhaugh gives between Spanish and English language:
a. No van a bring it up in the meeting.
‘They are not going to bring it up in the meeting.’ b. Todos los Mexicanos were riled up.
‘All the Mexicans were riled up.’
3. The Reasons for Code-Switching
Crystal (1987) as cited by Skiba in Code Switching as a Countenance of Language Interferenceidentifies three reasons why people employ code-switching in their communication.
First, there is a possibility that a speaker may not be able to express her or himself in one language so she or he switches to another language to compensate for the deficiency. Someone’s language competence, even in her or his native language, may be limited. For a multilingual person who is able to speak more than one language, switching the language that she or he uses may be the best answer for the deficiency problem.
Second, code-switching is used because someone wants to express solidarity with a particular social group of speakers. She or he may use a language which is used to show her or his sympathy or express what they fell toward others. Almost every ethnic group has a vernacular language or dialect, and switching the language toward the language of a particular ethnic group can be one way to express solidarity toward the group.
Third, someone applies code-switching as a sort of variation in the level of formality of her or his speech. A speaker has to be able to decide the opportunity when to use each of them appropriately. Someone may accidentally change the degree of the formality of the language by code-switching. It is needed to give special effect of the relationship such as to build intimate relationship.
Meanwhile, Wardhaugh (1992: 106) provides three reasons for code-switching.
country or ethnic group to show their solidarity toward the people from that country or ethnic group besides to build the more intimate atmosphere or relationship.
The second reason is because of the choice of topic. In a conversation, people often switch the topic under discussion. A particular language might be appropriate to discuss a certain topic. The change of the topic might be also accompanied by language switching so the variety of the language can be appropriate with the new topic.
The last reason for code-switching given by Wardhaugh is that someone uses code-switching because she or he perceives social and cultural distance. It is related to the level of formality of the language. Someone may choose an informal variety if she or he talks to her or his friend, on the other hand, a formal-standard variety will be the best choice if she or he talks to her or his teachers since there is social distance.
4. Code-Switching and Language Learning
B. Theoretical Framework
In order to conduct a systematic study, I organize this theoretical framework to explain the procedures organized to accomplish this study. There are five steps presented in this theoretical framework.
1. Conducting preliminary observation of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine
By conducting preliminary observation of the code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine, I can obtain an overview of the language phenomenon being studied. The results of this process can be very useful for further processes since the preliminary observation may give me basic description of code-switching in the magazine. So, this step is also important in this study. 2. Conducting a confirmation of code-switching to the editorial staff of ‘HAI’
teenage magazine
Conducting a confirmation of the existence of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine to the editorial staff of the magazine is also needed. The information that I receive from them, as the informants of this study, hopefully can give me salient comprehension of the existence of code-switching in the magazine.
3. Collecting the code-switching cases which exist in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine By listing the code-switching cases on an observation form, I may gain much help in the process of analyzing the data. It can also give the readers a clear description of code-switching cases in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine.
The analysis of the types of code-switching is conducted after all of the utterances that contain code-switching in the magazine have been listed on the observation form. I employ some categories of the type of code-switching stated by linguists to classify the types of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
I used a certain methodology to conduct this study, and this chapter aimed at discussing the methodology systematically. The discussion included research method, source of data, research instrument, data gathering techniques, data
analysis techniques,andresearch procedures.
A. Research Method
A certain methodology was needed as guidance to conduct and organize steps or procedures of this study. Since this study was conducted to comprehend a language phenomenon that existed in society, in this case code-switching, qualitative research was considered as the most appropriate term to name the method of this study because Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 133) argued that qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena in their natural setting. Code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine was considered as a social phenomenon in language use because the writers of the articles employed code-switching prominently. Through this study I was going to analyze and comprehend this kind of social phenomenon that existed in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine.
The objective of finding some possible reasons for code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine was to interpret the meaning of the existence of code-switching in the magazine since it was essential, in qualitative research, to figure
out interpretations of the phenomenon which were constructed in the particular setting. The identification of the possible reasons could represent my interpretations of code-switching. Merriam (2002:3-4) discussed further about this:
The key to understand qualitative research lies with the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individuals in interaction with their world. There are multiple constructions and interpretations of reality that are flux and change over time. And qualitative research tries to understand what those interpretations are at a particular point in time and in a particular context.
Holliday (2002: 12) stated that qualitative research also tries to understand the complexities of a culture of the social world where we live and how we can go about thinking, acting and making meaning of it. He defined ‘culture’ according to the belief of Beales, G. Spindler and L. Spindler (1967: 8) that “’Culture’ therefore refers to the cohesive behaviour within any social grouping from a neightbourhood to a work group.” From this definition of culture, it could be concluded that the process of employing code-switching done by the writers of the articles in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine was a kind of culture since they employed code-switching prominently almost in every page of the magazine. In addition, it became cohesive behaviour which was implemented by most of the writers of the articles of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine.
teenage magazine. The analysis of the types of code-switching might come to the understanding of its complexities and through the identification of the possible reasons I would like to interpret the meaning of applying code-switching in the magazine.
The choice of using the first person point of view was appropriate in this qualitative research to describe the inclusiveness of the researcher toward the object of the study. It was also needed to enable the readers to see my interpretations saliently. It was supported by Clark and Ivanič (1997: 169) who said that the use of ‘I’ could create:
A different, more transparent relationship with her reader. […] She tried to make it very clear what her own opinions are. In other words, she tries not to disguise ‘opinion’ as ‘fact’ by using impersonal so-called objective language.
B. Source of Data
‘HAI’ teenage magazine was considered as the main source of data since this study concerned in code-switching that existed in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine only. There was a sort of combination between Indonesian and English language to produce certain utterances which was then considered as code-switching. I employed two editions of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine to be analyzed and chose the magazines randomly without paying much attention on the edition number or publish due date. I decided to choose two editions of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine as the objects of my research to answer the research questions since it had already been able to describe the existence of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. They were as follows:
b. 26 MARCH-1 APRIL 2007/TH XXXI NO 13
The editorial staff of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine played a significant role as the informants of this study. Informants were needed to obtain a vivid description of code-switching in the magazine.
C. Research Instrument
Kountur (2003: 151) explained that instruments of a research played an important role in data collection and analysis. Since this study was qualitative research, the researcher was considered as the research instrument of this study. It was supported by Merriam (2002: 5) who explained that
A second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data collections and data analysis. Since understanding is the goal of this research, the human instrument, which is able to be immediately responsive and adaptive, would seem to be the ideal means of collecting and analyzing data.
D. Data Gathering Techniques
In order to obtain qualified data to support my research, I employed two methods offered by Bungis (2007: 115-124). They were participant observerand online data search method.
Participant observer was a method used by researchers to obtain data of a research by observation and sensory perception. It required the use of human senses like eyes, ears, or skin to obtain data. I used this method to get the data of code-switching cases in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. The implementation of this method was conducted in three steps.
which were found in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. They were accompanied by the page numbers in the magazine. The data of code-switching presented on the observation would be easier to be analyzed.
Second, the identification of the code-switching cases was conducted. Since English language elements, as the juxtaposed elements of the code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine, were italicized, I gained much help to identify the code-switching cases in the target magazines. The process of the identification of the code-switching cases was done by reading and analyzing carefully the target magazine.
Finally, all of the code-switching cases found in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine were listed on the observation form. They were accompanied by the page numbers in the magazine.
Online data search was a method to get data from the internet. I conducted this method to obtain information from the editorial staff of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine as the informants of this study. I sent them an e-mail to clarify whether or not they had any purpose of using code-switching in the magazine. The answer from the informants might help me to identify possible reasons of code-switching in the magazine.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
Ormrod (2005). He created a data analysis spiral which was implemented within the following steps:
1. Organize the data
The large bodies of text should be broken down into the smaller one which could be presented in the form of sentences or individual words. I conducted scanning reading to identify language expressions in the target magazines that contained code-switching. And then the code-switching cases were listed on the observation forms.
2. Peruse the data
In this step, I might obtain an early overview of the data collected in the previous step which could be very helpful for the later steps. The sense of early interpretations toward the phenomenon being studied might arise here. 3. Identify general categories and classify each piece of data
This step might come up with specific patterns of data. The data presented on the observation forms was the primary object of identification in this step. Every code-switching case which was listed on the observation forms was identified for its type.
4. Integrate and summarize the data
code-switching case might spell out further interpretations of the language phenomenon.
The data analysis spiral could be figured out as follows:
Figure 3.1: The Data Analysis Spiral
F. Research Procedures
This section described the procedures of this study which were organized and done to obtain deep comprehension of the phenomenon being studied. There were six steps conducted to accomplish the research as follows:
1. Selecting the target magazine
There were two editions of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine used as the target magazines in this study since they had already been able to describe the existing phenomenon in the Indonesian teenage magazine. I chose the magazine randomly.
The Final Report
Synthesis
The Raw Data Organization
2. Designing the observation form
It was important to produce the observation form in the very beginning of the process. Observation form was needed to accommodate the data of code-switching cases from the target magazine. They were used to list all of the code-switching cases found in the magazines so every code-switching case could be clearly seen within its context of the occurrence.
3. Listing the code-switching cases on the observation form
After the observation form had been designed, code-switching identification on the target magazines could be conducted. Since the borrowed language elements were italicized, I gained much help in identifying the code-switching cases in the magazine. Every code-switching case which was found in the magazine then listed on the observation forms.
4. Analyzing the types of the list of code-switching
Code-switching cases which were listed on the observation form were directly analyzed to find out the types according to the categories employed by this study.
5. Identifying the possible reasons for code-switching
6. Making conclusions based on the findings
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH DISCUSSION AND OTHER FINDINGS
As it had been stated in the problem formulation, this study had two questions to be answered. They were 1) what are types of code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? 2) what are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian teenage magazine ‘HAI’? This chapter was presented to discuss the implementation of the research procedures to answer the research questions and gain in-depth interpretations of the language phenomenon.
A. The Types of and the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching
I conducted literature review to obtain enough data of the definition of code-switching. The data was sufficient to conclude that the language phenomenon which existed in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine was code-switching. I identified that the writers of the articles juxtaposed some English language elements with Indonesian utterances in their articles in the magazine. Based on a number of definitions of switching from some linguists, I defined code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine as the juxtaposition of language elements of Indonesian and English language used simultaneously by the writers of the articles to produce certain utterances. Asher (1994: 578) gave a little support for my definition of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine by stating that “Code-switching then is the “Code-switching from one variety, either of the same language or of different languages, in speech or writing.”
The complexity of code-switching arose on which one definition had been implemented to form various types. And every people might have different reasons for applying code-switching. Yet, this might be the starting point to gain in-depth interpretations of the existence of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. Moreover, the code-switching occurred prominently so it became a language phenomenon which could be studied to obtain meaningful interpretations.
1. Analysis of the Types of Code-Switching
In the process of analyzing the types of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine, I adopted the steps for analyzing data in qualitative research formulated by Creswell (1998) as cited by Leedy and Ormrod (2005). There were four main steps which were started by data collection or organization. Further explanation and implementation of the process could be seen in the discussion of the following steps.
a. Organize the Data
The data of this research were all of the code-switching cases in ‘HAI’ teenage magazines. There were two editions of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine which were used as the target magazines. They were as follows:
1) 12-18 SEPTEMBER 2005/TH XXIX NO 37 2) 26 MARCH-1 APRIL 2007/TH XXXI NO 13
There were two observation forms used in this study. The code-switching cases in one edition of the magazine were collected on one observation form.
I found so many utterances that contained code-switching cases almost in every page in the magazines. It showed that the writers of the articles employed code-switching prominently. All of the code-switching cases were listed on the observation form by writing the code-switching cases in the contextual utterances and not merely the switched or juxtaposed language elements. The code-switching in the magazines were mostly occurred within a sentence and only few of them occurred between sentences. The page number column accommodated the page numbers of the magazines where the code-switching were found. It was important to write also the page numbers so the existence of the code-switching cases in the magazines could be proved effectively.
b. Peruse the Data
This section was done to obtain an overview of the data of code-switching cases collected before. From the analysis of code-switching cases presented on the observation forms, I found that three of the six types of code-switching fromThe Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics existed in the magazines. The classification of the types was based on the length of the juxtaposed language elements. The three types and the examples of code-switching from the magazines were as follows:
1) Conversational code-switching; the juxtaposed element can be a sentence, clause, or phrase. E.g.:
b) Nih mobil menjadi mobil yang paling sering memecahkan rekor fastest lap.(p.21. vol. 37)
c) Siapa sangka kaloin the real lifedia juga MisssRing-Ring? (p.2, vol.13) 2) Single-word code-switching; the juxtaposed element is a single word. E.g.:
a) Next, tentang belajar dari coba-coba. (p.27, vol.37)
b) Nggak nyangka kalo iklan itu bakalbooming. (p.6, vol.13)
3) Integrated loanwords; the juxtaposed element consists of morphemes of English and Indonesian language which are integrated to form a single expression. E.g.:
a) Sound-nyabener-bener dikulik abis. (p.13, vol.37)
b) Yang udah pasti,ambience-nyajadi berubah. (p.13, vol.37)
c) Nanti penonton kasih komentar, terus kalo ada penonton yang suka sama lagunya, mereka harus temeninnge-date. (p.10, vol.37)
d) Rio pun menyanyikan salah satu lagu legend-nya The Groove itu dengan lancer. (p.12, vol.13)
From the finding of the types of code-switching that existed in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine above, it could be concluded that the length of the juxtaposed language elements varied from a single word up to a complete sentence. And the code-switching mostly happened within a sentence.
c. Identify General Categories and Classify Each Piece of Data
single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching, and integrated loanwords. The three types had been proved to be the only types of code-switching which existed in the magazine. For a more detailed description of the observation form for analyzing the types of code-switching cases in the target magazines, see Appendix 2.
d. Integrate and Summarize the Data
I accounted code-switching based on the existence of the foreign language elements, in this case English language elements, which were combined with Indonesian language elements. The data implied that within a single sentence, there could be more than one unit of the juxtaposed element with various lengths. In other words, there could be more than one type of code-switching as it could be observed from the examples below.
1) Integrated loanwords and single-word code-switching
a) Kalo udah di-perform-in secara live, tapi mereka nggak bisa ngeliat penontonnya. (p.5, vol.37)
b) Problem utama band ini terletak pada frontman-nya yang pecandu berat
drugs. (p.78, vol.37)
2) Conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords
a) Bams cs “memaksa”music maniacsPalembangber-sing a long. (p.8, vol. 37)
b) Job desk-nyahampir sama denganstage crew. (p.29, vol.13)
In the first example, conversational code-switching could be identified by the existence of an English phrase ‘music maniacs’, and integrated loanwords involved ‘ber-sing a long’.
3) Single-word code-switching and conversational code-switching
a) Kombinasi medium beat dan ballad yang emang jadi kelebihan cewek berambut panjang itu. (p.19, vol.37)
b) Cuma mungkin lo belum sadar sepenuhnya akan gift itu, dan malah kadang suka ngerasa ketakutan. Man, just don’t take it for granted and use it in a good way. (p.46, vol.37)
c) So, ayo tunjukin kalo kalian bisa menjaga mereka!Lets dance togetherlah …. (p.46, vol.13)
From the first example, single-word code-switching could be identified by the existence of an English word ‘so’. And the English clause ‘there’s something wrong with him’ revealed that there was also conversational code-switching.
4) Single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching, and integrated loanwords
a) Nggak cuma ngandelin lagu-laguballad, mantan lady rockerIndonesia ini lebih mengeksplorasi kemampuan vokalnya untuk ngebawain single
b) Misalnya, kaos biru elektrik denganhooded sweater magenta. Soal waktu pemakaian, warna “gonjreng” ini cocok banget buat dipake nonton konser, nonton di bioskop, pergi ke pensi, party di disko, bahkan nge-date sekali pun. (p.35, vol.13)
The first example above contained three types of code-switching. The first one was single-word code-switching with ‘ballad’ as the borrowed word. The second one was conversational code-switching which involved an English phrase ‘lady rocker’. The last one was integrated loanwords which could be identified by the existence of ‘nge-beat’.
The last step was summarizing the data. The summary of the number of code-switching cases in both target magazines and the occurrence percentage of every type of code-switching could be seen in the tables below:
No. The Types of Code-Switching
The Number of Code-Switching
Cases
Percentage
1. Single-word code-switching 166 58%
2. Conversational code-switching 91 32%
3. Integrated loanwords 29 10%
The total number and percentage 286 100%
No. The Types of Code-Switching
The Number of Code-Switching
Cases
Percentage
1. Single-word code-switching 143 55%
2. Conversational code-switching 94 36%
3. Integrated loanwords 24 9%
The total number and percentage 261 100%
Table 4.2: The Summary of the Types of Code-Switching in Vol. 13
Both summaries showed similar indications of code-switching phenomenon in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine dealing with the frequency of occurrence of each type. The results of the percentage did not show salient distinction of the occurrence of the types of code-switching in the target magazines. From the data, it could be concluded that single-word code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. Furthermore, the percentage in each target magazine was more than 50% of the total occurrence. The absolute presence of this type indicated that the writers of the articles in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine frequently juxtaposed a single English word with Indonesian utterances in their articles.
The English words in the single-word code-switching were mostly content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. But I also found that the writers also juxtaposed some English conjunctions.
1) Content words a) A noun
b) A verb
Mereka para finalis Moka 2005. Meet, Eline, Livia dan Nadia. (p.5, vol.37)
c) An adjective
Setiap kali gue menonton film itu, gue selalu merasa amazed sama apa yang terjadi dalam alur gambarnya. (p.74, vol.13)
d) An adverb
Yakin aja, semua usaha keras kamu someday pasti ada hasilnya. (p.56, vol.37)
2) Conjunction
Gue suka baca bukuornonton film horror, nanya-nanya ke temen yang “orang pinter”. (p.46, vol.37)
Integrated loanwords code-switching itself essentially involved a process of borrowing single English words which were integrated with Indonesian affixes. It could be seen in the following examples.
a) “Seger kalo diliat,” bilang Via sambil me-retouch graffiti karyanya. (p.7, vol.37)
b) Kalo udah di-perform-in secara live, tapi mereka nggak bisa ngeliat penontonnya. (p.10, vol.37)
c) Sound-nyabener-bener dikulik abis. (p.13, vol.37)
than words of their native language for certain expressions. It, once again, asserted how frequent the writer borrowed a single English word.
2. Identification of the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching
Since this study was qualitative research, it was important to give interpretations of the existing phenomenon as it had been suggested by Holliday (2002: 5).
The qualitative belief that the realities of the research setting and the people in it are mysterious and can only be superficially touched by research which tries to make sense isinterpretive. It maintains that we can explore, catch glimpses, illuminate and then try to interpret bits of reality.
In qualitative research, the writer’s personal interpretations of the language phenomenon being studied were important. I also used my interpretation of the types of code-switching that existed in the magazine to reveal the possible reasons. The tendency of the writers in using certain types might spell out the underlying reasons for employing code-switching. There were four possible reasons that I could identify.
teenage magazine to really enter their custom of communication to be closer to the readers. The understandable message was, then, the most important point. It could be understood by the existence of these two understandable examples, yet grammatically ineffective.
a. Beda sama banci yang dari penampilan dan gesture tubuhnya aja udah keliatan. (p.26, vol.37)
b. Peralatan yang ada tuh mulai dari tool kit yang kecil-kecil, sampai peralatan besar kayak dongkrak hidrolik. (p.49, vol.37)
In the first example, the word ‘gesture’ actually had described the movement of the part of the body. The Indonesian word of ‘body’,tubuh, which followed the word ‘gesture’ asserted the ineffectiveness. It might also deviate the meaning of ‘gesture’ itself. But as what I had stated that the salient message was the most important point for code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. The repetition could describe that the writer wanted to produce a clear message. For addition, the trend among teenagers in using informal-ungrammatical dialect might also affect the presence of ‘gesture’ in front of its Indonesian version ‘tubuh’.
The ungrammaticality in code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine could be seen in the following example where the writer of the article produced ‘speak-speak’ as the juxtaposed element.
a. Sadar kalo momennya tepat buat bikin cewek-cewek termehek-mehek, Ello langsung nunjukin skill-nya speak-speak. Pokoknya setiap abis satu lagu doi nggak pernah absen ngeluarin rayuan gombal. (p.75, vol.37)
English language rules clearly did not allow the speaker to double the same verbs simultaneously like ‘speak-speak’ in the example above. But the ungrammaticality of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine, once again, could be tolerated since one of the reasons for code-switching in the magazine was to build intimate relationship with the readers. And all of the juxtaposed elements had been conformed to the language style or dialect which were used by teenagers in their daily conversation. The ungrammatical part in code-switching came from teenagers themselves as one of the criteria of their informal dialect. The writer did not mean to plunge the readers into a mistake, yet it became a strategy to be closer to the readers by imitating the way they treated a language.
equal meanings with the English words or terms in the following code-switching cases.
a. Score itu kansong-writing reality-dating game show. Jadi pesertanya dikasih waktu seharian buat bikin lagu. (p.10, vol.37)
b. Pada fase ini seseorang sedang belajar tentang identitas dan tanggung jawab
gender. (p.26, vol.37)
c. Ini lazim disebut sebagaiguilty pleasure. (p.54, vol.37)
d. Buktinya lewat album repackagemereka yang sudah tidak menyertakan Dimi dalam daftar personil. (p.68. vol.13)
guarantied that some teenagers did not understand what actually guilty pleasure means.
Third, code-switching was employed because of the special terms related to the topic under discussion that should be used. Every topic might have some specific terms which were sometimes very difficult to be translated to another language. Like the term sticking in the following example of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine.
Sementara Claudia sibuk fingering, Ajeng tetep duduk manis sambil sticking. (p.66, vol.37)
Indonesian language did not have an exact term to describe the term ‘sticking’, as the compensation; the writer borrowed and then juxtaposed it with Indonesian language elements. Other terms could be seen in the following code-switching utterances.
a. Selain itu stage manager juga berhak untuk memutuskan durasi pertunjukan. (p.28, vol.13)
b. Kalo ngeliat faktanya, banyak banget film jenis ini yang jadibox office. (p.51, vol.13)
c. Gara-gara ada catwalk baru yang dipasang di kanan-kiri panggung, Eross, Sakti dan Adam jadi rajin mejeng di areal itu. (p.31, vol.37)
