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TRIBUSI KEKAYAAN INDI

DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM

Disertasi Ini diajukan

elengkapi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gela

Dalam Bidang Ilmu Agama Islam

TAJUDDIN POGO

Nim : 04.3.00.1.08.01.0054

Promotor :

Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rodoni, MA

Prof. Dr. H. Fathurrahman Djamil, MA

DIVIDU

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Persetujuan Penguji

Disertasi berjudul, Distribusi Kekayaan Individu Dalam Ekonomi Islam, yang ditulis oleh Tajuddin Pogo, Nomor Induk Mahasiswa, 04.3.00.1.08.01.0054 telah dinyatakan lulus dalam Ujian Promosi pada tanggal 7 September 2010, dan disetujui untuk diserahkan ke Perpustakaan Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Jakarta, 29 September 2010

Tim Penguji

Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra, MA (...) (Ketua Sidang/Penguji)

Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rodoni, MA (...) (Pembimbing/Penguji)

Prof. Dr. Fathurrahman Djamil, MA (...) (Pembimbing/Penguji)

Prof. Dr. Abdul Hamid, MS (...) (Penguji)

Prof. Dr. Amsal Bakhtiar, MA (...) (Penguji)

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40_{Lihat Mahbub Ul Haq, The Poverty Curtain: Choices for the Third World (New York,}

USA.: Columbia University Press, 1976) dan Weisskoff, Richard and Edward N. Wolff, “The Structure of Income Inequality,” Journal of Development Economics 9, North Holland Publishing Company (1981): 205-228.

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51

Menarik untuk dicermati pendapat Sumitro Djojohadikusumo yang menyatakan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi dan segi pemerataan pendapatan menjadi dua sayap kembar yang tak terpisahkan dalam satuan gerak pembangunan. Sehingga akan terwujud pula keseimbangan dan efisiensi dalam kegiatan produksi dan keadilan dalam tata masyarakat. Lihat, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, Indonesia dalam Perkembangan Dunia: Kini dan Masa Datang (Jakarta: LP3ES, 1991), 147.

52_{Ada beberapa jenis pertumbuhan dan akibat-akibat negatifnya yang harus dihindarkan.}

Pertama, Jobless Growth, yaitu seluruh perekonomian tumbuh, namun tidak memperluas tenaga kerja. Kedua, Ruthless growth, yaitu pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kebanyakan menguntungkan pihak yang kaya, membiarkan jutaan orang tetap terjerembab dalam kemiskinan. Ketiga Voiceless Growth, yaitu pertumbuhann yang tidak memberdayakan masyarakat dan membungkam suara alternatif. Keempat,

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pemborosan sumberdaya yang dibutuhkan generasi mendatang. Lihat Richard Posner, The Essential Holmes (Chicago : Chicago University Press, 1992), 161.

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Pemerataan dan kesejahteraan seluruh anggota masyarakat dan warga negara

menjadi cita-cita luhur setiap sistem ekonomi. Ia menjadi tujuan pokok dan utama

dari penerapan prinsip-prinsip keadilan distribusi. Namun hingga saat ini dalam

setiap komunitas dan warga negara di seluruh belahan dunia, selalu ada kelompok

dan orang-orang yang belum diuntungkan dengan kebijakan keadilan distribusi,

padahal di antara komunitas mereka ada sekelompok orang yang sangat kaya dan

berlimpahan harta.

Kenyataan tersebut memerlukan kebijakan tambahan untuk mengatasi

masalah kesenjangan pendapatan dan kekayaan di tengah-tengah manusia. Salah satu

kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah redistribusi

kekayaan dari orang yang berlebihan kepada yang kekurangan. Kebijakan ini

menekankan inisiatif individu untuk berperan aktif dalam kontribusi sosial dan

kesejahteraan sesama. Dalam bab ini dijelaskan tentang urgensi dan fungsi dari

kebijakan distribusi kekayaan, prinsip-prinsip keadilan distribusi dan

keterbatasannya, kepemilikan individu, umum dan negara, batasan kekayaan

minimal, batasan kekayaan maksimal, dan jaminan standar penghidupan minimal.

IIII !!!! %%%%

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Redistribusi berlandaskan pada pertimbangan keagamaan, moral, keluarga dan sosial

(atau biasanya disebut transformasi sosial).60

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61_{Lihat Michael P. Todaro, Economic Development in The Third World (New York: Longman}

Inc, 1989), 7 dan M. Umer Chapra, Islam and The Economic Challenge (USA : The Internasional Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) 1992), 15.

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9 " Kapitalisme memang

telah menghadirkan kemajuan dalam ekonomi, misalnya dari visi yang tajam

mengenai perkembangan ekonomi dan sosial dan penekanan terhadap akumulasi dan

pertumbuhan dalam kerangka kebebasan individu. Sosialisme telah berhasil

melakukan penekanan terhadap keadilan sosial dan distribusi. Sistem Negara

Kesejahteraan telah melahirkan kebijakan-kebijakan tentang pengkombinasian atas

pertumbuhan ekonomi, keadilan, kebebasan individu dan tanggungjawab sosial.70

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International Ltd, 1994), 71-75.

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75

Distribusi atau pembagian adalah klasifikasi pembayaran-pembayaran berupa sewa, upah, bunga modal dan laba, yang berhubungan dengan tugas-tugas yang dilaksanakan oleh tanah, tenaga kerja, modal dan pengusaha-pengusaha. Ia adalah proses penentuan harga yang dipandang dari sudut si penerima pendapatan dan bukanlah dari sudut si pembayar biaya-biaya. Distribusi juga berarti sinonim untuk pemasaran (marketing). Kadang-kadang ia dinamakan sebagai functional distribution. Lihat Winardi, Kamus Ekonomi (Bandung: CV. Mandar Maju, 1989), 171

76_{Pendapatan diartikan sebagai suatu aliran uang atau daya beli yang dihasilkan dari}

penggunaan sumber daya properti manusia. Lihat Campbell R. MacConnel and Stanley R. Brue,

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manusia. Istilah ini juga digunakan dalam arti khusus seperti kekayaan nasional. Sloan dan Zurcher mengartikan kekayaan sebagai obyek-obyek material, yang ekstern bagi manusia yang bersifat; berguna, dapat dicapai dan langka. Kebanyakan ahli ekonomi tidak menggolongkan dalam istilah kekayaan hak milik atas harta kekayaan, misalnya saham, obligasi, dan surat hipotik, karena dokumen-dokumen tersebut dianggap sebagai bukti hak milik atas kekayaan, jadi bukan kekayaan itu sendiri. Lihat Winardi, Kamus Ekonomi (Bandung: CV. Mandar Maju), 1989), 503

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