CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE STUDY
This chapter covers Description of the data, test of normality and homogeneity, result of the data analyses and discussion.
A. Description of The Data
This section described the obtained data of the effect of using Context Clues in teaching reading Narrative text. The presented data consisted of Mean, Median, Modus, Standard Deviation and Standard Error.
1. The descriptiondata of Pre-Test Score
The students’ pre test score are distributed in the following table in order
toanalyze the students’ knowledge before conducting the treatment.
Table 4.1Pre test score of experimental and control group
Experimental Group Control Group
Code Score CORRECT PREDICATE CODE SCORE CORRECT PREDICATE
ANSWER ANSWER
E-01 40 12 FAIL C-01 40 12 FAIL
E-02 70 21 GOOD C-02 53,3 16 LESS
E-03 40 12 FAIL C-03 53,3 16 LESS
E-04 43,3 13 FAIL C-04 56,7 17 LESS
E-05 40 12 FAIL C-05 40 12 FAIL
E-06 50 15 LESS C-06 43,3 13 FAIL
E-07 40 12 FAIL C-07 40 12 FAIL
E-08 40 12 FAIL C-08 56,7 17 LESS
E-09 46,7 14 FAIL C-09 56,7 17 LESS
E-10 40 12 FAIL C-10 50 15 LESS
E-11 40 12 FAIL C-11 53,3 16 LESS
E-12 43,3 13 FAIL C-12 46,7 14 FAIL
Experimental Group Control Group
Code Score CORRECT PREDICATE Code Score CORRECT PREDICATE
Experimental Group Control Group
Predicate Percentages Predicate Percentages
Fail 28 Fail 26
Less 9 Less 9
Enough 0 Enough 0
Good 3 Good 1
The table above showed us the comparison of pre-test score achieved by experimental and control group students, both class’ achievement are at the same level. It can be seen that from the students’ score. The highest score 70 and the lowest score 40, both experimental and control group. It meant that the experimental and control group have the same level in reading comprehension before getting the treatment.
a. The Result of Pretest Score of ExperimentalGroup (XI IPS-1)
Based on the data above, it was known the highest score was 70 and the lowest score was 40. To determine the range of score, the class interval, and interval of temporary,the writer calculated using formula as follows:
The Highest Score (H) = 70 The Lowest Score (L) = 40
The Range of Score (R) = H – L + 1 = 70 – 40+ 1 = 31
= 1 + (3.3) x Log 40
Table 4.2 Frequency Distribution of the Pretest Score
Class
Figure 4.1 The distribution frequency of students’ pretest score for Experimental Group
Based on the figure above, it can be seen about the students’ predicate in pretest score. There were twenty eight students who got Fail predicate. There were ninestudents who gotLess Predicate. There wasno students who gotEnough predicate. There werethree student who got Good predicate.
The next step, the writer tabulated the scores into the table for the calculation of mean, standard deviation, and standard error as follows:
Table 4.3the Table for Calculating Mean, median, modus, Standard deviation. and standard error of Pretest Score.
Class (K)
Interval (I)
Frequency (F)
Mid Point (x)
F.X FX2 Fka Fkb
1 66-70 3 68 204 13872 3 40
2 61-65 0 63 0 0 3 37
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
FAIL LESS ENOUGH GOOD
S = 8.51868
5) Standard Error
SEmd = 𝑆
𝑁−1= 8.51868
40−1 = 8.51868
6.24 = 1.36517
After Calculating, it was found that the standard deviation and the standard error of pretest score were 8.51868 and 1.36517
b. The Result of Pretest Score of ControlGroup (XI IPS-2)
Based on the data pretest score of control group, it was known the highest score was 70 and the lowest score was 40. To determine the range of score, the class interval, and interval of temporary,the writer calculated using formula as follows:
The Highest Score (H) = 70 The Lowest Score (L) = 40
The Range of Score (R) = H – L + 1 = 70 – 40+ 1 = 31
The Class Interval (K) = 1 + (3.3) x Log n = 1 + (3.3) x Log 36 = 1 + 5.1357966 = 6.1357966 = 6
Interval of Temporary (I) = 𝑅
𝐾 =
31
6 = 5.1 = 5
Table 4.4 Frequency Distribution of the Pretest Score
The distribution of students’ predicate in pretest score of Control group
Figure 4.2 The distribution of students’ predicate in pretest score of Control Group
ninestudents who gotLess Predicate. There was no students who got Enough predicate. There was one student who got Good predicate.
The next step, the writer tabulated the scores into the table for the calculation of mean, median, modus, standard deviation, and standard error as follows:
Table 4.5the Table for Calculating Mean, median, modus, Standard deviation. and standard error of Pretest Score of Control group.
= 39.5 + 1622X 5 = 43.13
3) Modus
Mo = u + 𝑓𝑎
𝑓𝑎+𝑓𝑏 𝑥𝑖
= 39.5 + 14+214 𝑥 5
= 39.5 + 4.375
= 43.87
4) Standard Deviation
S = 𝑛.∑𝐹𝑋𝑖 2− ∑𝐹𝑋
𝑖 2
𝑛 𝑛−1
S = 36.80523 .5− 80523 .5 2
36 36−1
S = 7.54464
5) Standard Error
SEmd = 𝑆
𝑁−1= 7.54464
36−1 = 7.54464
5.91 = 1.27658
2. The description data of Post-Test Score
The students’ score are distributed in the following table in order toanalyze
the students’ knowledge after conducting the treatment.
Table 4.6Post-test score of Experimental and Control Group
Experimental Group Control Group
Code Score CORRECT PREDICATE CODE SCORE CORRECT PREDICATE
E-28 60 18 ENOUGH C-28 53,3 16 LESS
E-29 56,7 17 LESS C-29 60 18 ENOUGH
E-30 70 21 GOOD C-30 63,3 19 ENOUGH
E-31 70 21 GOOD C-31 53,3 16 LESS
E-32 66,7 20 ENOUGH C-32 60 18 ENOUGH
E-33 60 18 ENOUGH C-33 53,3 16 LESS
E-34 70 21 GOOD C-34 56,7 17 LESS
E-35 56,7 17 LESS C-35 66,7 20 ENOUGH
E-36 63,3 19 ENOUGH C-36 53,3 16 LESS
E-37 56,7 17 LESS TOTAL 2166,7
E-38 60 18 ENOUGH AVERAGE 60,2
E-39 73,3 22 GOOD Lowest Score 53,3
E-40 56,7 17 LESS Highest Score 76,7
TOTAL 2590,3
AVERAGE 64,8
Lowest Score 56,7
Highest Score 86,7
Experimental Group Control Group
Predicate Percentages Predicate Percentages
Fail 0 Fail 26
Less 9 Less 9
Enough 17 Enough 0
Good 13 Good 1
Excellent 1 Excellent 0
56.7 and 53.3. It meant that the experimental and control group have the different level in reading comprehension after getting the treatment.
a. The Result of Post-test Score of Experimental Group (XI IPS-1)
Based on the data Post-test score of Experimental group, it was known the highest score was 86.7 and the lowest score was 56.7. To determine the range of score, the class interval, and interval of temporary, the writer calculated using formula as follows:
The Highest Score (H) = 86.7 The Lowest Score (L) = 56.7 The Range of Score (R) = H – L + 1
= 86.7 – 56.7 + 1 = 31
The Class Interval (K) = 1 + (3.3) x Log n = 1 + (3.3) x Log 40 = 1 + 5.2867979 = 6.2867979 = 6
Interval of Temporary (I) = 𝑅
𝐾 =
31
6 = 5.1 = 5
Table 4.7 Frequency Distribution of the Post-test Score
The distribution of students’ predicate in post-test score of Experimental group.
Figure 4.3 The distribution of students’ predicate in post-test score of Experimental Group
Based on the figure above, it can be seen about the students’ predicate in pretest score. There was no student who got Fail predicate. There wereninestudentswho got Less predicate. There were seventeenstudents who
0
gotEnoughPredicate. There were thirteen students who got Good predicate. There was one student who got Excellent predicate.
The next step, the writer tabulated the scores into the table for the calculation of mean,median, modus, standard deviation, and standard error as follows:
Table 4.8the Table for Calculating Mean, median, modus, Standard deviation. and standard error of Post- test Score.
3) Modus
Mo = u + 𝑓𝑎
𝑓𝑎+𝑓𝑏 𝑥𝑖
= 56.2+ 40+240 𝑥 5 = 56.2 + 4.7619 = 60.9619
4) Standard Deviation
S = 𝑛.∑𝐹𝑋𝑖 2− ∑𝐹𝑋
𝑖 2
𝑛 𝑛−1
S = 40.6801664 .5− 2608 2
40 40−1
S = 7.64816
5) Standard Error
SEmd = 𝑁−𝑆 1=
7.64816 40−1 =
7.64816
6.24 = 1.22566
After Calculating, it was found that the standard deviation and the standard error of pretest score were7.64816 and 1.22566
b. The Result of Post-test Score of Control Group (XI IPS-2)
Based on the data Post-test score of control group, it was known the highest score was 76.7 and the lowest score was 53.3. To determine the range of score, the class interval, and interval of temporary, the writer calculated using formula as follows:
= 76.7 – 53.3 + 1
So, the range of score was 24.4, the class interval was 6, and interval of temporary was 4. Then, it was presented using frequency distribution in the following table:
Table 4.9 Frequency Distribution of the Post-test Score
The distribution of students’ predicate in post-test score of Control Group.
Figure 4.4 The distribution of students’ predicate in post-test score of Control Group
Based on the figure above, it can be seen about the students’ predicate in post-test score. There was no student who got Fail predicate. There were sixteen studentswho got Less predicate. There were sixteenstudents who gotEnough Predicate. There were four students who got Good predicate. There was no student who got Excellent predicate.
The next step, the writer tabulated the scores into the table for the calculation of mean,median, modus, standard deviation, and standard error as follows:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
LESS ENOUGH GOOD EXCELLENT
Table 4.10the Table for Calculating Mean, median, modus, Standard deviation. and standard error of Post- test Score.
4) Standard Deviation standard error of pretest score were 6.48771 and 1.09775
3. The Comparison result of Pre-test and Post-test of Experimental and
Control Group
EXPERIMENTAL CLASS CONTROL CLASS
the highest score pre test and post test of the control group were 70 and 76,7. The lowest scores pre test and post test of the control group were 40 and 53,3. Based on the data above, the difference of mean score between experimental and control group score were 3.1
B. Testing of Normality and Homogeinity
1. Normality Test
a. Testing normality of pre-test experimental and control group
Table 4.11 Testing normality of pre-test experimental and control group
Tests of Normality
studentsname Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Students score
experiment group ,229 40 ,240 ,765 40 ,567
control group ,290 36 ,176 ,745 36 ,115
The table showed the result of test normality calculation using SPSS 21.0
program. To know the normality of data, the formula could be seen as follows:
If the number of sample. > 50 = Kolmogorov-Smirnov
If the number of sample. < 50 = Shapiro-Wilk
Based on the number of data the writer was 76> 50, so to analyzed normality
data was used Kolmogorov-Smirnov. The next step, the writer analyzed normality of
data used formula as follows:
If Significance > 0.05 = data is normal distribution
Based on data above, significant data of experiment and control group used
Kolmogorov-Smirnov was 0.240> 0.05 and 0.176> 0.05. It could be concluded that
the data was normal distribution.
b. Testing normality of post-test experimental and control group
Table 4.12Testing normality of post-test experimental and control group
Tests of Normality
studentsname Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Students score experiment group ,217 40 ,112 ,890 40 ,054 control group ,178 36 ,076 ,892 36 ,064
The table showed the result of test normality calculation using SPSS 21.0
program. To know the normality of data, the formula could be seen as follows:
If the number of sample. > 50 = Kolmogorov-Smirnov
If the number of sample. < 50 = Shapiro-Wilk
Based on the number of data the writer was 76 > 50, so to analyzed normality
data was usedKolmogorov-Smirnov. The next step, the writer analyzed normality of
data used formula as follows:
If Significance > 0.05 = data is normal distribution
If Significance < 0.05 = data is not normal distribution
Based on data above, significant data of experiment and control group used
Kolmogorov-Smirnov was 0.112> 0.05 and 0.076> 0.05. It could be concluded that
the data was normal distribution.
2. Homogeneity Test
Table 4.13Testing Homogeneity of pre-test experimental and control
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. T Df Sig.
The table showed the result of Homogeneity test calculation using SPSS 21.0
program. To know the Homogeneity of data, the formula could be seen as follows:
If Sig. > 0,01 = Equal variances assumed or Homogeny distribution
If Sig. < 0,01 = Equal variances not assumedor not Homogeny distribution
Based on data above, significant data was 0,697. The result was 0,697> 0,01,
it meant the t-test calculation used at the equal variances assumed or data was
b. Testing Homogeneity of post-test experimental and control group
Table 4.14Testing Homogeneity of post-test experimental and control group
Homogeneity Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. T Df Sig.
(2-The table showed the result of Homogeneity test calculation using SPSS 21.0
program. To know the Homogeneity of data, the formula could be seen as follows:
If Sig. > 0,01 = Equal variances assumed or Homogeny distribution
If Sig. < 0,01 = Equal variances not assumedor not Homogeny distribution
Based on data above, significant data was 0,174. The result was 0,174> 0,01it
meant the t-test calculation used at the equal variances assumed or data was
C. The Result of Data Analysis
1. Testing Hypothesis Using Manual Calculation
Table 4.15 The Standard Deviation and the Standard Error of Experiment
and Control Group
Group Mean Standard Error
Experimental Group 64.2125 1.22566
Control Group 60.7166 1.09775
The table showed the result of the standard deviation calculation of Experiment group was 7.64816and the result of the standard error was 1.22566 . The result of thestandard deviation calculation of Control group was 6.48771and the result of standard error was 1.09775. To examine the hypothesis, the writer used the formula as follow:
t
observed=
𝑀1−𝑀2
𝑆𝐸𝑚1−𝑆𝐸𝑚2
=
64.2125−60.7166 1.22566−1.09775=
3.49590.12791= 2.733
df = (N1 + N2– 2)
a. Interpretation
The result of t – test was interpreted on the result of degree of freedom to get
the ttable. The result of degree of freedom (df) was 74. The following table was the result of tobserved and ttable from 74 df at 5% and 1% significance level.
Table 4.16 The Result of T-Test Using Manual Calculation
t-observe
t-table
Df 5 % (0,05) 1 % (0,01)
2.733 2.000 2.660 74
The interpretation of the result of t-test using manual calculation, it was found
the tobserved was higher than the ttable at 5% and 1% significance level or 2.733> 2.000,
2.733> 2.660.It meant Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. It could be interpreted
2. Testing Hypothesis Using SPSS 21.0 Program
The writer also applied SPSS 21.0 program to calculate t – test in testing hypothesis of the study. The result of t – test using SPSS 21.0 was used to support the manual calculation of t – test. The result of t – test using SPSS 21.0 program could be seen as follows:
Table 4.17 Mean, Standard Deviation and Standard Error of experiment group and control groupusing SPSS 21.0 Program
Group Statistics
Studentsname N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Student score experiment group
40 64,7550 7,30426 1,15491
control group 36 60,1833 6,27856 1,04643
The table showed the result of mean calculation of experiment groupwas 64.7550, standard deviation calculation was 7.30426, and standard error of mean
Table 4.18 The Calculation of T – Test Using SPSS 21.0
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. T Df Sig.
(2-The table showed the result of t – test calculation using SPSS 21.0 program.
To know the variances score of data, the formula could be seen as follows:
If Sig. > 0,01 = Equal variances assumed
If Sig. < 0,01 = Equal variances not assumed
Based on data above, significant data was 0,174. The result was 0,174> 0,01,
it meant the t-test calculation used at the equal variances assumed. It found that the
result of tobserved was 2.910, the result of mean difference between experiment and
control group was 4.57167, and thestandard error difference between experiment and
control group was 1.57100.
a. Interpretation
The result of t – test was interpreted on the result of degree of freedom to get
Table 4.19 The Result of T-Test Using SPSS 21.0 Program
t-observe
t-table
Df 5 % (0,05) 1 % (0,01)
2.910 2.000 2.660 74
The interpretation of the result of t-test using SPSS 21.0 program, it was found
the tobserved was higher than the ttable at 5% and 1% significance level or 2.910> 2.000,
2.910> 2.660.It meant Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. It could be interpreted
based on the result of calculation that Ha stating that Context Clues was effective for Teaching Reading Comprehension of the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya was accepted and Ho stating that Context Clues was not effective for Teaching Reading Comprehension of the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya was rejected. It meant that teaching reading with Context Clues in Reading Comprehension of the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya gave significant effect at 5% and 1% significance level.
D. Discussion
Meanwhile, after the data was calculated using manual calculation of ttest. It was found the tobserved was higher than the ttable at 5% and 1% significance level or
2.733> 2.000, 2.733> 2.660. It meant Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. And the
data calculated using SPSS 21.0 program, it was found the tobserved was higher than the ttable at 5% and 1% significance level or 2.910> 2.000, 2.910> 2.660. It meant Ha
was accepted and Ho was rejected.This finding indicated that the alternative
hypothesis (Ha) stating that there was any significant effect of Context Clues in Reading Comprehension for the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya was accepted.On the contrary,the Null hypothesis (Ho) stating that there was no any significant effect of Context Clues in Reading Comprehension for the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya was rejected.Based on the result the data analysis showed that using Context Clues gave significance effect for the students’ reading comprehension scores of eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya.
After the students have been taught by using Context Clues, the reading score were higher than before implementing Context Clues as a learning strategy. It can be seen in the comparison of pre test and post test score of experimental group and control group (See p.67). This finding indicated that Context Clues was effective and supports the previous research done by Seyed Jalal Abdolmanafi Rokni and Hamid Reza Niknaqshthat also stated learning reading by using Context Clues was effective.
There were some reason why using Context Clues gave significance effect
Negeri 3 Palangka Raya.First, Context Clues was effective in terms of improving the students’ English reading score. It can be seen from the improvement of
the students’ score average in the post-test. From the mean score of control and experiment were 64.8 and 60.2. (See p.68).
It was suitable withthe result of pre-test and post test for Experiment and control Group. (See p.48). In the pre-test of experiment group there were twenty eightstudents that got fail predicate. They were 01, 03, 04, 05, 07, E-08, E-09, E-10, E-11, E-12, E-15,E-19, E-20, E-21, E-23, E-24, E-25, E-26, E-29, E-30, E-32, E-33, E-34, E-35, E-36, E-37, E-38, and E-39. There were nine students that got less predicate. They were 06, 14, 17, 18, 22, 27, E-28, E-31, and E-40. There was no student that got enough predicate. There were three students that got good predicate. Theywere E-02,E-13, E-16. Then, in the pre-test score of control group there were twenty six students that got fail predicate. They were 01, 05, 06, 07, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, C-32, C-33, C-35, and C-36. There were nine students that got less predicate. They were C-02, C-03, C-04, C-08, C-09, C-10, C-11, C-20, and C-34. There was no student that got enough predicate. There was one student that got good predicate. He was C-21.
enough predicate. They were 04, 06, 08, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, E-17, E-21, E24, E-26, E-28, E-32, E-33, E-36, and E-38. There were thirteen students that got good predicate. They were E-02, E-03, E-05, E-09, E-14, E-19, E-20, E-22, E-25, E-30, E-31, E-34, and E-39. There was one student that got excellent predicate, she was E-13. In the control group, there was no student that got in fail predicate. There were sixteen students that got less predicate. They were C-01, C-05, C-06, C-09, C-10, C-13, C-15, C-21, C-22, C-23, C-24, C-28, C-31, C-33, C-34, and C-36. There were sixteen students that got enough predicate. They were 02, 03, 04, 07, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, C-20, C-25, C-26, C-29, C-30, C-32, and C-35. There were four students that got good predicate. They were C-08, C-17, C-18, and C-27.
Those are the result of pre-test compared with post-test for experimental group and control group of students at SMA Negeri 3 Palangka Raya. Based on the theories and the writer’s result, Context Clues gave significance effect for the
