Synthetic Materials
in Industry
WORD
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Year Paper 1 Paper 2
SPM Past-year Questions
Sec. A Sec. B Sec. C
•
Natural rubber – Getah asli•
Synthetic polymer – Polimer sintetik•
Synthetic rubber – Getah sintetik•
Thermoplastic – Termoplastik•
Thermoset – Plastik termoset2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Q47–48
Q46, Q48
Q47–48
Q46–47
Q47 Q9
Q12
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Bahan Sintetik
dalam Industri
ISTILAH
!
Konsep
PENTING!
BB
A
B
B
A
B
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Tahun Kertas 1 Kertas 2 Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM
Bhg. A Bhg. B Bhg. C
•
Getah asli – Natural rubber•
Polimer sintetik – Synthetic polymer•
Getah sintetik – Synthetic rubber•
Termoplastik – Thermoplastic•
Plastik termoset – Thermoset2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
S47–48
S46, S48
S47–48
S46–47
S47 S9
S12
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7.1 LO • List synthetic polymers and their uses
Collect information from the resource centre and fill in the blanks below with the correct information.
1 Synthetic polymer: Polymer produced synthetically in the petroleum industry.
2 Synthetic fibre: Synthetic fibre has similar characteristic as natural fibre.
• Each polythene molecule (plastic) consists of approximately 10 000 ethane molecules (monomers) or approximately 50 000 atoms.
• The first plastic produced was ‘parkesine’. This plastic was made by a British chemist, Alexander Parkes, in 1862. This plastic looks and feels like ivory.
Meaning
Chemical compound that has molecules made up of units
of small molecules called monomers.
long-chained
polymers are man-made polymers made of chemicals that originate from
.
petroleum Synthetic
Plastic
Products manufactured Products manufactured
Synthetic rubber Synthetic fibre
• Pails • Bottles • Plastic bags • Raincoat
• Tyres • Soles of shoes • Rubber pipes
• Thread • Rope • Cloth
Type
Synthetic polymer
tyres plastic bags soles of shoes pails cloth
thread rubber pipes raincoat rope bottles
RESEARCH
LIBRARY
7.1
Learning Objective
7.1Understanding synthetic polymer
Synthetic polymer and its uses
Contextual
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7.1 HP • Menyenaraikan polimer sintetik dan kegunaannya
Kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber dan isikan maklumat yang betul dalam ruang di bawah.
Maksud
Sebatian kimia yang mempunyai molekul yang terdiri
daripada unit-unit molekul kecil yang disebut monomer.
berantai panjang
Polimer merupakan polimer buatan yang dibuat daripada bahan kimia yang
berasal daripada petroleum .
sintetik
Plastik
Barangan yang terhasil
Getah sintetik Gentian sintetik
Jenis
Polimer sintetik
1 Polimer sintetik: Polimer yang dihasilkan secara buatan dalam industri petroleum.
2 Gentian sintetik: Gentian tiruan yang mempunyai sifat yang hampir sama dengan gentian asli.
tayar beg plastik tapak kasut baldi kain
benang paip getah baju hujan tali botol
• Setiap molekul politena (plastik) terdiri daripada kira-kira 10 000 molekul etana (monomer) atau kira-kira 50 000 atom.
• Plastik pertama dihasilkan ialah ‘parkesine’. Plastik ini dibuat oleh seorang ahli kimia Britain bernama Alexander Parkes pada tahun 1862. Plastik ‘parkesine’ kelihatan dan terasa seperti gading.
PENYELIDIKAN
PUSTAKA
7.1
Objektif Pembelajaran
7.1 Memahami polimer sintetik
Polimer sintetik dan kegunaannya
Kontekstual
\
• Baldi • Botol • Beg plastik • Baju hujan
• Tayar • Tapak kasut • Paip getah
• Benang • Tali • Kain
6 State the type of synthetic polymer that has the properties similar to natural fi bre. (Synthetic fi bre) 7 State two uses of synthetic fi bre. (To make string and thread/cloth)
7.3DISCUSSIONActivityActivity 8 State two advantages of synthetic rubber as compared to natural rubber. (Not easily oxidised by oxygen
and heat-resistant)
9 State two advantages of natural rubber as compared to synthetic rubber. (Good sound absorber and good vibration absorber)
7.4DISCUSSIONActivityActivity 10 State one product that made from the combination of natural and synthetic rubber. (Cushion/Mattress)
7.1 Understanding synthetic polymers
7.1RESEARCHActivity Activity LIBRARY 1 Name the chemical compounds that contain long-chained molecules that are made up of small molecule
units. (Synthetic polymer)
7.2THINKINGActivityActivity
2 State the source of synthetic polymer. (Petroleum) 3 State the most common synthetic polymer. (Plastic)
4 State the type of synthetic polymer that has the properties similar to natural rubber. (Synthetic rubber) 5 State two uses of synthetic rubber. (To make tyres and shoe soles/rubber pipes)
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rubber is a man-made rubber that has similar characteristics
as rubber.natural
Synthetic
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7.2 LO • Describe the process of making synthetic polymers 7.3 LO • Compare and contrast synthetic rubber with natural rubber
Similarities
Both are polymers
Both can be vulcanised
Differences
Less heat resistant (turns sticky when heated)
Yes
Heat resistant
No Heat resistance
High Ability to absorb sound Low
High Ability to absorb vibration, Low
shock or pressure
Elastic and easily stretched
Less elastic and difficult to be stretched
Elasticity and ability to be stretched
Synthetic rubber Natural rubber
Reacts with chemical, oil and organic solvents Compare and contrast synthetic rubber with natural rubber.
Complete the diagram below that shows the process of manufacturing synthetic polymers.
polymer is produced from connecting most of the small molecules or
to form a long-chained molecules, called . This process is called
. polymerisation
polymer monomers
Synthetic
polymerisation
monomer polymer
Guide:
polymer monomer synthetic polymerisation
7.2
Process of manufacturing synthetic polymers MasteryActivity
Activity
DISCUSSION
7.3
Comparison between synthetic rubber and natural
rubber Mastery
Getah ialah getah buatan manusia yang mempunyai sifat yang hampir
serupa dengan getah asli .
sintetik
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7.2 HP • Menerangkan proses pembuatan polimer sintetik 7.3 HP • Membandingkan dan membezakan getah sintetik dengan getah asli
Persamaan
Merupakan polimer
Boleh divulkankan
Perbezaan
Kurang tahan haba (menjadi melekit apabila dipanaskan)
Ya
Tahan haba
Tidak Ketahanan haba
Tinggi Kebolehan menyerap bunyi Rendah
Tinggi Kebolehan menyerap getaran, Rendah
kejutan atau tekanan
Kenyal dan mudah diregang
Kurang kenyal dan sukar diregang Sifat kekenyalan dan keregangan
Getah sintetik Getah asli
Bertindak balas dengan bahan kimia, minyak, dan pelarut organik Bandingkan dan bezakan getah sintetik dengan getah asli.
Lengkapkan rajah di bawah yang menunjukkan proses pembuatan polimer sintetik.
Polimer dihasilkan dengan menyambungkan sebilangan besar molekul kecil atau
untuk membentuk satu rantai molekul yang panjang, iaitu .
Proses ini disebut pempolimeran .
polimer monomer
sintetik
pempolimeran
monomer polimer
Panduan:
polimer monomer sintetik
pempolimeran
BERFIKIR
7.2
Proses pembuatan polimer sintetik MasteriPERBINCANGAN
7.3
Perbandingan antara getah sintetik dan getah asli MasteriF5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 129
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7.4 LO • Relate the general characteristics of synthetic rubber to its uses
• Give examples of goods made from synthetic rubber
7.4 LO • Give examples of goods made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber
Natural rubber
1 Why are the tyres of aeroplanes made from 100% natural rubber?
Natural rubber is and can absorb
or effectively.
2 Why are hand gloves made from natural rubber?
Hand gloves that are made from natural rubber are
, not easily , and
. waterproof
torn elastic
vibration shock
elastic
Synthetic rubber
1 Why is synthetic rubber used to insulate electrical wires?
Synthetic rubber is a good .
2 What is the characteristic of synthetic rubber that enables it to be used as coating in cooking utensils?
It has high resistance to and does not melt
and turn sticky when heated. heat
electrical insulator
Combination of natural rubber and synthetic rubber 1 Explain briefly why natural rubber is combined with
synthetic rubber in the manufacturing of products such as the tyres of vehicles and soles of shoes.
Natural rubber is able to absorb effectively.
Synthetic rubber has high resistance towards
and . These characteristics are possessed
by the combined product.
2 State two other types of products made from the combination of natural rubber and synthetic rubber.
and mattresses
Balloons chemicals
oxidation vibration Answer the questions below.
shock heat sticky torn elastic vibration
electrical insulator oxidation balloons chemicals waterproof mattresses
Activity
Activity
DISCUSSION
7.4
Products made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber
and a combination of natural and synthetic rubber STS
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7.4 HP • Menghubungkaitkan sifat-sifat umum getah sintetik dengan kegunaannya
• Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada getah sintetik
7.4 HP • Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik
Getah Asli
1 Mengapakah tayar kapal terbang dibuat daripada 100% getah asli?
Getah asli bersifat dan
berkebolehan menyerap atau
yang tinggi.
2 Mengapakah sarung tangan dibuat daripada getah asli?
Sarung tangan getah asli bersifat ,
tidak mudah dan
kepada cecair.
tidak telap koyak
kenyal gegaran kejutan
kenyal
Getah sintetik
1 Mengapakah getah sintetik sesuai digunakan untuk membuat pembalut dawai elektrik?
Getah sintetik merupakan yang baik.
2 Apakah sifat pada getah sintetik supaya dapat digunakan untuk membuat selaput dalam alat memasak?
Ketahanan yang tinggi terhadap dan tidak
menjadi melekit apabila menjadi panas.
haba
penebat elektrik
Gabungan getah asli dan getah sintetik
1 Terangkan secara ringkas sebab getah asli digabungkan dengan getah sintetik dalam pembuatan barangan seperti tayar kenderaan dan tapak kasut.
Getah asli mempunyai sifat kebolehan menyerap
yang tinggi.
Getah sintetik pula mempunyai sifat rintangan yang tinggi
terhadap dan tahan terhadap
tindakan . Sifat baik ini terdapat
pada barangan gabungan kedua-dua getah tersebut.
2 Nyatakan dua jenis barangan lain yang dibuat daripada gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik.
dan tilam
Belon
bahan kimia pengoksidaan gegaran
Jawab soalan-soalan di bawah.
kejutan haba melekit koyak kenyal gegaran
penebat elektrik pengoksidaan belon bahan kimia tidak telap tilam
PERBINCANGAN
7.4
Barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli, getah sintetik, dan gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik STMF5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 130
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7.5 LO • Give examples of goods made from synthetic rubber 7.5 LO • Give examples of goods made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber
5 You are required to act according to the project plan. This plan is divided into three stages to make the collection of photos easier.
6 The information can be collected from the resource centre or the Internet.
7 Then, a 5 to 8 page scrap book is prepared. Your scrap book must contain the following sections in the sequence shown below:
(a) Title
(b) List of members (c) Objective of project (d) Contents
(e) Conclusion
8 You are given one week to prepare the scrap book.
9 Your work will be kept in the classroom as reference.
1 Carry out the project in groups of two or three persons.
2 Each group is required to collect photos for products made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber and a combination of natural and synthetic rubber.
3 The information collected is simplified as shown in the table below.
4 An action plan is proposed such as the one shown below.
natural rubber synthetic rubber combination of natural rubber and synthetic rubber
To prepare a scrap book on products made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber and a combination of natural and synthetic rubber
AIM
The source of the raw material for synthetic rubber is normally petroleum, natural gas and coal.
Stage
I
Activity
Collect photos on products made from natural rubber
Period (Date) Action
II Collect photos on products made from synthetic rubber
III Collect photos on products made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber
PROJECT
COLLABORATIVE
7.5
Preparation of a scrap book MasteryPhotos of products made from:
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7.5 HP • Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada getah sintetik
7.5 HP • Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik
5 Pelajar dikehendaki bertindak mengikut pelan projek. Pelan projek ini dibahagikan kepada tiga peringkat untuk memudahkan pengumpulan foto.
6 Maklumat boleh dikumpulkan daripada pusat sumber atau mengakses Internet.
7 Kemudian, satu buku skrap yang mempunyai 5 hingga 8 muka surat disediakan. Buku skrap anda perlu mengandungi perkara-perkara yang berikut mengikut urutan:
(a) Tajuk
(b) Senarai nama ahli kumpulan (c) Objektif projek
(d) Isi kandungan (e) Penutup
8 Tempoh selama seminggu diberikan untuk menyiapkan buku skrap ini.
9 Hasil kerja anda akan disimpan dalam kelas sebagai bahan rujukan.
1 Jalankan projek dalam kumpulan yang terdiri daripada dua atau tiga orang.
2 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki mengumpulkan foto bagi barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli, getah sintetik, dan gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik.
3 Maklumat yang perlu dikumpulkan diringkaskan seperti dalam jadual di bawah.
4 Satu pelan tindakan dicadangkan seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.
Peringkat
I
Aktiviti
Mengumpulkan foto tentang barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli
Tempoh (Tarikh) Tindakan
II Mengumpulkan foto tentang barangan
yang dibuat daripada getah sintetik
III Mengumpulkan foto tentang barangan yang dibuat daripada gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik
getah asli getah sintetik gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik
Menyediakan buku skrap tentang barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli, getah sintetik, dan gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik
TUJUAN
Sumber bahan mentah bagi pembuatan getah sintetik biasanya ialah petroleum, gas asli, dan arang batu.
PROJEK
KOLABORATIF
7.5
Penyediaan buku skrap MasteriFoto bagi barangan yang dibuat daripada
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7.6 LO • List examples of plastic and their uses • State the types of plastic
• Classify various plastic goods into thermoplastic and thermosets
7.6 LO • List the characteristics of thermoplastic materials • List the characteristics of thermoset materials
Collect information on plastic and complete its brief explanation. Then, classify the examples of plastics.
Types of plastic
Thermoplastic Thermoset
Example of plastic Products
(a) Polythene Plastic bags, plastic bottles, pails
(b) Perspex Spectacles, air plane
window panes, car
windscreens
(c) Polyvinyl Electric cables, water
chloride (PVC) pipes
(d) Polystyrene Packaging boxes, noticeboards
(e) Polypropylene Milk bottles, food trays
• Thermoplastic molecules do not have
between the polymers,
enabling them to on top of
one another easily when heated.
• This characteristic causes thermoplastic to
become and soft remouldable .
glide
cross linkage
• Thermoset molecules
cross linkages between polymers that
the chains of polymers from gliding on top of one another when heated.
• The thermoset plastic’s shape
be changed, after it has been moulded .
cannot prevent
have
Example of plastic Products
(a) Bakelite Electric plugs, switches, car bumpers
(b) Melamine Plates, bowls
(c) Epoxy resin Glue (metal and glass)
Examples of plastic and their uses
Electric plug Plastic bag Noticeboards Plates Plastic bottles
Car bumpers Electric cables Food trays Bowls Car windscreens
Packaging boxes Water pipes Spectacles Pails Switches
Milk bottles Airplane window panes Glue (metal and glass)
Brief explanation
polymer chain
polymer chain
cross linkage
prevent have cannot moulded cross linkage glide remouldable soft
RESEARCH
LIBRARY
7.6
Learning Objective
7.2Analysing plastics
Types of plastic
Contextual
2007 Sec. C, Q12 2008 Sec. B, Q9(a)
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7.6 HP • Menyenaraikan contoh plastik dan kegunaannya • Menyatakan jenis plastik
• Mengelaskan pelbagai barangan plastik kepada termoplastik dan plastik termoset
7.6 HP • Menyenaraikan ciri-ciri bahan termoplastik • Menyenaraikan ciri-ciri bahan plastik termoset
Kumpulkan maklumat tentang plastik dan lengkapkan penerangan ringkasnya. Kemudian, klasifikasikan contoh-contoh plastik.
menghalang mempunyai tidak dapat diacu rangkai silang menggelongsor diacu semula lembut
PENYELIDIKAN
PUSTAKA
7.6
Objektif Pembelajaran
7.2Menganalisis plastik
Jenis plastik
Kontekstual
Jenis plastik
Termoplastik Plastik termoset
Contoh plastik Barang
(a) Politena Beg plastik, botol plastik, baldi
(b) Perspeks Cermin mata, tingkap
kapal terbang, cermin
tingkap kereta
(c) Polivinil Kabel elektrik, paip air
klorida
(d) Polistirena Kotak pembungkus, papan kenyataan
(e) Polipropilena Botol susu, dulang makanan
• Molekul termoplastik tidak mempunyai
antara poli mer-polimernya menyebabkan ia mudah
atas satu sama lain apabila dipanaskan.
• Sifat ini menjadikan termoplastik
dan dapat diacu semula .
lembut menggelongsor
rangkai silang • Molekul plastik termoset
rangkai silang antara polimer-polimernya yang
rantai-rantai polimer daripada menggelongsor atas satu sama lain apabila dipanaskan.
• Bentuknya diubah
setelah pertama diacu kali.
tidak dapat
menghalang
mempunyai
Contoh plastik Barang
(a) Bakelit Palam elektrik, suis elektrik, bampar kereta
(b) Melamina Pinggan, mangkuk
(c) Resin epoksi Bahan pelekat (logam dan kaca)
Contoh plastik dan barangannya
Palam elektrik Beg plastik Papan kenyataan Pinggan Botol plastik
Bampar kereta Kabel plastik Dulang makanan Mangkuk Cermin tingkap kereta Kotak pembungkus Paip air Cermin mata Baldi Suis elektrik
Botol susu Tingkap kapal terbang Bahan pelekat (logam dan kaca)
Penerangan ringkas
rantai polimer
rantai polimer
rangkai silang
2007 Bhg. C, S12 2008 Bhg. B, S9(a)
5 State the type of thermoplastic that can be used to make plastic bag and raincoat. (Polythene) 6 State the type of thermoset that can be used to make car bumpers, electrical plugs and switches.
(Bakelite)
7.7DISCUSSIONActivityActivity 7 Which type of plastic can be recycled, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoplastic)
8 Which type of plastic has cross linkages between its polymers, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoset)
7.2 Analysing
plastics
7.3 Practising responsible attitude in the disposal of synthetic polymers
7.6RESEARCHActivity Activity LIBRARY 1 State two types of plastic. (Thermoplastic and thermoset (thermosetting plastic)) 2 State two examples of thermoplastic. (Polythene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/Perspex) 3 State two examples of thermoset. (Bakelite and melamine)
4 State the type of thermoplastic that can be used to make car windscreens and airplane window panes.
(Perspex)
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7.7 LO • Compare and contrast thermoplastic and thermoset 7.8 LO • Suggest potential uses of plastics
Compare and contrast thermoplastic and thermoset.
Similarity
electrical insulator
Good
Differences
Yes
High
No
No Has cross linkages between Yes
molecules
Mostly dissolve Dissolve in organic solvent Does not dissolve
Softer Hardness Harder
Low Resistance towards shock/ High
vibration
Low Heat resistance High
Thermoset Thermoplastic
Can be moulded or recycled
Examples of uses of plastic in medical
field
To substitute
blood vessels that do not function properly
cardiac
Plastics that can be
in the body is used for stitching injuries and also used as drug
.
capsules biodegraded
Used to substitute damaged
human , such as the hips, knees and finger joints
bone parts
To reconstruct
structure that is damaged in accidents
facial
To make
‘pills’ designed specially to capture images of internal organs
camera
Complete the given space on the new uses of plastic in the medical field.
biodegraded camera bone parts facial cardiac capsules
Low Melting point
Activity Activity
DISCUSSION
7.7
Comparison between the characteristics of thermoplastic
and thermoset Mastery
polymer chain
polymer chain
cross linkage
2008 Sec. B, Q9(b)
7.8
Potential uses of plastic STS133
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7.7 HP • Membandingkan dan membezakan termoplastik dengan plastik termoset
7.8 HP • Mencadangkan penggunaan baru plastik
Bandingkan dan bezakan termoplastik dan plastik termoset.
Contoh penggunaan plastik dalam
bidang perubatan
Untuk menggantikan salur
darah yang tidak dapat berfungsi dengan sempurna
jantung
Plastik yang dapat
(terurai) dalam badan digunakan untuk membuat benang jahitan luka dan membuat
ubat.
kapsul
terbiodegradasi
Digunakan untuk
menggantikan
yang telah rosak seperti pinggang, lutut, dan sendi jari
tulang
bahagian
Membina semula struktur
yang telah musnah akibat kemalangan
muka
Membuat ‘pil’
yang direka bentuk khas untuk menangkap gambar organ dalaman
kamera
Lengkapkan ruangan yang diberi tentang penggunaan baru plastik dalam bidang perubatan.
terbiodegradasi kamera bahagian tulang muka jantung kapsul
Persamaan
Penebat elektrik yang
baik
Perbezaan
Boleh
Tinggi
Tidak boleh
Tiada Mempunyai rangkai silang antara Ada
molekul-molekul
Kebanyakan larut Larut dalam pelarut organik Tidak larut
Lebih lembut Kekerasan Lebih keras
Rendah Ketahanan terhadap Tinggi
renjatan/gegaran
Rendah Ketahanan terhadap haba Tinggi
Plastik termoset Termoplastik
Diacu atau dikitar semula
Rendah Takat lebur
rantai polimer
rantai polimer
rangkai silang
PERBINCANGAN
7.7
Perbandingan antara sifat-sifat termoplastik dan
plastik termoset Masteri
2008 Bhg. B, S9(b)
BERFIKIR
7.8
Penggunaan baru plastik STM7.9RESEARCHActivity Activity LIBRARY 12 Statethe effect of the burning of plastic products and the disposal of plastic products on the environment. (Cause pollution)
13 What kind of plastic materials should be used in industries to control the plastic waste disposal?
(Biodegradable plastic)
14 What is meant by biodegradable plastic? (The plastic which can be degraded by microorganisms) 15 State the best way to control plastic waste disposal. (Recycle them)
9 Which type of plastic does not dissolve in organic solvent, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoset) 10 Which type of plastic is resistant to heat, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoset)
11 Which type of plastic can be used to make car bumper, thermoplastic or thermoset? Explain your answer.
(Thermoset. Thermoset is harder and stronger than thermoplastic.)
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7.9 LO • Explain the effects of improper disposal of plastic materials to the environment
• Describe the proper management of the disposal of plastics
Collect information from the resource centre on the following and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1 The effects of disposing plastic material on the environment.
reduce biodegradable plastic
incinerator electrical energy recycling
2 Ways to control the disposal of plastic materials.
(a) Use plastic that can be decomposed by microorganisms.
(b) materials should be collected, crushed, and buried at a special landfill.
(c) Plastic materials should be burnt in an with an air scrubbing system before smoke is released into the air.
(d) plastic is the best control method in which to reuse plastic materials.
(e) Burning plastic materials produces heat energy for heating purposes or for generating
.
(f) Carry a food container or basket to reduce the use of plastic bags while shopping. electrical energy
Recycling
incinerator Plastic
biodegradable
Disposing plastic material Burning plastic material
•Causes during
heavy rain
•Plastic bags disposed into the sea will
the sea.
•Aquatic organisms, such as turtles mistakenly eat them, resulting in the turtles’
. death
pollute
flash flood Releases pollutants that endanger health such as:
• black smoke
• , ,
and gas such as hydrogen
chloride, carbon monoxide, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide
corrosive
poisonous pungent
poisonous pungent black smoke corrosive flash flood death pollute
RESEARCH
LIBRARY
7.9
Effects of disposing plastic materials on the
environment and ways to control it Contextual
2008 Sec. B, Q9(c) & 9(d)
134
B
A
B
7
mengurangkan terbiodegradasi plastik
insinerator tenaga elektrik mengitar semula
Pembuangan bahan plastik
2 Cara-cara pengawalan pembuangan bahan plastik.
(a) Menggunakan plastik jenis yang dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisma.
(b) Bahan-bahan dikumpulkan, dihancurkan, dan ditanam di suatu tapak
pembuangan yang khas.
(c) Bahan buangan plastik dibakar dalam yang mempunyai sistem pembersihan
udara sebelum asapnya dikeluarkan ke udara.
(d) barangan plastik merupakan cara pengawalan yang paling baik untuk
menggunakannya semula.
(e) Bahan-bahan plastik dibakar untuk menghasilkan tenaga haba bagi tujuan pemanasan atau penjanaan
.
(f) Membawa bekas makanan atau bakul untuk penggunaan beg plastik semasa
membeli belah.
mengurangkan tenaga elektrik
Mengitar semula
insinerator plastik
terbiodegradasi
7.9 HP • Menerangkan kesan pelupusan bahan plastik secara tidak terancang terhadap alam sekitar
• Menghuraikan pelupusan bahan plastik secara terancang
Kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber tentang perkara-perkara tersebut dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai.
1 Kesan pembuangan bahan plastik terhadap alam sekitar.
Pembakaran bahan plastik
•Menyebabkan berlakunya
semasa hujan lebat
•Beg-beg plastik yang dibuang ke dalam laut
akan laut •Hidupan akuatik seperti penyu yang termakan
bahan plastik akan membawa maut mencemarkan
banjir kilat Membebaskan bahan pencemar yang
membahayakan kesihatan seperti:
• asap hitam
•gas yang , ,
dan bersifat seperti hidrogen
klorida, karbon monoksida, ammonia, dan hidrogen sianida
mengakis
beracun busuk
beracun busuk asap hitam mengakis banjir kilat maut mencemarkan
PENYELIDIKAN
PUSTAKA
7.9
Kesan pembuangan bahan plastik terhadap alam sekitar dan cara pengawalannya Kontekstual2008 Bhg. B, S9(c) & 9(d)
F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 134
SPM
SPM
Key To Success
Key To Success
SPM
Key To Success
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the SPM exam.
Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.
135
Monomer
Ethene
Styrene
Chloroprene
Chloroethene
Synthetic polymer
Polystyrene
Polythene
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Neoprene
1 State oneproduct for each type of synthetic polymer in the table below.
Synthetic polymer Product
Plastic Pail
Synthetic rubber Tyre
Synthetic fibre Rope
2 Fill in the blanks with correct words on the process of manufacturing synthetic polymer.
3 Match the synthetic polymer with its monomer.
Polymerisation
Monomer Polymer
4 Complete the classification of plastic below.
Melamine Bakelite Epoxy resin Polythene
Perspex Polypropylene Polystyrene
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Thermoset Thermoplastic
Type of plastic
polythene perspex polypropylene melamine
bakelite polystyrene epoxy resin polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
SPM
SPM
Kunci Kejayaan
Kunci Kejayaan
SPM
Kunci Kejayaan
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan
SPM. Pastikan anda boleh menjawab semua
soalan berikut.
135
1 Nyatakan satubarang buatan bagi setiap polimer sintetik dalam jadual di bawah.
Polimer sintetik Barangan
Plastik Baldi
Getah sintetik Tayar
Gentian sintetik Tali
2 Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang proses pembuatan polimer sintetik.
3 Padankan polimer sintetik dengan monomernya.
Pempolimeran
Monomer Polimer
4 Lengkapkan pengelasan plastik di bawah:
Melamina Bakelit Pelekat epoksi Politena
Perspeks Polipropilena Polistirena
Polivinil klorida (PVC)
Plastik termoset Termoplastik
Jenis plastik
politena perspeks polipropilena melamina
bakelit polistirena pelekat epoksi polivinil klorida (PVC)
Monomer
Etena
Stirena
Kloroprena
Kloroetena
Polimer sintetik
Polistirena
Politena
Polivinil klorida (PVC)
Neoprene
F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 135
136
5 State twoproducts each, that are made from the plastics as shown in the table below.
6 (a) State twodifferent characteristics for each type of plastic below.
Thermoset
(a) in organic solvents
(b) Low melting point
Dissolves
(a) in organic solvents
(b) High melting point
Does not dissolve
(b) Explain why thermoplastic is easily softens when heated and can be remoulded (recycled) but thermoset
cannot be remoulded (recycled).
Thermoplastic between their polymers. Thermoset
between their polymers.
7 State twoeffects of plastic waste disposal on the environment.
(a) Burning of plastic products releases black, smelly and poisonous smoke. (b) Disposal of plastic products causes flash floods during heavy rain. 8 State fourways to control plastic waste disposal.
(a) Recycle the plastic waste (b) Use biodegradable plastic
(c) Burn plastic waste products in an enclosed incinerator (d) Bury plastic waste in a special dumping ground
have cross linkages
do not have cross linkage
Plastic Product
Perspex Car windscreens, airplane window panes/lenses
Polythene Plastic bags, raincoat/plastic bottle
Polypropylene Chair, milk bottle/food trays
Polystyrene Noticeboard, button/packaging box
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Water pipe, insulator/electrical cable
Bakelite Electrical plug, switch/car bumper
Melamine Dishes, top surface of counter
Epoxy resin Glue for metal, battery box
polymer chain
polymer chain
cross linkage
Thermoplastic
136
5 Nyatakan duahasil buatan bagi setiap satu, yang dibuat daripada plastik seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di
bawah.
Plastik Hasil buatan
Perspeks Cermin kereta, tingkap kapal terbang/kanta
Politena Beg plastik, baju hujan/botol plastik
Polipropilena Kerusi, botol susu/dulang makanan
Polistirena Papan kenyataan, butang/kotak pembungkus
Polivinil klorida (PVC) Paip air, penebat dawai/kabel elektrik
Bakelit Palam elektrik, suis/bampar kereta
Melamina Pinggan mangkuk, permukaan atas kaunter
Resin epoksi Bahan pelekat bagi logam dan peti bateri
6 (a) Nyatakan duaperbezaan sifat bagi setiap jenis plastik di bawah.
rantai polimer
rantai polimer
rangkai silang
(a) dalam pelarut organik
(b) Takat lebur rendah
Larut (a) dalam pelarut organik
(b) Takat lebur tinggi
Tidak larut
Termoplastik
(b) Terangkan mengapa termoplastik adalah mudah menjadi lembut apabila dipanaskan dan dapat diacu semula (dikitar semula) tetapi plastik termoset tidak dapat diacu semula (dikitar semula).
Termoplastik antara polimer-polimernya. Plastik termoset
antara polimer-polimernya.
7 Nyatakan duakesan pembuangan bahan plastik terhadap alam sekitar.
(a) Pembakaran bahan plastik membebaskan asap hitam yang berbau busuk dan beracun. (b) Pembuangan bahan plastik menyebabkan berlakunya banjir kilat semasa hujan lebat.
8 Nyatakan empatcara untuk mengawal pembuangan bahan plastik.
(a) Mengitar semula barangan plastik
(b) Menggunakan plastik jenis terbiodegradasi
(c) Membakar bahan plastik di dalam insinerator tertutup
(d) Menanam bahan plastik di tapak pembuangan khas
mempunyai rangkai silang
tidak mempunyai rangkai silang
Plastik termoset
F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 136
SPM
SPM
Enhancement Corner
SPM
Enhancement Corner
Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. PAPER
1
137
1 Which of the following materials ismost suitable to be used in making car bumpers?
A Perspex
B Bakelite
C Polythene
D Polyvinyl chloride
2 Diagram 1 shows a polymerisation
process.
Diagram 1
Which of the following represents substances Xand Y?
Substance X Substance Y
A Polythene Ethene
B Polyvinyl chloride Chloroethene
C Neoprene Chloroprene
D Styrene Polystyrene
3 The following information shows
the characteristics of a type of plastic.
• Low melting point
• Dissolves in organic solvent
• Can be recycled
Which of the following plastics shows these characteristics?
A Polythene
B Bakelite
C Melamine
D Epoxy resin
4 Which of the following is the
characteristic of thermoplastic?
IHeat resistant
IICan be recycled
IIIGood electrical insulator
A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III
5 The windshield of a car is made from
A glass
B polythene
C polystyrene
D perspex
6 Diagram 2 shows a polymer, which
is a type of thermoset.
Diagram 2
Which of the following statements is true?
A The polymer molecules are
cross-linked with one another.
B The length of the polymer
molecules are the same.
C Polymer molecules easily glide
on one another.
D Chemical reactions occur among
the polymer molecules.
7 Diagram 3 shows a process in the
production of a synthetic material.
Diagram 3
What is process X?
A Esterification
B Fermentation
C Vulcanisation
D Polymerisation
8 Which type of substance is a
synthetic polymer?
A Ammonia
B Isoprene
C Polyvinyl chloride
D Cellulose
9 The most effective way to control
pollution caused by plastic waste materials is to
A bury in the ground
B burn in an incinerator
C throw into the river
D recycle it
10 Plastic that is used to make
electrical sockets
Iis hard
IIhas high melting point
IIIdoes not dissolve in organic
solvents
A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III
11 Which of the following pairs of
monomer and polymer is correctly matched?
Monomer Polymer
A Ethene Polythene
B Carbohydrate Glucose
C Natural rubber Isoprene
D Fatty acid Protein
12 Diagram 4 shows the structure of a
type of plastic.
Diagram 4
Which of the following is the characteristic of the plastic?
A High melting point
B Can be recycled
C Hard and strong
D Resistant to heat B
polymer chain A D D C D process X ethene polythene A D C A D substance X substance Y
B CLONE 2007 CLONE 2002 CLONE 2007 CLONE 2003 CLONE 2006 CLONE 2006
7
CLONE 2008 CLONE 2008 CLONE 2004 CLONE 2006 CLONE 2005SPM
SPM
Sudut Pengukuhan
SPM
Sudut Pengukuhan
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A,B,C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik. KERTAS
1
137
1 Antara bahan yang berikut, yang
manakah sesuai digunakan untuk
membuat bampar kereta?
A Perspeks
B Bakelit
C Politena
D Polivinil klorida
2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu proses pempolimeran.
Rajah 1
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mewakili bahan Xdan bahan Y?
Bahan X Bahan Y
A Politena Etena
B Polivinil klorida Kloroetena
C Neoprena Kloroprena
D Stirena Polistirena
3 Maklumat yang berikut
menun-jukkan ciri-ciri sejenis plastik.
• Takat lebur rendah
• Larut dalam pelarut organik • Boleh dikitar semula
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan ciri-ciriini?
A Politena
B Bakelit
C Melamina
D Resin epoksi
4 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah sifat termoplastik?
ITahan haba
IIDapat dikitar semula
IIIPenebat elektrik yang baik
A I dan II sahaja
B I dan III sahaja
C II dan III sahaja
D I, II dan III
5 Cermin kereta dibuat daripada
A kaca
B politena
C polistirena
D perspeks
6 Rajah 2 menunjukkan polimer yang merupakan sejenis plastik termoset.
Rajah 2
Antara pernyataan yang berikut,
yang manakah benar?
A Molekul-molekul polimer
berangkai silang antara satu sama lain.
B Panjang molekul-molekul
polimer adalah sama.
C Molekul-molekul polimer mudah
menggelongsor di atas satu
sama lain.
D Tindak balas kimia berlaku antara molekul-molekul polimer.
7 Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu proses penghasilan bahan sintetik.
Rajah 3
Apakah proses X?
A Pengesteran
B Penapaian
C Pemvulkanan
D Pempolimeran
8 Antara bahan yang berikut, yang
manakah polimer sintetik?
A Ammonia
B Isoprena
C Polivinil klorida
D Selulosa
9 Cara yang paling berkesan untuk
mengawal pencemaran disebabkan
bahan buangan plastik adalah
A tanam dalam tanah
B bakar dalam insinerator
C buang ke dalam sungai
D kitar semula
10 Ciri bahan plastik yang digunakan untuk membuat soket elektrik adalah
Ibersifat keras
II mempunyai takat lebur yang
tinggi
III tidak larut dalam pelarut organik
A I dan II sahaja
B I dan III sahaja
C II dan III sahaja
D I, II dan III
11 Antara pasangan monomer dan
polimer yang berikut, yang manakah dipadan dengan betul?
Monomer Polimer
A Etena Politena
B Karbohidrat Glukosa
C Getah asli Isoprena
D Asid lemak Protein
12 Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur bagi
sejenis plastik.
Rajah 4
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah ciri plastik tersebut?
A Takat lebur tinggi
B Boleh dikitar semula
C Keras dan kuat
D Tahan terhadap haba B
rantai polimer
A D D C D proses X
etena politena A D
C A D bahan X bahan Y
B KLON 2002 KLON 2007 KLON 2007 KLON 2006 KLON 2003 KLON 2006 KLON 2006 KLON 2008 KLON 2004 KLON 2008 KLON 2005
7
F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 137
138
C
H
A
PT
ER
7
1 Diagram 1 shows a few objects that are made of a type of synthetic polymer.
(a) What is the type of synthetic polymer used to make the objects in Diagram 1?
Thermoset/Thermosetting plastic
(b) State two characteristics of the synthetic polymer in 1(a).
1. High melting point
2. Cannot be remoulded/Heat resistant/Does not dissolve in organic solvent (c) What is the effect of improper disposal of the synthetic polymer on human health?
Poisonous gases that released during burning will endanger human helath
(d) State twocorrect ways to control the plastic waste disposal. 1. Use biodegradable plastic
2. Burn the plastic waste in an enclosed incinerator
Section C
Answer the following questions.
2 (a) Explain the chain structure of the polymers in a thermoplastic. State two properties of a thermoplastic that are
caused by the chain structure of the polymer. [4 marks]
(b) Diagram 2 shows four types of objects made of thermoset.
Diagram 2
Study the objects in Diagram 2 and construct the concept of thermoset. Your answer should be based on the following aspects:
• Identify twocommon characteristics [2 marks]
• Give oneother example of thermoset [1 mark]
• Give twoexamples of non-thermoset [2 marks]
• Relate the common characteristics to construct the concept of thermoset [1 mark]
Answer:
2 (a) • Do not have cross linkages among their polymers
• Polymer chains glide easily onto each other when heated up Two properties
• Soften easily when heated • Has low melting point
• Can be remoulded/Can be recycled • Dissolves in organic solvent (Any two)
(b) Two common characteristics • High melting point
• Cannot be recycled/Does not dissolve in organic solvent One other example of thermoset
• Car bumpers/radios/television casing/buttons Two examples of non-thermoset
• Plastic bags and raincoats/lenses Construction of concept
• Thermoset is a type of plastic that has high melting point and cannot be recycled/does not dissolve in organic solvent.
Section B
Answer all the questions in this section. PAPER
2
Diagram 1
Electrical plugs
Thermoset
Switches
Battery boxes Cameras
CLONE
2007 Sec. C, Q12
CLONE
2008 Sec. B, Q9
138
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan beberapa objek yang diperbuat
daripada sejenis polimer sintetik.
(a) Apakah jenis polimer sintetik yang digunakan untuk membuat objek-objek dalam Rajah 1?
Plastik termoset
(b) Nyatakan duaciri polimer sintetik di 1(a). 1. Takat lebur tinggi
2. Tidak dapat diacu semula/Tahan haba/Tidak boleh larut dalam pelarut organik
(c) Apakah kesan pelupusan polimer sintetik secara tidak terancang terhadap kesihatan manusia?
Gas-gas beracun yang terbebas semasa pembakaran membahayakan kesihatan manusia
(d) Nyatakan duacara yang betul untuk mengawal pelupusan bahan plastik. 1. Menggunakan plastik jenis terbiodegradasi
2. Membakar bahan plastik dalam insinerator yang tertutup
Bahagian C
Jawab soalan yang berikut.
2 (a) Terangkan struktur polimer dalam suatu termoplastik. Nyatakan duasifat termoplastik yang disebabkan oleh struktur
rantai polimer tersebut. [4 markah]
(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis objek yang diperbuat daripada plastik termoset.
Rajah 2
Kaji objek-objek dalam Rajah 2 dan bina konsep plastik termoset. Jawapan anda hendaklah berdasarkan aspek-aspek yang berikut:
• Kenal pasti duaciri sepunya [2 markah]
• Beri satucontoh lain plastik termoset [1 markah]
• Beri duacontoh bukan plastik termoset [2 markah]
• Hubung kait ciri-ciri sepunya untuk membina konsep plastik termoset [1 markah]
Jawapan:
2 (a) • Tidak mempunyai rangkai silang antara polimer-polimernya
• Rantai polimer mudah menggelongsor atas satu sama lain apabila dipanaskan Dua sifat
• mudah menjadi lembut apabila dipanaskan • mempunyai takat lebur yang rendah • Boleh diacu semula/boleh dikitar semula • Larut dalam larutan organik
(mana-mana dua) (b) Dua ciri sepunya
• Takat lebur tinggi
• Tidak dapat dikitar semula/tidak larut dalam pelarut organik Satu contoh lain plastik termoset
• Bampar kereta/radio/bekas televisyen/butang Dua contoh bukan plastik termoset
• Beg plastik dan baju hujan/kanta Pembinaan konsep
• Plastik termoset ialah sejenis plastik yang mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi dan tidak boleh dikitar semula/tidak larut dalam pelarut organik.
Bahagian B
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
KERTAS
2
Palam elektrik
Plastik termoset
Suis elektrik
Peti bateri Kamera
KLON
2007 Bhg. C, S12
Rajah 1
KLON
2008 Bhg. B, S9
F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 138
