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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Literature
Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly
speaking, “literature” is used to describe anything from creative writing to more
technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to
works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and
nonfiction. The word “literature” has different meanings depending on who is
using it and in what context. It could be applied broadly to mean any symbolic
record, encompassing everything from images and sculptures to letters. In a more
narrow sense the term could mean only text composed of letters, or other
examples of symbolic written languagwe. An even more narrow interpretation is
that text have a physical form, such as on paper or some other portable form, to te
exclusion of inscriptions or digital media.
Literature is a body of written works related by subject-matter (e.g. the
literature of computing), by language or place of origin (e.g. Russian literature), or
by prevailing cultural standards of merit. In this last sense, ‘literature’ is taken to
include oral, dramatic, and broadcast compositions that may not have been
published in written form but which have been (or deserve to be) preserved. Since
the 19th century, the broader sense of literature as a totality of written or printed
works has given way to more exclusive definitions based on criteria of
imaginative, creative, or artistic value, usually related to a work’s absence of
factual or practical reference. Until the mid-20th century, many kinds of
non-fictional writing in philosophy, history, biography, criticism, topography, science,
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definition of literature as that body of works which, deserves to be preserved as
part of the current reproduction of meanings within a given culture. This sense
seems more tenable than the later attempts to divide literature as creative,
imaginative, fictional, or non-practical from factual writings or practically
effective works of propaganda, rhetoric, or didactic writing.
According to Simon and Delyse Ryan in Wikipedia, literature is a road
that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom
satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they inevitably
change overtime. In fact, the only thing that is certain about defining literature is
that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as
well.
2.2 Play
Play is a literature composition that tells a story, usually of human conflict,
by means of dialogue and action, to be performed by actors; play; now often
specif, any play that is not a comedy. Not only that, a play is also a form of
literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between
characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. A play or
drama offers another classical literary form that has continued to revolve over the
years. During the 18th and 19th centuries, opera developed as a combination of
poetry, drama, and music. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively
recently. A play is something to act out or do a performance. And drama is now
commonly used to refer to a genre of film or television which is more serious than
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An older meaning of ‘drama’ was the spesific mode of fiction represented
in performance. Drama is often combined with music and dance: the drama in
opera is generally sung throughout; musicals generally include both spoken
dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have incidental music or musical
accompaniment underscoring the dialogue. And drama is similar to it, its not
acting out from something, but doing a play is drama.
2.3 Gender
Gender is often associated with gender (sex), whereas gender is different
from sex. Gender is often understood as a gift from God or kodrat Ilahi, whereas
gender is not solely so. In terminology, ‘gender’ can be defined as the cultural
expectations of men and women (Lips, 1993: 4). Another definition of gender put
forward by Elaine Showalter. According to him ‘gender’ is a distinction of men
and women seen from the socio-cultural construction (Showalter, 1989: 3).
Gender can also be used as an analytical concept that can be used to describe
something (Umar, 1999: 9).
Of some of the definitions of the above can be understood that gender is a
trait that is used as the basis for identifying the differences between men and
women in terms of social conditions and Cultural Studies, values and behavior,
mentality and emotions, as well as factors other nonbiologis. In general, sex is
used to identify the differences in male and female anatomy in terms of biological,
gender was more concentrated to the social, cultural, and other aspects
nonbiologis. If the sex studies more emphasis on the development aspects of
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gender studies more emphasis on development aspects of a person’s masculinity
and feminity.
History of gender differences between a man occurs through a very
lengthy process and is formed by several reasons, such as socio-cultural
conditions, religious condition of statehood. With this long process, the gender
defference is often considered to be a provision ultimately God is as if the natural
or biological nature can not be changed anymore. This is exactly what causes the
onset of gender inequality in the society.
Gender has a significant position in one’s life and can determine the life
experience that will be gone. Gender can determine a person’s access to
education, work, and other public sectors. Gender can also determine the health,
life ecpectancy, and a person’s freedom of movement. Clearly, gender will
determine sexuality, relationships, and ability to make decisions and act
autonomously. Finally, gender determines a person who many will be what it will
be.
Gender is a social construction with important consequences in everybody
life. Gender is constructed both socially through social interactions as well as
biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences.
Gender refers to the social, psychological, and cultural attributes of masculinity
and femininity that are based on the above biological distinctions. Gender pertains
to the socially learned patterns of behaviour and the psychological or emotional
expression or attitudes that distinguish males from females. Ideas about
masculinity and feminity are culturally derived and pattern the ways in which
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shaping people’s self image and social identities. Gender is learned through the
socializations process and thus is and achieved status.
Scott (1990:535) states that gender, which is defined as a social
construction rather than an essential biological trait, comes in many forms: in
languages that assign genders to nouns and pronouns; in what sociologist describe
as “sex roles,” which divide and limit what persons of one sex or the other can do
in private and public spheres; in efforts to recuperate the culture or traditions of
women, as neglected and marginal when compared to those of gender.
Gender roles are sets of societal norms dictating what types of behaviours
are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for a person based on
their actual or perceived sex. These are usually centered around masculinity,
although there are myriad exceptions and variations. The spesifics regarding these
gendered expectations may vary substantially among cultures, write other
characteristics may be common throughout a range of cultures.
There is ongoing debate as what extent gender roles and their variations
are biologically determined, and to what extent they are socially constructed.
Gender roles may be a means through which one may express their gender
identity, but they may also be employed as a means of exerting social control, and
individuals may experience negative social consequencesfor violating them.Vario
us groups have led efforts to change aspects of prevailing gender roles that they
believe are oppressive or inaccurate, most notably the feminist movement.
The terms was first coined by John Money in 1955 during the course of his
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express their status as a male or female, in a situation where no clear biological
assignment exists.
And gender is an important are of study in many disciplines, such as
literary theory, drama studies, film theory, performance theory, contemporary art
history, anthropology, sociology, psychology and psychoanalysis. These
disciplines sometimes differ in their ap is aproaches to how and why they study
gender. For instance in anthropology, sociology and psychology, gender is often
studied as practice, whereas in cultural studies representations of gender are more
often examined. Gender studies also a discipline in itself, an interdisciplinary are
of study that incorporates methods and approaches from a wide range of
disciplines.
2.4 Gender Equality
Gender equality is achieved when women and men enjoy the same rights
and opportunities cross all sectors of society, including economic participation
and decision-making, and when the different behaviors, aspirations and needs of
women and men are equally valued and favored. From Wikipedia, gender equality
is measured by looking at the representation of men and of women in a range of
roles. A number of international comparative gender equality indices have been
prepared and these offer a way to compare Ireland’s achievements with those of
other countries. Each index looks at a distinct list of parameters and the choice of
parameters affects `the outcome for each country. Gender equality and women’s
empowerment are human rights that lie at the heart of development and the
achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the progress that has
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than 16 percent of the world’s parliamentarians are women, two thirds of all
children shut outside the school gates are girls and, both in times of armed conflict
and behind closed doors at home, women are still systematically subjected to
violence. Rossi (1964: 261) states that:
The traditional conception of masculine and feminine are inappropriate to the kind of world we can live in during the second half of the twentieth century. An androgynous conception of sex role means that each sex will cultivate some of the characteristics usually associated with the other in traditional sex role difinition.
Rossi proposed that boys in socialized to be tender and expressive so they
will later feel free express these equalities in their social relationships. He also
recommends that girls be inculcated with achievement need, workmanship, and
assertiveness so they will feel free to express these equalities in their adult life.
This socialization strategy is assumed to ultimately enable both men and women
to develop the full range of human equalities regardless of their gender. The
movement towards gender equality, especially in Western countries, began with
the suffragette movement of the late- 19th century. Then there was a change in
relation to a woman’s property rights in marriage. This situation has begun to
change in recent years. As more and more woman have entered the job market,
husbands have begun to share responsibilities of home with their wives. It is also
easy for a working wife to feel responsible for any problems her children might
have. Whereas she may feel guilty for not staying at home, her husband is likely
to assume that it is normal, and he will be take care their home.
For example, like a construction laborers. With the rise of economics that
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working women have participated in the building to be porters. That is what a
woman can do to meet the needs of his family and himself.
Gender equality began to influence society since the 15th century. On the
European continent it started to effect society in 1602. In America, it is beginning
to happen in 1774. Meanwhile, in Asia, it started in the latest of 19th century. In
Indonesia, gender equality began to be known since the emancipation of women
pioneered by RA. Kartini, in 1899.
There are also countries that have a history of a high level of gender
equality in certain areas of life, but not in other aremas. An example is Finland
which has offered very high opportinities to women in public/professional life, but
has had a weak legal approach to the issue of violence against women, with the
situation in this country having been called a paradox.
Gender equality is a achieved when people are able to access and enjoy the
same rewards, resources and opportunities regardless of whether they are a
woman or a man. Many countries worldwide, including Australia, have made
significant progress towards gender equality in recent decades, particularly in
areas such as education. However, women continue to earn less than men, are less
likely to advance their careers as far as men, and are more likely to spend their
final years in poverty. At the same time, some men find it more difficult to access
family-friendly pilicies or flexible working arrangements than women.
The aim of gender equality in the workplace is to achieve broadly equal
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To achieve this requires:
• Workplaces to provide equal remuneration for women and men for
work of equal or comparable value.
• The removal of barriers to the full and equal participation of women in
the workforce.
• Full and genuine access to all occupations and industries, including to
leadership roles for women and men.
• Elimination of discrimination on the basis of gender particularly in
relation to family and caring responsibilities for both women and men.
Achieving gender equality is important for workplaces not only because it is ‘fair’
and ‘the right thing to do’, it is also vitally impotant to the bottom line of a
