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ED BOONE’S MOTIVES FOR KILLING THE DOG IN MARK HADDON’S THE CURIOUS INCIDENT OF THE DOG

IN THE NIGHT-TIME

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Galuh Dwi Ajeng Student Number: 051214150

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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i

ED BOONE’S MOTIVES FOR KILLING THE DOG IN MARK HADDON’S THE CURIOUS INCIDENT OF THE DOG

IN THE NIGHT-TIME

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Galuh Dwi Ajeng Student Number: 051214150

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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iv

Do it not for your glory but for His glory!

-Mother Teresa-

Dedicated with love and gratitude to:

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v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

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vi ABSTRACT

Ajeng, Galuh Dwi. Ed Boone’s Motives for Killing the Dog in Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

This study discusses the motives of disastrous action conducted by Ed Boone, one of the main characters in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. This study aims to find Ed Boone’s hidden reasons for killing the dog. In order to do so, there are two questions to answer: (1) “How is Ed Boone described in the novel?” (2) “What are the motives of Ed Boone to kill the dog?”

The sources in this study are taken from books and the internet. The novel, Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is used as the main source. This study makes use of psychological approach. The theories used are theory of character, characterization and theory of psychology. In theory of psychology, I use Freud’s personality structure and defense mechanisms.

The findings of this study are: First, the characteristics of Ed Boone are loving, patient, honest, and tidy. Here loving means that he really loves his son though his son has asperger syndrome meaning he has difficulty in communicating with others and showing his emotion. He is a patient person who can be described as the most levelheaded person in his family. Moreover, Ed Boone is an honest person. He always tells the truth to his son, Christopher. Then, Mark Haddon describes Ed Boone as a tidy person because he likes everything put in a good order. Second, Ed Boone’s motives to kill the dog are because of jealousy, disappointment, anger that his needs to love and to be loved are denied. These feelings come from his unconscious conflicts that are due to his relations with Mrs. Boone, Mr. Shears and Mrs. Shears. These lead him to kill the dog. Thus his motivation is to release his anger.

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vii ABSTRAK

Ajeng, Galuh Dwi. Ed Boone’s Motives for Killing the Dog in Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009.

Studi ini membahas tentang alasan - alasan yang tersembunyi dari aksi Ed Boone, salah satu tokoh utama di The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, yang mebawa malapetaka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan alasan – alasan Ed Boone yang tersembunyi untuk membunuh anjing. Untuk menemukan alasan – alasan tersebut ada dua pertanyaan yang akan dijawab: (1) “Bagaimana Ed Boone digambarkan di dalam novel?” (2) “Apa alasan – alasan Ed Boone untuk membunuh anjing?”

Sumber - sumber di dalam studi ini adalah data yang dapat dari buku – buku dan dari internet. Data utama dari studi ini adalah The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time karangan Mark Haddon. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi. Teori – teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter, karakterisasi dan teori psikologi. Di dalm teori psikologi, saya menggunakan

Freud’s personality structure dan defense mechanims

Hasil dari studi ini adalah: Pertama, sifat – sifat Ed Boone adalah penyayang, sabar, jujur dan teratur. Penyayang karena dia sangat menyayangi anaknya walaupun sang anak memiliki sindrom asperger yang berarti bahwa dia memiliki kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dan dalam mengatur emosinya. Ed Boone adalah orang yang sabar karena dia adalah orang yang paling dapat berfikir tenang diantara keluarganya. Selain itu, Ed Boone adalah orang yang jujur. Dia selalu berkata jujur kepada anaknya, Christopher. Lalu, Mark Haddon juga mendiskripsikan Ed Boone sebagai orang yang teratur karena dia menyukai segala sesuatu dalam keadaan yang baik dan teratur. Kedua, alasan – alasan Ed Boone untuk membunuh anjing adalah rasa cemburunya, kecewanya, kemarahanya bahwa kebutuhannya untuk mencintai dan dicintainya disangkal. Perasaan – perasaan ini timbul karena adanya tekanan yang berasal dari konflik - konflik yang terjadi di dalam alam bawah sadarnya. Konflik – konflik ini berhubungan dengan orang –orang terdekatnya seperti istrinya serta ibu dan bapak Shears.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :

Nama

: Galuh Dwi Ajeng

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 051214150

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

ED BOONE’S MOTIVES FOR KILLING THE DOG IN MARK HADDON’S

THE CURIOUS INCIDENT OF THE DOG IN THE NIGHT-TIME

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

me-ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media

lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun

memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai

penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 30 Oktober 2009

Yang menyatakan

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viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing and guidance. He becomes my very best friend that I have ever had. He is always beside me in every moment in my life especially when I needed His help finishing my thesis. His love is very incredible. I do love Him. Then to Mother Mary, the amazing mother in the world, I thank her for making me always have a hope needed when I am distressed or in sorrow. Through her, I always remember that God will always hear my prayers.

Second, I send my gratitude to my beloved mother, F. Titik Murniati, my beloved father H. Djoko Pamungkas S.E., who always pray for me, share their love, and give me spirit to finish my study in ELSP. They also become my motivation to finish my study. I would be nothing without their kindness and patience. I love them very much. Then for my beloved sister, E. Gilang Kusumawati, who always supports me, I thank her for her suggestion, love and patience.

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ix

always says that I should not give up. To father L. Suharjanto, S.J., S.S., B.S.T, I thank him for being my proof reader and also my friend. He gave me some advices and suggestions. I would also like to send my appreciation to Sr. Margaret who helps me check my grammar. Then, to Mba dani and Mba Tari, I thank them for their help.

Fourth, I give my sincere appreciation to my entire friends who give me a meaningful life. I thank Novi, Opia and Lia for their spirit especially during my thesis accomplishment. We had passed many obstacles during our thesis accomplishment. Finally, we could complete my thesis. Then, I thank Mba Monic, Tari, Luki, Epha, Eska, Topik, Damaris, Bejo, Andi, Rani, Delfin and Nancy for their spirits that always remind me how to work hard. I also thank Menur crew, Damai, Elgo, Mita, Mba Ririn, Ana, Melati, Vina, Erni, Lena and Ajeng for drawing my life with the beauty of friendship, thank for their kindness and loyalty. Mr. Naryo’s family, who become my family in Yogyakarta I would like to thank them for their patience and kindness during my study in ELSP. I also thank my ESLP class members for being my best class members.

Finally, I would like to thank everyone who was willing to help me finish my thesis. I would not finish it without their help, love, support, prayers, patience and kindness.

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x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ……….. i

APPROVAL PAGES ……… ii

PAGE OF DEDICATION ………. iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………... v

ABTRACT ……….. vi

ABSTRAK ……….... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………. viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. x

LIST OF APPPENDICES ……….... xiv

LIST OF DIAGRAMS ………... xv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study ……….. 1

1.2Objective of the Study ……….. 4

1.3Problem Formulation ……….... 4

1.4Problem Limitation ……… 4

1.5The Benefit of the Study ……… 5

1.5.1English Teacher or English Teacher Candidates ……… 5

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xi 1.5.3Students of

English Education Study Program ……… 5

1.6Definition of the Terms ………... 6

1.6.1Autism ………. 6

1.6.2Motivation ………... 6

1.6.3Motive ………... 7

1.6.4Character ………... 7

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Related Theory ……….. 8

2.1.1 Theory of Character ……… 8

2.1.2 Theory of Characterization ………. 9

2.1.2.1 Personal Description ……….. 10

2.1.2.2 Character as seen by others ……… 10

2.1.2.3 Speech ……… 10

2.1.2.4 Past life ………... 10

2.1.2.5 Conversation of others ………... 11

2.1.2.6 Reaction ………. 11

2.1.2.7 Direct Comment ………. 11

2.1.2.8 Thoughts ………. 11

2.1.2.9 Mannerism ……….. 11

2.1.3 Theory of Critical Approach ………. . 11

2.1.4 Theory of Psychology ………. 12

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xii

2.1.4.2 The Defense Mechanisms ……….. 15

2.2 Theoretical Framework ………... 16

2.3 Criticisms ……….. 17

2.4 Context of the Novel ……… 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Object of the Study ……….. 19

3.2 Approach of the Study ………. 20

3.3 Method of the Study ……… 20

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS 4.1 Mr. Boone’s Character ……… 22

4.1.1 Loving ………. 23

4.1.2 Patient ………. 26

4.1.3 Honest ………. 28

4.1.4 Tidy ………. 30

4.2 The Hidden Reasons of Ed Boone to Kill the Dog ……..……… 31

4.2.1 The Motivation of Ed Boone for Killing the Dog ……… 32

4.2.2 The Motives of Ed Boone for Killing the Dog ………... 33

4.2.2.1 The Reality Principle ……….. 34

4.2.2.2 The Morality Principle ……… 35

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xiii

4.2.2.2.2 A Dog’s Level ………. 36

4.2.2.3 The Pleasure Principle ……… 37

4.2.2.3.1 Mrs. Boone ……….. 38

4.2.2.3.2 Mr. Shears ……… 39

4.2.2.3.3 Mrs. Shears ………. 41

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ………. 43

5.2 Suggestions ………. 45

5.2.1 Future Researcher ……….. 45

5.2.2 Teaching Implementation ………. 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 48

APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 …….………... (1)

APPENDIX 2 ………... (3)

APPENDIX 3 ……… (5)

APPENDIX 4 ...……….... (8)

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xiv

LIST OF APPPENDICES

Page

APPENDIX 1 Summary of the Novel …….……… (1)

APPENDIX 2 Biography of Mark Haddon ………. (3)

APPENDIX 3 Lesson Plan to Teach Intensive Reading I I ………. (5)

APPENDIX 4 Syllabus for Intensive Reading I I ...……… (8)

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xv

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

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1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This thesis is the study of Mr. Boone’s motives for killing Wellington, one of his neighbor’s dogs as seen in Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night – Time. This chapter consists of several parts namely; background of the study, objective of the study, problem formulation, the benefits of the study, and definition of the terms.

1.1Background of the Study

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the murder of the dog secretly. On the contrary, the murderer that he looks for is his father. This condition creates many problems connecting to internal and external side of the characters.

From the brief illustration above, there are problems, which arise in this novel. These problems become the interesting part of the novel. Moreover, the strong illustration of the characters gives me additional value to discuss one side of this novel, example Mr. Boone. Through him, one of the main characters in this novel, I realize how difficult it is to be an autistic parent. His reaction dealing with his autistic son touches me because he often acts as to what his son wants. Looking at his reaction dealing with his son, it illustrates that he is a good father. He exactly knows what his son likes and dislikes. He absolutely knows that his son likes a dog. In contrast, he has killed a dog. Hence, I enthuse to analyze him, as the murderer of the dog.

As we know, for some people a dog is meaningful. Furthermore, Canis lupus familiaris or dog is one of the popular and domesticated pets in the world. It is commonly believed that dog is human’s loyal companion. It is because dog has a close relation with human. Realizing that a dog can easily get health problems, people need to be well prepared to take care of their dog’s wellbeing. The British, for example, even develops a manual for caring for a dog, as noted in the quotation below. The statement below shows that British have great respect for their dogs.

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They love a dog as their friend and partner. That is why for British, a dog is important.

On the contrary, Mark Haddon writes about murder mystery of the dog that is done by Mr. Boone but the setting of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is in Swindon, Wiltshire, England. Indirectly, this story becomes a contradiction when it is faced with the reality that British people really respect dogs. In addition, the motives that drive the murderer to kill the dog develop my curiosity to uncover them.

Many different motives create human behavior. So, while talking about one’s behavior or one’s action means talking about one’s motives. In doing this disastrous action, Mr. Boone must have motives which drive him. These motives establish a motivation to do something. Besides, as what is stated in Psychological in Action, “Motivation refers to factors within an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward goal” (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M.Vernoy 392). From this statement, it is clear that motivation determines human action. Further, motivation drives human action to reach his goal. For example, Christopher becomes a detective because he wants to find the murderer of the dog. In this case, Christopher has a motivation to be detective because his goal is to find the murderer of the dog. The study, then, focuses on the description of Mr. Boone and his motives for killing Wellington.

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Boone is described in this novel. Then in the study, I use Freud’s personality structure in theory of psychology because this theory will be a suitable tool to explain the reason behind one’s action. Moreover, the defense mechanisms theory is the theory to explain the character’s action. I expect, this study can help the readers to realize that one’s reaction comes from one’s motives.

1.2Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is to see the hidden reasons of somebody to kill somebody else’s pet as seen in Ed Boone, one of the main characters in Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night – Time.

1.3 Problem Formulation

The problem in this study is formulated as follows: 1. How is Ed Boone described in the novel?

2. What are the motives of Ed Boone to kill Wellington?

1.4Problem Limitation

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1.5 The Benefits of the Study

I expect that, this study can give beneficial contributions in teaching learning activities. The benefits of this study are addressed to teaching learning process, readers and students of English Education Study Program.

1.5.1 Teaching Learning Process

The author of this novel uses a simple way to create clear-cut atmosphere of the story. The dictions in this novel are also easy to understand. Knowing the positive side of this novel, the certain passages of this novel can be used as one of the materials to teach English, for example such as what is needed in Intensive Reading II.

1.5.2 Readers

Readers can see a little bit about autistic family life through Mr. Boone’s experiences. Moreover readers can also learn about how motivation drives one’s action. I also want to invite readers to look deeper into one’s actions because there must be hidden reasons or motives behind an action.

1.5.3 Students of English Education Study Program

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1.6 Definition of the Terms

There are some important terms in this study. Those terms are explained to make the study easier to understand and to avoid the misunderstanding of the meaning.

1.6.1 Autism

Autism is “a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other people” (Longman 115). One of the basic causes of this disorder is asperger’s syndrome. This syndrome causes children to have difficulties to communicate with other people and to express their feeling because they do not understand emotions and feeling. They are unable to express apart from basic emotions like laughing and crying. According to Robledo and Ham-Kurcharski autism is a neurobiological disorder. This disorder makes children usually manifest themselves in their toddler years. In this year, children usually indulge in imaginative play. This condition causes children to have difficulty in communicating and interacting with others (1-2).

1.6.2 Motivation

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accumulates in psyche energy. Psyche energy operates in the id. Hence, it means that motivation operates in the id.

1.6.3 Motive

Motive means, “the reason that makes someone do something, especially when this reason is kept hidden” (Longman 1182). In addition, motive means, “the property that organizes behavior and defines it end states” (Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc 385). An end state is “the goal or satisfaction of some need” (385). They state that motive also accumulates in the id. In this study motives mean the hidden reasons that content of forces and aims.

1.6.4 Character

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8

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of four main parts namely the theoretical description, theoretical framework, criticism and context of the novel. The first main part, the theoretical description, is divided into three basic theories such as the theory of character, characterization, and the theory of psychology. In applying theory of psychology I focus on Freud’s personality structure and defense mechanisms. I apply those relevant theories as the foundation of this study. Then the second main part consists of the theoretical framework. This part offers the explanation of how those theories are applied in answering the problem questions. The third is criticism. This part consists of several views of the novel which are used to see the other analysis of this novel. The fourth part is the context of the novel. In order to analyze the novel appropriately the context of the novel needs explaining they are socio economic, cultural and political aspect. The approach of this criticism is psychological approach that is a part of the critical approach.

2.1 Review of Related Theory

2.1.1 Theory of Character

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Readers can also interpret characters through dialogue, action and thought that are expressed in the novel.

Henkle states that there are two kinds of character, major characters and minor characters. Major characters are the most important and complicated characters in a story whereas minor characters are the opposite. The responses to the experiences of minor characters are less complex than major characters (92-97). Besides, a character can be static or dynamic. According to Holman and Harmon, “A static character is one who changes little if at all. Things happen to such a character without things happening within” (83). Static character does not show any important changes in response to some actions. On the other hand, they also state that “A dynamic character is one who is modified by actions and experiences, and one objectives of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions” (83). As a result in response to some actions, there is a development in character’s personality that is called as dynamic character.

The theory of character is important because this theory can help me to describe Mr. Boone’s personality as seen in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night – Time. The analysis deals with Mr. Boone’s reaction and thought.

2.1.2 Theory of Characterization

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Woods describe characterization as a process by which an author creates characters (20-21). They also state characterization as a device to make readers believe that the character is the particular type of person.

Through characterization, the author describes the characteristic of each character. The aim of characterization is to make readers understand the character clearly, so that they will follow the story more easily.

Murphy explains nine methods in the characterization process. Those are: 2.1.2.1 Personal Description

Describing character is through character’s appearance and clothes. This description can help readers visualize the physical characteristic of the character such as the weight, the height, the skin color, and the level of the character.

2.1.2.2 Character as seen by the others

The author describes a character by using other’s opinion. The opinion may come from the others around the character.

2.1.2.3 Speech

The author describes the character in the story through what character says in his or her conversation and in giving opinion.

2.1.2.4Past Life

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2.1.2.5Conversation of Others

Readers can take clues of person’s character through the conversation of other characters while they tell about a person’s character.

2.1.2.6Reaction

The author gives clues of a person’s character by letting readers understand how the character reacts to various variation and event.

2.1.2.7Direct Comment

The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. 2.1.2.8Thoughts

What a person is thinking about can also be used to describe a person’s character.

2.1.2.9Mannerism

This part shows that the author is able to describe a person’s mannerism and habits that may tell readers something about person’s character (161-173).

2.1.3 The theory of Critical Approach

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understanding the work of art. The next is sociocultural-historical approach. This approach concerns with social, cultural, and historical events. The fourth is psychological approach. This approach works with psychological theories. Then, the fifth is mythopoeic approach. This approach deals with myth as the reference in understanding the work of literally (1-15).

This study applies the psychological approach. It is because this study focuses on the motivation of one character in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. According to Daiches, Psychological approach is “the basic assumption of psychoanalysis that acts of every person is influenced by the forces of the unconscious” (333). This approach is also to answer the question on what is actually going on among the characters and to see the reason why the author displays certain characteristics based on the theory of psychology. In addition, this approach is used to clarify the true meaning of the text. Finally, I use the psychological approach to see the motivation, character, and behavior pattern based on the psychological theory.

2.1.4 Theory of Psychology

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one of the figures in psychology formulates personality structure and defense mechanism theory to understand one’s behavior.

2.1.4.1 Personality Structure

Knowing that each person is unique and have his or her own ways of responding to the world, a famous personality theorist named Sigmund Freud develops a theory of personality. The reason why Freud can formulate this theory is because he has experiences while dealing with many kinds of hysterical patients. Therefore, he formulates a theory related to personality aspect. This theory is composed of three mental structures called id, ego and super ego (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M. Vernoy 476).

The first is the id or unconscious forces. Freud believes that each person has psychic energy that influences one’s personality. He emphasizes that id is the original part of the psyche presented at one’s birth. Id is filled with energy that comes from the instincts without any organization because id is more about satisfaction of basic needs of pleasure principle.

Freud characterized the id as reservoir of psychic energy that can be neither increased nor decreased. Although it is not a place, it may be seen metaphorically as a pool of instinctual biological drives presents in every individual at birth, so that the personality of a newborn is all id. (Bootzin Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc 411)

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responsible to have creativity, self-propagation, and for survival. The second is Thanatos. Unlike Eros, this type constructs aggressive tendencies. Hence, this type can grow negative behavior because this type can build human’s motivation to kill, conquer, and compete.

Then the second is the ego. In contrast, the id is unconscious while much of the ego is conscious. “The ego takes for itself part of the energy of the id and proceeds to serve as the mediator between the id and reality…” (Freud, The Ego

29). If the id uses biological need on the other hand the ego uses reason, memory and judgment. Those are meant to satisfy the desire of the id.

Ego is the rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and attempts to control the impulses of the id while also satisfying the social approval and self-esteem needs of the superego… (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M. Vernoy 476-478)

…the ego operates on what is called reality principle, the foundation of which is concern for safety. The ego is often called the executive agency of personality, because it controls the individual’s actions and manipulates the environment. (Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc 411)

The third is the superego. This type represents the societal standard for morality. The superego operates on the morality principle. So, it means that human personality is also judged by the society. This situation can be clearly seen in a family situation as conveyed by the parents to their child. For example parents teach good behavior based on the societal standard for morality to their child. Moreover, the superego also has relation with the id because superego receives the id’s energy similar with the ego.

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and a conscience that constantly commands the individual to stifle the id’s sexual and aggressive impulses that conflict with moral goals. The function of the superego, then, is to prohibit what is morally wrong and to promote what is morally right. (Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc 411)

In fact, those mental structures influence the function of mind that will affect someone’s behavior. Because of that, each person has different aspects of personality. This theory is used to find out some reasons of Mr. Boone’s action whether it is good or not. Then, the aim of studying Freud’s personality structure is to analyze Mr. Boone’s behavior.

2.1.4.2 The Defense Mechanism

We know the use of ego is to satisfy both the id and superego. But sometimes, the ego also can fail. After explaining about three mental structures, Freud composed the defense mechanisms. The defense mechanisms relate to the id, ego and superego. These mechanisms are the tools, which help defend the ego when the ego has difficulty to satisfy both the id and the superego. “Defense Mechanisms are strategies the ego unconsciously uses to reduce anxiety by distorting our perceptions of reality” (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M. Vernoy 478).

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happens to release the energy (Beyond 48-50). For example, a runner wins a competition. She suddenly returns to the person next to her and gives a big hug to that person. The person in this case becomes the object-choice of the winner to release her happiness. This defense mechanism influences by the id, ego and superego.

Displacement occurs when the ego satisfies the id and fails the superego through realizing the energy of the id. On the other hand the superego gives forces to the id not to do what the id wants to do. The reason is the pleasure principle is not appropriate with the morality principle.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

This study concerns with the theory of character, the theory of characterization, the theory of psychology. In theory of psychology, I only focus on Freud’s personality structure and Freud’s defense mechanisms. Considering that Ed Boone becomes the focus of the analysis, the theory of character and the theory of characterization are applied to analyze how Ed Boone is described in this novel. This study also uses Freud’s theory about three mental structure of personality to analyze Mr. Boone personality, which is described in this novel. In order to find the important point in understanding and identifying the motives of Mr. Boone for killing Wellington, the theory of personality structure and defense mechanisms are used.

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2.3 Criticism

Mark Haddon was born on September 26, 1962, in Northampton. He is a novelist and poet. During 1983 and 1984, he did many kinds of jobs, including working with children and adults with mental and physical disabilities. In 2003, his popular novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, that won many awards, was published. This novel tells about a boy named Christopher John Francis Boone with autistic spectrum. Therefore, there are some critics from Kimbofo, Nick Edwards and Weebuns (“The Curious” 1-2).

Kimbofo from London says that he loves this story. It is because this novel has narrator’s unique voice, careful balance between bleak comedy and great sadness, simple language and strong characteristic of the central character, Christopher. Because of these points, readers can see deeply the world of one autistic boy through his emotionally dissociated mind.

Moreover, Nick Edwards argues that this story is wonderful and appropriate to be discussed. He also says, “This story really gives an insight into a mind which, in some ways, is far more developing than the mind of an “ordinary” person”.

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2.4 Context of the Novel

Mark Haddon who came from Northampton, the 21st-largest settlement in England, had been working with children and adults with mental and physical disabilities. From his experience, working with people with mental and physical disabilities, he created a novel telling about an autistic boy. The title of this novel is The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. In 2003, this novel was successfully published. While writing this novel he proclaimed himself as ‘hard-line atheist’. One of the evidences that can be proven is when the main character in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time states that God is stupid (“Mark” 1).

The setting of this novel is in Swindon, Wiltshire, in 20th century. In this place people commonly believe that dog is their partner and friend. “The loyalty and devotion that dogs demonstrate…. closely mimics the human instincts of love and friendship, leading many dog owners to view their pets as fully-fledged family members” (“Love” 1).

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19 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three main parts, namely object of the study, approach of the study and method of the study. The aim of the first part is to describe the novel used in this study. The second part presents the approach available in this study. Then the third part describes the steps taken to complete this study.

3.1 Object of the Study

The object of this study is the psychological aspect of the novel The Curious Incidents of the Dog in the Night-Time. This novel, written by Mark Haddon consists of 226 pages. Mark Haddon wrote this novel in 2003 and was first published by Random House, Inc, New York. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time has been published in two imprints. The first is dedicated for adult written under Jonathan Cape imprint. The second is available for young adult written under David Fickling Books. In this study, I use the novel available for adult. This novel is unique because this novel does not have chapters inside. Mark Haddon only put primary number to distinguish every part of the story. He writes this novel like a diary using the perspective of an autistic boy.

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of the Dog in the Night-Time also tells about the boy’s effort to uncover the secret information about his mother.

3.2 Approach of the Study

This study implies psychological approach. In view of that, this study aims to answer two questions, in which one of the main characters becomes the focus of the analysis. Psychological approach is applied to understand the traits, psyche, and personality of the character. Since this study analyzes Mr. Boone as one of the main characters in the novel, this approach will be a mean to explore the character’s attitude through his conversation, behavior, thought, and other characters’ point of view. Further, through employing this approach, this study aims to unveil Mr. Boone’s motives for killing the dog.

3.3 Method of the Study

There were several ways in analyzing this novel. The first was finding the primary data and reading it for several times. Through these activities, I tried to understand the whole story more clearly. The second was literary study. Library study was used to find as much information as possible. Then, the third, I looked for other related information through the internet. This was used to find out the other information that is important and to grasp the main idea of the novel would be done more easily.

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22 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. Both of them are based on the problem stated in the previous chapter. The first part discusses about Mr. Boone who is presented in the novel. It aims to answer the question about the way Mr. Boone is described in this novel. I apply the theory of character and characterization in this part. Then, the second part describes the motives of Ed Boone for killing Wellington. This part aims to answer the question related to Mr. Boone’s motives for killing the dog. In order to reach the aim of this part, I use theory of personality structure and defense mechanism to help me answer the questions.

4.1 Mr. Boone’s Character

I use theory of character and characterization to analyze the way used by Mark Haddon in describing Mr. Boone. The author of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time uses several ways to describe Mr. Boone. Those are characters as seen by another, speech, reaction, and conversation of others (Murphy 161-173).

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describes him as one who has static character because there is no changing in his character.

In The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, Mark Haddon describes Mr. Boone as a heating engineer who runs a business with his partner, Rhodri. They do heating maintenance and boiler repair. In his daily life, he lives in Swindon, Wiltshire with his son. Actually he has a wife named Judy Boone but he does not live with her anymore. From their marriage, they have one child named Christopher John Francis Boone who has asperger syndrome. Furthermore, in order to build Mr. Boone’s personality, the author describes this character according to the following points.

4.1.1 Loving

Here, loving means the father’s love to his son as seen in Mr. Boone. Although his son has asperger syndrome, meaning he does not understand emotions and feelings and has difficulty to communicate with others, Mr. Boone still cares for him.

The author describes Christopher as an autistic boy who has different characteristic from common people. Realizing that condition, as a father who really loves his son, Mr. Boone is willing to behave as to what his son wants. There are some evidences that can be found in the novel. One of the examples is when Mr. Boone comes to see Christopher in prison.

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From the situation above, Mark Haddon characterizes Mr. Boone as a person who really cares for his son’s condition. Whatever happens to his son, he can control his emotion. He does an action that makes his son feel safe. While he wants to hug his son, he does not do it. Instead, he does what his son’s wants. He prefers to hold his right hand and spread his fingers out than to hug his son. His action shows the sincere feeling of parent to his child.

The other evidences happen in his daily life. Mr. Boone always prepares Christopher’s daily needs. He cares for every detail because he knows exactly what his son’s needs and wants are. One of the evidences is when he invites his son to the zoo. He prepares everything well.

…he made me some sandwiches with white bread and tomatoes and lettuce and ham and strawberry jam for me to eat because I don’t like eating food from places I don’t know. And he said it would be OK because there wouldn’t be too many people at the zoo because it was forecast to rain, and I was glad about that because I don’t like crowd of people and I like it when it is raining. (85)

A good preparation means that Mr. Boone has to plan a condition in a good order so that his son will feel comfortable. Beginning with a simple thing like food, Mr. Boone makes Christopher’s favorite food. He is also aware of the situation, which Christopher dislikes. Mr. Boone knows that his son does not like crowds of people. Then, he thinks that in the rain only a few people will come to visit the zoo. That is why he chooses to go to the zoo on the raining day.

Moreover, Mark Haddon tells the readers directly how much Mr. Boone loves his son. Mark Haddon tells this through Mr. Boon’s direct speech.

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because I don’t want to see you getting into trouble, because I don’t want you to get hurt. Do you understand?” (86)

From this speech, Mr. Boone explores that he loves his son very much. Because of his love, he wants to protect his son from trouble. Unfortunately, sometimes he looks to be over protective to his son. He tells Christopher some big lies because of his worry. He tells Christopher that Mrs. Boone has to go to hospital. “Your mother has had to go to into hospital” (23). Besides, the worst lie that he tells to Christopher is about the death of Judy.

Father said that she died of a heart attack and it wasn’t expected. I said, “What kind of heart attack?” because I was surprised. Mother was only 38 years old and heart attacks usually happen to older people, and Mother was very active and rode a bicycle and ate food which was healthy and high in fiber and low in saturated fat like chicken and vegetable and muesli. Father said that he didn’t know what kind of heart attack she has and now wasn’t the moment to be asking questions like that. (27)

Mr. Boone decides to lie because he thinks that it is better if Christopher does not know the true condition of his mother. He assumes it is the best way so that it will not hurt Christopher. He also thinks that this is not the right time to tell Christopher that his mother has an affair and left him.

In addition, to complete the description of Mr. Boone, in this case is his love to his son, Mark Haddon uses direct statement coming from Christopher’s view.

“…father looks after me when I get into trouble, like coming to the police station and he looks after me by cooking meals for me …. which means that he loves me.” (87)

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4.1.2 Patient

The word patient here indicates one’s characteristic that is patient while dealing with his son and his wife. In this novel, Mr. Boone is a patient person. He is a person who is the most levelheaded in his family.

Dealing with an autistic boy, who has special characteristic, is not easy. “He is unable to recognize different feelings and faces of express them, apart from very basic emotions like laughing and crying” (Arnaiz 2006). That is why someone who deals with this person should have extra patience.

A parent, who has an autistic son, has many difficulties in controlling emotion and feeling Robledo and Ham-Kurcharski (1-5). This is what happens to Mr. Boone. He has to control his emotion and his feeling in dealing with his son. This also means that he has to be patience.

Mark Haddon characterizes Mr. Boone as a patient person. It can be proven when Christopher gives a statement that his father is a levelheaded person. “…father was a more levelheaded person, which means he didn’t get angry as quickly and he didn’t shout as often” (82). Besides, as a husband he behaves as a patient person.

I’m not like your father. Your father is a much more patient person. He just gets on with things and if things upset him he doesn’t let it show. But that is not the way I am and there’s nothing I can do to change that. (106) This statement is said by Mrs. Boone in her letter, which is addressed to Christopher. By looking at Judy’s statement, I can conclude that Mr. Boone is more patient than her.

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care and attention. Mr. Boone acts carefully in his speech and behavior while dealing with his beloved son. The example is when he wants to put shelves up in the living room. At that time, Christopher is watching television. Hence, he decides to transmit the information carefully to avoid misunderstanding between them.

Then father said, “I’m going to put those shelves up in the living room, if that’s all right with you. I’ll make a bit of racket, I’m afraid, so if you want to watch television we’re going to have to shift it upstairs.

And I said, “I’ll go and be on my own in my room.” And he said, “Good man.” (96)

This conversation shows Mr. Boone’s effort to deal with his son. Since he knows that a person who has asperger syndrome has difficulty in communicating with others, Mr. Boone speaks clearly and carefully to make Christopher understand. Moreover Christopher only wants to hear clear instruction because it will not make him confused.

The other proof is illustrated in Ed Boone’s behavior. He is able to prepare Christopher’s daily needs. The example is when he prepares Christopher’s supper. He cooks food, which his son likes even though it is not always easy to prepare.

And father said, “Excellent, excellent. What do you fancy for chow tonight?”

Chow is food.

I said I wanted baked beans and broccoli. (96)

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And then you and me had that argument. Do you remember? It was about your supper one evening. I’d cook you something and you wouldn’t eat it. And you hadn’t eaten for days and days and you were looking so thin. And you started to shout and I get cross and I threw the food across the room …. and afterward, at home, your father and I had a huge argument…. And he said I should just give you what you wanted, even if it was just a plate of lettuce or a strawberry milk shake. (108)

We can see clearly how Judy reacts to her son when there is a problem between them. The statement above shows that Judy cannot control her temper. In contrast, Mr. Boone believes that actually she can avoid having problem with his son. Dealing with this situation Mr. Boone argues that giving Christopher what he wants, though sometimes it seems not healthy, is a must.

4.1.3 Honest

Here, the word honest describes a father who always tells the truth to his son. Mark Haddon creates Mr. Boone as an honest person. It can be indicated by looking at what he has done for his son. For example when he shares to his son how much he loves him, he says it directly. As strong as his direct statement to his son, the author also describes Mr. Boone’s honesty by Christopher’s opinion of his father. He states that his father is an honest person because what he says is always the truth, “…he always tells the truth…” (87).

The interesting part is when Mark Haddon develops Mr. Boone’s personality. Sometimes Mr. Boone cannot handle his temper. This moment only happens in certain condition. The example is when Christopher begins to find out the information about Wellington being killed.

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Then father banged the steering wheel with his fist and the car weaved a little bit across the dotted line in the middle of the road and he shouted, “I said leave it, for God’s sake.” (21)

“I will not have that man’s name mentioned in my home.” I asked, “Why not?”

And he said, “That man is evil…”

“OK, Christopher. I am going to say this for the last and the final time. I will not tell you again. Look at me when I’m talking to you, for God’s shake. Look at me. You are not to go shaking Mr. Shears who killed that bloody dog. You are not to go anyone about who killed that bloody dog. You are not to go trespassing in other people’s garden. You are to stop this ridiculous bloody detective game right now.” (49-50)

If I see the basic character that Mr. Boone has, I indicate that he has strong reason why he becomes sensitive and angry. Actually, the reason is really simple. He is an honest person. It means he has difficulty to be a liar. When he becomes a liar there will be a guilty feeling. As a result, the guilty feeling becomes a force that stimulates his high temper. It happens when he tries to hide his guilty feeling but the condition does not support. For example, in this case, Mr. Boone does not want to let Christopher know that he is the murderer of the dog. Then to cover it, he creates some lies and rules, which must be followed by Christopher. These rules contain everything connected to the dead dog. It also means that Mr. Boone does not want to hear anything about Mr. Shears to whom the dog belongs.

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guilty too. “…some people may lie or hide his feelings because of social expectation…” (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M. Vernoy 409). Moreover his son believes that his father always tells the truth. He indirectly feels under pressure of what his son believes.

There were tears coming out of his eyes. “Are you sad about Wellington?” he looked at me for a long time and sucked air in through his nose. Then he said, “Yes Christopher, you could say that. You could very well say that.” I decided to leave him alone because when I am sad I want to be left alone. (21)

This situation happens after Mr. Boone gets angry with Christopher because he states that he is going to find out the murderer of the dog. In the early morning when Christopher wants to have a drink, he sees his father drinking scotch and watching the television. Suddenly, the tears come out of his eyes. This example indicates that actually Mr. Boone also feels guilty about what he has done to Wellington. Then, to cover it he becomes a liar and a sensitive person who will easily to get angry if someone asks everything about the dead dog.

4.1.4 Tidy

The word tidy indicates a person who loves something arranged in a good order. Besides being a loving, patient, and honest father, Mr. Boone is a tidy person. He always arranges many things in a good order. He arranges his household goods and Christopher’s daily needs in a nice order. His behavior also shows that he is a tidy person.

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FORCES FORCES

MEDIATOR MEDIATOR

The statements above are said by Christopher to describe his father. In that moment, actually Christopher wants to point out that he has a similarity with his father. Both of them like something in a good order.

4.2The Hidden Reasons of Ed Boone to Kill the Dog

To find out Ed Boone’s hidden reasons for killing the dog, I apply two steps. The first step is by looking at his motivation in doing this disastrous action written directly in the novel. Then, the second step is looking at his motives behind his disastrous action by revealing his unconscious forces.

To build a clear understanding about the correlation between motivation and motive, there is a picture that draws it. This diagram illustrates the correlation between the superego, ego, id, motivation and motive in one’s action. This diagram aims to create an illustration first before entering into the explanation.

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4.2.1 The Motivation of Mr. Boone

Motivation is a corresponding process that builds an action to reach the aim. In The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time, Mark Haddon shows Ed Boone’s disastrous action as his motivation to reach his aim. He uses direct speech, which is stated by Ed Boone who is trying to tell the truth to his son.

In the evening, after Mr. Boone has given Christopher a bath, he tells Christopher about what actually happens. He tells that he has killed Wellington after having an argument with Mrs. Shears. He explains about what he feels and what he has done in a chronological order. This aims to make Christopher understand his condition at that time. He wants to be understood by Christopher because he assumes that he has a strong reason for every action that he has done.

And he said. “I killed Wellington, Christopher…” (120)

“When your mum left…Eileen…Mrs. Shears…she was very good to us. Very good to me…. And I guess I thought wrong. I guess…in the end…it comes down to…. We argued, Christopher, and….But…I think she cared more for that bloody dog than for me, for us. Maybe we are bloody handful. I mean, shit, buddy, we’re not exactly low-maintenance, are we…? Anyway, we’re yelling at each other and it’s in the garden relieving itself. So when she slams the door behind me the bugger’s waiting for me….Maybe if I’d just given it a kick it would probably have backed off. But, shit, Christopher, when the red mist comes down…. And all I could think was that she cared more about the bloody dog that she did about you and me.” (121-122)

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he explores his feeling through an action that is uncontrolled. He kills Mrs. Shears’ lovely pet by using a garden fork.

On the contrary, it is interesting to know the reason for his anger because in his daily life, he has good characteristic. Moreover he is a patient person but why his action illustrates an aggression. Apparently, while killing the dog he realizes exactly that the dog is Mrs. Shear’s partner and friend. He acts to kill the dog because he is really angry with Mrs. Shears. Unfortunately, his emotion cannot be released on Mrs. Shears. Then, while he finds Mrs. Shears’ lovely dog next to him, he sticks the dog with a garden fork spontaneously.

Looking at what has been done by Mr. Boone, he kills Wellington to release his anger to Mrs. Shears even in the future he is strongly aware that he should not kill the dog. This disastrous action shows one of the defense mechanisms named displacement.

The meaning of displacement is substituting the original object to object-choices. Displacement happens when an instinct is blocked and cannot lock the original object then the energy of instinct moves by substituting the object-choices (Freud, Beyond 48-49). This condition happens to Mr. Boone. He kills Wellington because he wants to release his anger. He substitutes the object from Mrs. Shears to the dog to displace his energy of instinct.

4.2.2 The Motives of Mr. Boone for Killing the Dog

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motives of Ed Boone’s disastrous action that force his anger to blow up. The reason is the relation between motives and displacement. Motive operates on the unconscious forces named the id whereas displacement is also influenced by the id. Hence, it means that motive influence motivation.

According to Freud, there are three mental structures named the id, ego and superego. He states that the id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego operates on the reality principle and the superego is the ethical standard of behavior. Then, the focus of the use of three mental structures is to uncover Mr. Boone’s motives for killing Wellington that is illustrated in the id. To find the unconscious forces the analysis of the ego and superego are also needed.

4.2.2.1The Reality Principle

One’s ego operates in his or her reality principle. The ego works as the mediator between the id and the superego. The task of the ego then, is to control the energy of the id that is consistent with the moral principle (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M.Vernoy 478). The example of the ego is when Mr. Boone’s disastrous action succeeds to release his anger.

Based on the fact written in the novel, Mr. Boone has killed Wellington. He is aware when he kills the dog. On the other hand, Freud, in his explanation, states that the ego works in conscious side. According to Freud, the use of ego is to satisfy superego and id. This ego arises when he does an action. Here, the action is killing Wellington by using a fork.

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garden fork into a dog after it had died for some reason, like cancer, for example, or a road accident. (1)

This is what Christopher says in the beginning of the novel. Indirectly this information also supports the evidence of how the dog is killed. Mr. Boone sticks the dog with a garden fork. What Mr. Boone has done to the dog illustrates his ego.

4.2.2.2The Morality Principle

Knowing that one’s personality is also influenced by his or her environment, Freud composed the superego as the other metal structures. The superego that operates in the moral principle becomes the moral censor for someone (Huffman, J. Vernoy, M. Vernoy 477). The superego leads to know what is morally right and wrong. From Ed Boone’s experience in killing the dog, there are two aspects found that influence the superego.

4.2.2.2.1 Marriage

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4.2.2.2.2 A Dog’s Level

When he kills Wellington, he does not think anymore about the rules in his society. He only cares about his anger and how to release his emotion. On the contrary, it is clear that his society cares about the dog’s safety. For his society a dog is a friend and partner. So, they think that a dog’s level is equal to human. It can also be proven by looking at what happens to Christopher when he has trouble with the policeman. This case happens because the policeman thinks that Christopher is the murderer of the dog.

He was quiet for a few second, then he asked, “Did you kill the dog, Christopher?”

I said, “I didn’t kill the dog.”

He said, “Do you know that it is wrong to lie to a policeman that you can get a very great deal of trouble if you do?”

I said, “Yes.”

He said, “So, do you know who killed the dog?” I said, “No.”

He said, “Are you telling the truth?”

I said, “Yes. I always tell the truth.” (17-18)

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arrested. By explaining it, Mark Haddon strongly points out that a dog is also important in his society.

By doing that unkind action, it means that Mr. Boone has failed to satisfy his superego. As we know, he is a tidy person, who likes something in a good order, but why he does not act as usual. He should respect the morality rules of his society. But, what happens to him is the opposite. He breaks the morality rules by killing Wellington.

Anyway, we’re yelling at each other and it’s in the garden relieving itself. So when she slams the door behind me the bugger’s waiting for me. And … I know, I know. Maybe if I’d just given it a kick it would probably have backed off. But, shit, Christopher, when the red mist comes down…Christ, you know how it is… (121-122)

He realizes that he should not kill Wellington. Actually, it is enough for him to kick rather than to kill Wellington. However he prefers to kill this bleeding dog. Here, we can see the correlation between the ego and superego clearly. This correlation is a dilemma when the question, why Ed kills the dog while he knows that it means breaking his morality rules is being elaborated. To answer the question, the id is important to be analyzed.

4.2.2.3 The Pleasure Principle

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that the unconscious side influences one’s personality and action though it is hidden from his/her awareness.

Considering that the anger of Ed Boone is the reason for his action to kill Wellington, as an actor in this incident, he certainly has the motives to do it. Hence, it is important to discover his unconscious conflict first that push him to do the disastrous action. It aims to find the motives. It is because when the unconscious conflicts are found it means that the motives will also be found. Here are some people that influence Mr. Boone’s unconscious conflicts:

4.2.2.3.1 Mrs. Boone

Considering that Mr. Boone has an autistic boy, it can be the basic consideration to find the reason for his actions. His family breaks up because of Mrs. Boone’s guilty feeling since it is difficult for someone dealing with an autistic boy. The difficulties of being a parent of an autistic boy build Mrs. Boone’s opinion that she is not a good mother for her son. She is not as patient as her husband. She believes that Mr. Boone is more appropriate to handle his son’s attitude by himself. This perception leads to a problem in the marriage.

Because I often though I couldn’t take anymore. And your father is really patient but I’m not, I get cross, even though I don’t mean too. And by the end we stopped talking to each other very much because we knew it would always end up in an argument and it would go nowhere. And I felt really lonely.

And that was when I started spending lots of time with Roger....But I started seeing Roger on his own because I could talk to him. He was the only person I could really talk to. And when I was with him I didn’t feel lonely anymore. (107)

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to share with. As the time goes by, she indirectly lets other man warm her heart. She falls in love with this man. Apparently this guy also feels the same with her. Then, they continue to deepen their relationship. Further, it means that there is affair between them. Unfortunately, this man is her neighbor. His name is Roger Shears. He is Eileen Shears’ husband.

Having a close relation with Roger changes her opinion about many things. Judy thinks that Roger is the right man that can satisfy her. So when he invites her to live with him, she is willing to do it. Then, the final decision that she chooses is to leave her family and go with Roger. She even does not think about her husband’s feeling.

From Mr. Boone’s experiences, I can conclude that his problem with his wife leads him to disappointment and distress. For example, he hides Judy’s letter which is addressed to Christopher. He does not want to let Christopher reads her letter. His reaction shows that he is disappointed with his wife. His need to love and be loved is denied. This feeling becomes the motives of Ed Boone for killing the dog.

4.2.2.3.2 Mr. Shears

Mr. Shears is Mr. Boone’s close neighbor. He lives with Eileen and Wellington. Although Mr. Shears lives together with his wife he is not in love anymore with her from what Mrs. Boone’s says in her letter. Judy tells to Christopher the condition of Mr. Shears when he begins to fall in love with her.

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time. Which meant that he was feeling lonely too. So we had a lot of common. And then we realized that we were in love with one another. And he suggested that we should move into a house together…” (108)

These statements are written on the letter that is addressed to Christopher. Because Mr. Shears’ love for his wife decreases he feels lonely. He needs to love and to be loved. Unfortunately, he meets Mrs. Boone who feels lonely too. He is attracted to her although he knows that she has a husband and son. He does not think anymore about how they will be if they live together. What only comes to his mind is that he can live together with her by leaving their families. This decision affects Mr. Boone feeling. He is disappointed with them.

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4.2.2.3.3 Mrs. Shears

Knowing that his wife has left him, it makes Mr. Boone feel disappointed. He cannot accept his wife’s decision. Emotionally, he feels angry about this unexpected condition. He is really angry with Judy and Roger.

During this period, Mr. Boone tries hard to care for his son alone. However this is too hard to be faced alone. He thinks that he needs someone to support him and take care of his son. It means that he needs love and to be love. Then, he finally finds it in Mrs. Shears’ personality. She gives her great care to Mr. Boone and Christopher.

Then Mrs. Shears came over and cooked supper for us. And she was wearing sandals and jeans and T-shirt which had the words WINDSURF and CORFU and a picture of windsurfer on it.

And father was sitting down and she stood next to him and held his head against her bosoms and said, “Come on, Ed. We’re going to get you through this.” (28)

Her empathy to his family for about two years influences Ed’s opinion. Because of her great kindness, he thinks that she has special feelings for him.

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Hence, I can indicate that Mrs. Shears’ refusal affects Mr. Boone’s action indirectly. The reason that underlines this influence is because this factor spontaneously stimulates Mr. Boone’s emotion. Besides, this simulation creates his spontaneous action. He becomes a bloody man who kills a dog.

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43 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two parts namely conclusions and suggestions. The first part draws the answer of problem formulation. Then the second part consists of several suggestions for future researchers and for teaching implementation.

5.1 Conclusions

Mark Haddon is successful to build characters in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time especially Mr. Boone as one of the major characters. The author uses several ways to describe Ed Boone. They are character as seen by another, speech, reaction, and conversation of others. Through these ways, I find that Mr. Boone basically has good personality such as loving, patient, honest and tidy. I also can understand that actually he is not a bad person though he has killed Wellington. He has his own motive while doing his action.

In explaining that someone’s action must have a reason, the author creates a situation, which illustrates one’s condition behind his action. This situation can be seen very well by looking at Mr. Boone’s experiences.

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GIVING

him to find another love to compensate this feeling. Besides, it means that he needs to love and to be loved. When he is close to Eileen, he feels that she can cover his needs. He wants to have close relation with her. However, she has different opinion with him. As a result, the accumulation of his feeling for about two years creates his anger. Occasionally, an anger that cannot be controlled causes disastrous action. This condition is illustrated well in Mr. Boone’s action. His unconscious feelings blind him. He forgets the morality rules by killing Mrs. Shears’ dog. One of the reasons is because this dog is very important to Mrs. Shears’ family. The other reason is because his motives that indirectly force him to kill the dog. Besides, he can release his anger, which has dwelt in his heart for about two years. This means that his motivation to release his anger is complete by replacing the original object of his anger. So, it means that his aim to release his anger is satisfied by his ego. Here is a diagram that illustrates the chronology of Ed Boone’s disastrous action.

Diagram 2: The chronology of Ed Boone’s disastrous action

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5.2 Suggestions

5.2.1 Future Researchers

Through this unique novel the author wants to share to us about the meaning of one’s life. In reality there are many sides in life. In this occasion, he tries to offer the reader about autism side. There are two sides that Mark Haddon shares, the side of the autistic boy and the side of his family and society.

In addition to those two sides, Mark Haddon also draws successfully on the effect of one’s motivations. He indirectly illustrates that there are two effects of motivation, positive and negative effects. Positive effect comes from Christopher who always tries to prove to others that he can do anything though he has asperger syndrome. On the contrary, the bad effect from one’s motivation can be seen in Ed Boone’s action. He kills Wellington because of his unconscious motives that fail his super ego.

Then, for future researcher, I think conducting research on the motive of Boone’s wife is interesting. The example is a research that aims to uncover the exact motive of Judy why she lives with Roger. The future researcher can find out the motivation of her action.

5.2.2 Teaching Implementation

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becoming conscious about one’s motivation in life whether it is good or not, teacher can use several parts of this novel as the material in reading class. Then, this study is applied to students of English Education Study Program in Intensive Reading II class. Therefore, teacher can use the material to share one of the values in this novel. For example, teacher can give example of the effects of motivation. The procedures are:

1. The teacher selects the appropriate material.

2. The teacher gives a brief explanation of motivation.

3. The teacher gives the material and the questions to the students. 4. The teacher lets students read the material.

5. After finishing reading, the students can answer the questions.

While the teacher teaches reading skill, he or she can invite students to apply SQ4R which is one of the techniques in reading. SQ4R stands for survey, question, read, recite and review. In applying SQ4R, students have to follow five steps:

1. Survey

The students’ task is to survey the passages to get the general idea by looking at the title, questions, graph, map, chart, diagram, and subheading. It is better for students to do this activity by skimming.

2. Question

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3. Read

Then, the third task for the students is to read the material as quickly as possible. But they should be careful of the passage that is difficult to understand. They should reduce their speed in reading while finding the difficult passage. After that, reread again the part that they think difficult to be understood.

4. Record

After reading the whole material, the students’ task is to summarize what they have read, underline the important point, and make a note about the important information by using their own word.

5. Recite

Students can tell themselves about the major concept of the part that they have read by using their own word. Then to refresh their memory, they can ask and answer themselves about the material that they have read.

6. Review

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48

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1981.

Allen, W. Reading a Novel. Great Britain: Staples Printers Ltd., 1956. Beck, R. C. The Concept of Motivation. United States of America:

Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978.

Bootzin, R. R., Elizabeth F. L., and Robert B. Z. Psychology Today an Introduction .5th ed. United States: Random House, 1983.

Daiches, D. Critical Approach to Literature. 2nd ed. New York: Longman Inc., 1981.

Freud, S. “The Ego and the Id.” The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological works of Sigmund Freud. Ed and Trans. J. Stratchey.Vol. 2. London: Hogarth Press, 1961.

. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Trans. Jenseits des Lust-Prinzips. Liveright: New York. 1939.

Gadsby, A., et al, eds. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: third Edition with New Word Supplement. China: Linotype Nirmrod. 2001.

Haddon, M. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night- Time. New York: Random House, Inc., 2003.

Hankle, R. B. Reading the Novel: An Introduction to the Techniques of Interpreting Fiction. New York: Herper and Row, Pub, 1977. Hjelle, L. A, and Daniel J. Z. Personalities Theories: Basic Assumption,

Research and Application. 2d ed. Japan: MC Graw-Hill Kogokusha, Ltd., 1981.

Holman C. H. and Willism H. A Hand Book of Literature. USA: Macmillan General Reference, 1986.

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