Bukti Korespondensi The dynamics of soil carbon in revgetated post-coal mining sites : A case study in Berau, East Kalimantan Indonesia

RECORD _PROSES KORESPONDENSI AUTHOR PENERBITAN ARTIKEL

The dynamics of soil carbon in revegetated post-coar mining sites:

A case study in Berau, East Kalimantanr lndonesia

, ^WAHJUNI EARTATII" TRIYONO SUDARMADJI2

l'Silvicu hure

-Lahoratory, racurty of [ortstry, universitas Murarvaralan. .n r"rri"-, Kamprs Gn- Kerua, samarinda 75u9,

Hast

Kalimantrn-

lndonesia

-

Tet./Fax. | +62-541-748683.

'email:

wahiunihartati@fahutan.unmul.ac.id

zso

,

watcr conscrvation

and

climate

Laboralory,

,iary;i::,,f$;y*",".m i,.Li,,,,#".. nt.",;,m,

Ksmpus

cm

Kelua,

Nlanusoript rcceived:

3l

July 2022. Revisiorl accept€d: 22 Septemher 2022.

Persyaratan utama kenaikan jabatan fungsional Lektor Kepala Bidang penelitian

WAHIUNI HARTATI

NIP. ¹ 961 02 15199 4032001

Record _Proses Korespondensi

l. Submission (31 l:uli 2022)

Wo*f,ow

Dubll.. on

Submlnlor R.yho aopy.dmfl,

^prod{.don

Sobfiltdon Ah.

t B

^1ot7982-1 reahjlnlts02-hidati H.n

{

.ad Sudam.dji zo2zdoo(

q _s.r'.h llt 31

Artnk Texr

2022

Pr..X.vl. DLdl.do,lt

)

CommhG to, dr. tdir.r $.hjunLl50lhanati

2022{7-31 _02,t3 PM

P.rtl.iptnt _Edjt

Smujo Editors (editoB)

Wahjuni Hartati (wahjuhl1so2_hart ti)

Mar gar

Dear Editor of Biodiversitas ,ournal of Biotogicsl DiveEity,

We

would like to submit

e

menuscript entitled -The dynamics of soil cerbon sequestrEtjon

an

the revegetated post-.oat mining:

A <ase saudy

in

B€r6u, East

Kalimantan, lndonesia. fo, aonsideration to publrsh in the Biodiversitas Joumat ot Biotogicat D;ve6ity.

Thi3 rvifi

b€

a

first repori on the

successrul

revegetatioh stage ofth€ post-coet mining tand locsted in 8erau.

East

Kalimanta[ tndonesia,

_Thus.

the res{lts of this 3tudy are expected to be

a

basic knowledge for future managemenl purposes in

such

ere..

We

confirm that this work

is

originel and

has

not be€n published elsewfiere nor

is

it currently under conrireretjon for publiaation elsewh.re.

^ptease

kiodly conside. our manuscript to publish in the

Eiodiversitas Journat of Eiotogicel Dive.sity.

Thank you very much.

6est regards,

wahjuni_'l 5O2-harteti

?O22-O7

-31

02143

PM

REVTEW (4 ROUND) - ^{7 SEPTEMBER 2022}

I 2 3

4 5 6,7

8 9 10

ll

l2 l3

t4

l5

i6

t'7 18

t9

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2A 29

3t

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 .]9 40

The dynamics of soil post-coal mininq sites:

carbon sequ€s*a+ion-in *+.reyegetated A case study in Berau, East Kalimantan,

Indonesia

4l seil'

!6ihri.H$riAFtiffid66ldg.fejlily

^b

^F l6nr'.v.it$lt

oit

-(?+4s6re{#sfl.r.-

sshFl6d-ii rI+{ - E

told

so 10.6.66r B

dilribution

ofc rlo.t

.hitud tron lh. low.r t.v.r ro th. uppd

twd.

tcf Drdr: cqbo !.qBldion,

@d, l&d Efi.bift.rioi,

po.l-oi!ir&

Ertgea.iion

Ruru ot tlalq Crrtxl,l

r.qu6!{iod

in

ll. scgd.led

po.r-@.jEinins

tr{TRoDUCTroNi

Comrlented

[ARlj:

rhcAlritud 6 niincultbundenr;nnNrh

!a)nuch htroduc!)ry hickEr.hd rnf.mr'o. bd lcry les rGnlrs prcsurLJ I *nuids

!E6rbre-o

rs.lh. w.nlji*!.s lvo ar

o

Rducc $.

nlhr

"tbr.teomLl _"n.t ., ,

't

rt,",outu

42

43 45 46 47 48

4<)

The nrini,S s€otor is consider€d one of the most ess€ tial sectors tor lndonesia's econonic dev€loDnrenr. lt @ntibures

to

approxirnalely

l0% of the natiomi toial g.os

dom€stic produol

(GDp)

(Lest

ri et al. 20t9). tn rt,c

t.r{r llrgadlr}lorralay3, ac.€hratcd srosah har bear s@r in ihe coal mining secior "(Chardmrin et ot. 2022), wirh

indo;ila

being lhe mosl important munlry

h

Southeast

tuir

;n tenr:s

of oal

pioduccrs, alor8side Vieham ard rhe philippin;s (Clark el01.2020).

A rtnfn'rrl(a.r \t,

^iDJoi

J\r.

ril1athasa sianificanr rot6

rr rutritt,r,",.- _-rnrh

rorr.+domos,it purposcs

wl'i.,, ,. ,\,lufpli€d i'r

electriciry smersrion

lqrt' .B Ow

"r *t-t."A powi1,t",,rGliii

(Crrdone cr al.

2022). ln

20l:l {!.slql,sl

^conrc\r. nr 2!!.lflndon€silr supplien 38% of Btobat coat

de;erd ud

hsl, of lotat qporrs _in Asih vcs€hlion. Tfte rENmlage of

c onmr wu

olouiarca eom 288 distubal roit

*hol€ soil 3anpld ocing the

w![t€y

_& Black

ed

ssvinclrio D.$o{s.

\:e i

aomnEnte.l [AR2]r l he ln trod(Lron is ..nnder.rh shon

h

50

5l

52 53 54 55 56

5',7

58 59 60

6t a

63 64 65 66 6'l 68 69 10 71 72 73 '14 75 16 't7

?8 '79 80

8l

82 83

Grienerich and f,e€uwefl 201?).

Tlis

contribulion is incTeasirS from year lo y€sr.

r]llllrg

tnllc,ncsia _, os ir (!rn he <,blertod

*l,ffi]1l.tftlrl ,ffir,H! _r\

rhc

,mnd

_srqresr

@t

exponer

in r.-*oaa ;nce

zo

la 1ea*oro

^er

"1.

i^,,.^11_':ll,.,ll,l:ll,: "8ger

coar rnrrodeB ee

chin. rupe.

rndia_ KoEa.

sd

chrncse rarpei (Duh, 20r6). rr

hs

bees rorecsred rhar srobor oosi

u*ge

urr'conrinue

r" r,".*J i;.;lx ;'il A;;A;,A;r;l;;ril::';;'ff;l

2017,. r

h.

l41rl-ir

l,.t.,tdfla-i4]rr+a+ kFlrl!€-+r{r r1 .{rc\,r

r\

..ri,nrr..t

r,, h

,,,. lrq.d r

{o-

^r

^{rtre ...}

.r, .,

1..,

:jl l-of: ._rllidS:r lle ^lerl

^rr!

rdr!!d+

^in€lt

!1, i,,;<si.eh ;,1i. Aiij%";;-;;;;H;; #;d;";"J;

Il

_De

i_l::::ilq-1+,,:.f*atu,e.

poor moisture. poor soit orsanic c.{rbon (s(rc), dnd low nurrienr urr<l };sh noidiir.p, oortd Drrners rnat rnbrbil

srcceistulna

ralsuoc€ssion (Sin8h et at.2022).

oilitriolod lo rosoh I,rO,48 bjllion tors.

Strch;trtu!

qru uruq

) ^l,,Lr{{l

^rlr

tlrc! p,1,rn*r.,.". i,* riu "iil]ilffi

a+ftu+in*iq-{i*ftiix

Ea"t Kalnlanbn. Sourh

Katim;*,

",ia

s*,r, s".rr" iit;;.i"i. ^jd;,;

"""ll1tl.ll.illl, ^Utf11,t it,.r" ^," "t":p pri,\,.n,, u,J uonu,,,, ,r.,.:i,;r,".,,i,iir,. ,t"",.,i,-r"6.-

coar

.ining ::,-:T::.lT-'l1Y:,.1*'T envrrcnft'|ral

impa.h du.ins rrs

exnaciio. tr

particlllar. open*ur mining.

wh"h

is rhc

moi

comrrmlv used teclxrque

in

Indonesia. suses ire^verribh danaSe ro lhc

r,ndsl.s oi

naturur elory$emu (sudarmodji and Horilri

z0l6i *.sn

et .1. 201o Buckd

er,r

202r; pudetko ei al. 2021i

td;i;i ;;;t ,l ."nno,e.it srio*s,.

remses

r(scRri,{1,i.{r,,i..

ropsoir. snd.srbsoit

+\+,,

wtrich arc rle msior sinr,

"-r"o.r- 1cj1er,i*ut *d

Mai!i

20li)

:r'q

rr'|(

"'|iJ'unl

^{or u'|rr}

rr*.,\(r nr.Mcrr\

rocared in rhe foresr('r oreL rtrc

m,t

rrrrrrrrrg

"1'.r"rror

1r,u.$

s.8nr,iu{.rA

itlsno.s.trures up+€lo{ef@starion

(Muktopadh)a}

*a

r,a",r" zoiz.r.

s"ir, ,i.. r,"ifr-,i" i ,"**.*.

"-,** *.*

:lj:-T"f :

^{rlan €lry} co,nbinarion. of biomass ard armosprere (Frubrova

ed

Fmu./

20zlr. r" ; *,*i,",". ii# i.

:lf:lT-ll:1,:,lr^*8t,1"!,nr (.rn\.r.br

_n,itrihts

rr€*d€s*c*r.r$135_+iil_re{c!o

_{rdlrric, ro ar} increased grobat warning

:-T :1.::iT:,Lg ifr,ip

rne ahosphere (yan _er al. 2020). rt wilt trke a very lmg time to raturauy rerover the

biologici

ha$s rhe

p-"ia;"i,'l=#io,uili.pi*i;;iil;-,J;i,#ffiiii:I;l,'"'J[Sj:,':1":il,T::.1fl1T1ffi11".'*'i"

rtal'nnFr-r+6s

hav6 been nreviousiv ^reponod

by

sevcrar

a,rtoo. s,"t

^ i" x,,ii r",r",,g"*,

hasr Karimanrer (Yunan Lo er al. 2022 ) and Kolatra. sou rh.n.r iu

tausilrr

momo er sr

lozii r,ir,i, .r,J.

"" ",,i,i,"n

^,n"

*- "^ ^,,

^{, u,.}

el al. 2022). In this siudyi rve evslusred rhe

cm rnd

> I0

³⁰

oosr-orinine

"ire. ea.ticurarlv Lr

tric"ntoxa J mifiiid-ffiiG'fiffi

C.conlmr in rhs s(nt ajter

min

s and rehsbilitaror of

nor"J ,t,i"ci",J ^i" h*ffi

sr,r(h r\

lqsrod

rn tserou. Essr Katimanran. jn _d,i,rC.

\rt

forrr:cJ

,q _i,*o

tayors of soit

u

eoih of colleolion

(0,10

^.

85 86 s1 88 89 90

9l

92

93 94 95 96

9',1

98 99

]\{{,IERIALS

_AND

MITIIODS

Study

ffer

T}e

res€arch $?s oanied

ort in the-!!!i4s$iq!-*dtn}t

_{ar€, of a coal mirinS}

_{comBuy_pl} r}{a._{tod..*qiijHr

lo{ated in B€rau Disrrict, l.a"t

rat.-t nJ,aon."t" n

"

..1.*"r, r""",.,-** i,,?aJ'i,iil1n.J",,"*,i..;, ...1,*o

!{i'rin8

o"€r€tion

(SMo)

Site; Binungrn

Mining

Opelsticn

(BMO)

Sne; and

r",i iJtri,g -Op"*,i*

fr-r.aol Si".

-c-::!Tql,gtty, sMo

is loc{ted at

t}e

coo.dinar.s or

0r . sz,ztzl,az i zs,og.tt" il. ia in _" ot,u.:t ,-tfi

"

3826.46,, Et-,

BMo

is locared benveen the coordinares

oI03 .

53,35 ,r03 "

55ir; Nl, _i.irz i

:'S,oz,-r

tz

_"

:z,ot, er,

whire

LMo

is rocsrci a. rhe c4.rdinates of 02 0 r2'18'r02 0 17,52,'Nr,

aid rrz .::rrz -ir ^. ii:2" Et.

The detaile{r rcsearoh sites oan be se€ in FigurE I .

i0r

t02 10.) 104

Thie noi!! @ h. d*.loDed nb ! ..pamb eforts

^n

Eclend

sld

rd.sd&n

D

xldffi

lcrt

lB!o,rovi.t rd€pr

ed rB'€seiation b

Flidhhg co(rllr.rt

d [AR4l: rIrh.nb. r., H.ps4 L &audrh.,E.

t

Q02l)l.iesrrdnstndt.roEo,.otur.tr.s6er.d6,.nd,.rr pl.ndn& .boF€reid 6rbon !rat, hr.@!th.r€ .nd

s to.,ss

EgoE0cn iqcG,6n ln portDtnins r€d.D.tbn rn ropt€t

to,.!i

tokhh hutn4t ot sotdoy, $, ^rE746t.

comrErt

_{d [ARs]t}

_rr.

'.,qrific Dubh.Al,o.. ao

ndh

qplic lv mrnriocd . pflv.a .rniN m

in

mE tql to

md c.iltd

or utq6r ed b hi8hj ishr ,F

gEat&ion

or rhe

inllBt,o

of$e

105 106 107 108 109 r10

lll

u3 ll4 lI5 It6 |7

ll8

I19 120

121

123 124

l2s t26

\27 t28 129 130 131 132 I33 134 135

Comrlnbd

_[AR6]! I sould $ssBl to oov6 rne dB6D1!6 E8..dif,s rhe srud &e i! !r. irorhod !o dn Ead6 hN; irni.i

edGtalliir

abdi &e rot.siml coDrod .tthe lrudy.

f

\

l -16

4

137

lr38 ^n!@ r.r@lrtrEsee.h

roo.lio

in.dE{iioing.onqriod

_,rc.

of+H.mn€olti!

Blrs,,

E-i xsrin

noa.

hdonsi.

l:]9 t40

lLal lH2 t4l

144 145 146 t47

Sampl

rgmethql

Thc esdmali(ir

ol

soil

c

seorcsrsrion

u,*

,tclermined usnrS ei8hr

.e*eh

me€surement plots

(liMp)

Ore

of

thc RMps trss

L(,hrn,,r.r

os

tre

rcprese,rarrvc

ororisinsalil';dli";;;;ililiTi,,i'ilii"l"'*",,",,,, .,,,",,r.,,,.

:l:1.-:*;1i,"--"lg rygs.repremred

^mer posr.nnnnrg,ewgerarron

r",d'(pMRr-;;;;i;;

or $and s8e

cr6*s.

snmng

no,

oprD coat posr'mininS lard

(aftn $it

sprcsdiDa-Assr ro

r0-i2

_)ean otd wilh e 2 ve;r rn,erlat

rhe

sizc

of

;1*"Ty:"::"1.,.L:r:.ll rhe,r.ror,hcpu.po"{s;r".ir,i,pri"g.,r,.RMp;,ai*JJr,,.ii*r.nve",rig,_:;.

rnc

etr

smprcs

ior I

sequest*tlon

6rima.im

worc

take loadeplhof 30c

^(Manuri

olal.20I).

In this

slu;v,

soil samples

*rc

take, rrom two (trvo) layers or sojl at each poi.r

"r -rL"ti-, i."" iliiii; ;; ; iu30

",,.

r ^I I

I _I

,m i jD l-

.__.-_

_

^2Jd

RIISUt,l'S AND

DIS('tiSSION nsue

2. Detlil of the 6,e@h e€surcdqn ptor, (RMP3 ₎ used in fiic ,rudy

-I wo lypes of soil samples w€re coll€cted in this srudy. The disrurbed soil slmptc,s

rere

used for

c

analysis,

tfiite

^th€

undistu*€d soil samples were used ro. bBulk

dknsir) i,"rv"". a""r, wp..i *'ipr"

"* ".ii*i"o

^{n ,}

^*"r, r"y", .r,r,"

:ll*:l-r- fr:T1lg',rcpresen,ed^6r,oin,s ors,1*iq

i;srurtea soii

_rrr,pr,.I.*a ip";"i.'.i **p+;"y,ai.**.a ::_:i,lllll:lt.:: ,'I',,y,cl,,n,r

r8urc 2. Amons

rhc.!o

@re.d

$ir

s&nphs.288 sampres uere rakcn ror

i

onarysis snd r44

::ll:: L* :tI.",,.1

^{oi.lk d(nsry anorys,,}

^rhe

watrev a,d Btsck merhod

s

prei;ously reponed by

rnes;r

sj. (20

j8)

n&; rseo ror

c

onahs,s (Do). In rhis rh'dv.

we

,sed grstimerric _melhod fo,

d"iem,i*t;n ;

^butk jensiry.'Funterm,,rc, est'|mario' or

c $il

s€q*srrcrion ro *re rop :o cm aeltr,

** *r*r","a u*J

"" ^,i," "i"-"ii-.-"" ^p., r,""r"." r*

o I0 cnr soil loyer

snd l0

30 cm

u(

jr. oh{ulJrn,t

{d

^lho foltowinS equation.

Ct=(Kd.rprc).rf wt'*" ct ii tt"

"o,t

"-r*

.ontmr (s/cm). Kd is rhc deptL of soil serpl€s (cm), p is

*e

uurr aensity (e/orn),

c(l]rho

p€renraso or C mnrcnr m€ssurcd fronr taborak!ry anay";"

1z;. -a ^{r ii}

^rt

_"',,J ii"-""r"t* ia"", r,.* tgt".. .

tonA" (100).

Dris $rrlysls

"^.,1"t-:

:l*::,^nl :

_{or the upper}

:*esrrorid _$rt

ⁱⁿ coar pocr-minrn8 rsnd

\ore

otlscNed by omparins rhc

lirue

_{of rrre avernsE}

c

lBver on

oD6

posanrninS tand before rctegcrarid

a(riiires.

ret€Seraren tsnd,

dd

orisinar ra,d borh ovemr ond at eocrr site.

rhi riuri,r

"r i*i p."r".i,i;; dii;;';;; du..rmi*d

bss€d oo

critc,io

dcvcloned

by

rhe

soit Rc*arch Cmre.

",ra rm *.pit,- _"r ir,. c-*,i,"q,.r"*_ rtl $verat

_fta.es represenrins _Innd

c.vq

rypes, as prev,onqtr descnbed in

*, *p",i,l r,,*i _J sra_*rA,; joiol-

E

?oid ofdis(dred soil sDtitrs

J

Pid .fnddinrb.d sir

s+'b+

148 t4\) 150

l5l

152

I

ri-l ls4

ll55

156 157 158 Ir sg 160

t6l

162 163 t64 165 166 167 t68 169

I

I

tr t eli .re{trdilim

lil1 -

li;:

^..r.iff.

^*ne*o\

fl'€ $+d!61

ro*p6

'"r.A*,u{kr@so

^or

6ic+u,*r, east*i,"p*r"i auo.r"".

tlr

^{vorud{t .os%}

^art +

ftrniHdf,}

\d€r_ot

_6Oh.

d|d

lhs srn

{to $nl;Ft*

"*"+A.*.1Sua*naeli

^[!ta

176 Harra$-:0lol A"*cii?

'"r$d ok$iri!{ri.*rr'crim,o in+rod*.a E s.1,"..t,'* j i"i*$H

rir) r).

qkr i!

s{$b{rars

coflmrkd [Ai7]:

r,Br6d Jf.laauB

* rd$iDnon6ih.

disl !E!, I soull nrsser b

dEd] ,';er

^{uh ,} B;1, orG(

t17 178

It9

180

I8r

182 183 184 185 186 ta7 188 t89

190

l9l

r92 193 194 I95 196 t97 198 199

200

2U 2t1

204 205 206 201 208 2,O9

2to 2tt

214

2ls

216

2t7

218 219 220

22r

223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232

::":*"jT{**"y

^ry?6

rHi

lshicllr}}oir qdorio}r(Q}indisaturs

r€€ii+€d{Flei*tdrr -Esp€dir6l}_()r

lnd phlsiog}.phi

0-3% \rt l+rhosst rheslaf€-hilk+irt{sm

8.te35q.G

p$ysio8rap+or 11,+r;rer"lain .is

t€csfud,n#{*;d6 ;r+

^sr

"- "r""""*J".i;i*Lri;,"e,*ry

r,6earod-*{n-a*itrd6€+4

_{rn ^b6re s6a} t6rot(Herroli atrd

tiudaordji

?€

t6'

lfl:l:Tl9elt|*ryj9-1j1o} o' u+i*{{}ino6prist +usoax. n,;;lr.l"r,",jJ;l;;;;l*,

ex,ltonei{po€iry

_r

, 16 m€.rt0osJ. Ttid _F€rorrnt

*r,-,

"*or,-6&po"*y - ^{r"- ,t*,'r;} "*qin". J:^",j',,J

rorutrv.rv

nrtdoI{r€.bos

,aturn&n. Ths

MitubitiE eI phoj.)t,J$ (pi afu6,iutr rK,

elohrlrHs tc

{uAiu6r.

shr.:{rrerbE6d

n

^}rHy

A€softUuBJho

rhld-ob$r+ario

Gonr$ined+iih

$ln€irfsnlstid

ot r&iRd

riduJllo s.w+ s$ss-

^mqsnri.

(st{,fu"rp.+ diir

taz'iree{r+.

dude} (D"Aio

zibettlins,, tE& _{?ariqe qx,;dr,;.

v&ious

l,la$e{s"ost<ninio€

coliabiti+a+ior €fio.r+,,inohding.€ff€lr

{;rJ;;

f!:. ^1!aFtt.*: n@:ai-renrr"+rrraei sam"ix,a:e*"J,,,*z,il,*," .iid.n,

et**rp**"**ei,*"i "*'r"' rei,"";a."i,r, r",r.,;,er,..j*.,*,i,fu,i.J,i **."i'i"L.,,iiii,]i"ffi

leudale4

tho

p*likr

Dynarnics of soil carbon

ores more

oarbo

thol] thc stmosphere.

tr

slored in the soil. while aprroxinarelv 560

lB3

234 235 12t6 211

6

!o- low. in which lheir avorBge \,alu€s

of]llqq!

urcre O.BBo/o alld ^| .22010, rssp€ctively.

Il *ss

cle{rty observed thar atmosr

'll

'e revos.tarcd pod-minins srca

ad $e oL

had

" ^c r-*r i" ,r'. r"v":"r oid.*'iir,'"i,ril ,r,"* .r ro:o

",,

excepr theASS in lhc

BMo

siie. wtich had

i c

r6vctfo,

tt. ,pp., _U r"i"- rry". *,-n'iilir*

"iri*

^{1o.oora. r"}

g_.*r.

th rq!t!d&!$edJp+*or* sa! ii!€€iqlile

wirh rhc

pg6.;*iy .p.ijiy ii;ffi;;;j.]2g19.

33 ^T.bb

^r.

SP*e..s3ifeil

orsdio @60r

C.6lal{iErd!,!6h!!latrelq!(iao.it

a loit depuE.nd,imd tge

ole.s

-.- ^{e,*r" o} -ro o.ii u.ss o.* ^o.oo r.rz o.ql r.zz l.il i.Z

^I

:l0

Elot : ASS =

+.tt roil.pc.dhgi edoL:i+qiril *A t ., : l -:l

242 241

BMo i'-io' _ror-30 3:{, _0.66 lli ..;i ;.;; ;;; ;1; I.ii i.ii tfi ^{l:ll "^'.T} :.ii i;fr i,ii i.!i

^3;?1

^i.ii

r,r{o 0 _10 0.65 0.36 0.68 0.76 r.66 i; G i..,r,

r.lE

^.,"_^" lrjo o-1, 0.10 0.45 o.5e r.86 t.D oso o,

o.j3

"ite ^had tower cgrbon

iioc mlhaffias;:s4v

stana aseq

T'bb z

soil

.Eto .hs&.+6l'disr

([on/h6t

*os obldrrion

silcs. roir d.prl,x

ud

slrnd

&. ors.6o++iEn-+ .Gr,*q{6I drdssdi{ad{E .ls.

I

;Eii*s"t affi1 n"*

"r..

p**

""*L

^sr,r'o

eM" ^I l_ffi ", T*- Y'. "": **,1l* *" *

l SblldeDtl(.hr)

ASs

244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 2s2 253 254 255 256 257 258

2q

lo.

2 5{) 260 261 262

BMO LMO

010 lo:-

30

0

_-10

l0

-30

10

30

4.72 12.'l 9.2t 19.16 9,38 16.33

9.51 34.47 6.65 t8.41

5.12 9,81

lo.a2

17.69

5.21

4_66

13.87

7.80

10.49

10.93

13.50

18.J3

37.0? 13.65

18.88

10.65 6.49

^I

J,l' 7.75 3,83

^13_25

19.27 28.a3 U.yl 44.41 37_64

21,23

21.|Q 8.41 10.83 16.60 21.69 luoto' ass

"s "n-,o1.p*,6io"][Jffiffi

⁴

263 264 265 266 261 26A 269 270 271 2'tz 273 274 275 276 277 278 279

n

k rs.lr\ tr\r,

nrLl I

\r

I

280

2at

2IJJ 2U4 285

8

6vc.-rym1€j€d,Eif,t{so {{rH+ _}eo", sr+-rg€r/d{€-{ias-{rir+l6xr

rri{n-{hol

ofdss-Tr,ir-{isaii€i

rva6+€yer

r6o*#ar-+Se-oguorkaU6l|

_{oFC al ths siro $E3 dso} t6w€Flhor tt6

et;

MorE than 65%

offie soirc

srock-€€i+*e.dro{€r+

orallhlAss

site ws, found

ir

rsyers or 10-10 cm (Figuro 3).

Colr:€rlely,

slrltc

OL

r qshowod,i{5+it}

_lhai rhs orooonian of C

ry{€sEalt6n_$actJelhlat ^L,+d

^{rhe lay6r of}

0

tO

lliftiy*el9 _-s:fiper. ^Aro,s

^{wirh rhc} incr.ssi,e

,e.

or

pr*r". tr";;;me! el|ll*q"ud*ri"*

ElacLtxsrububG-oFllshilted

fim dt. l6rer h".,

^to

rhc uppcr tayer. Ar rho siles or

sr,.roEa nlVdiiiti@G

..

!@Lobhined€

maximum porcent{ge in tho

h ^rof0-to

^wllen rhe

srad

age was 8_t0 yeffs otd, white slrhe LMO siie

r w&esellrrsl€r t0

12 ycar: otd.

@'riildl;rr, !.{,_ti".r.rrd,

$adi"q

^trte

*l,tiT'"ti+iryep-oc ldrrt di"rls,li""

.,f c

i*r, *d ih; ;i ;". ii;;ffi.{--"{,-p.ni-

"r

u

r'qs€*ras€B

gpsr

s;8nific&rrv ditr€red amonS

a[ rhr*

";to"

ur"trurJJtu*oit"

in--rnu'ilvto

*i

^r-r,ao

^{sr", *itr} n"u,

texturos

t€pt tle c

in {rc uppcr tayor oarticr ar

td

dne

wh* ou

"t oj

"e"

""" , t;.r"a!iit ^.r*** a;nur*, rrrn ilc

roush tcxturc found

al$o

BMO sit6

286 247

28.) 290

29t

292

21)3 294 295 29(t 29'l

co'r.rt|rt

d

ItRlOi

^{Dd y@}

*

^oruor

cr* *Ji6",n

for

cdd6c? h.lvs

wbd FBe&d ^h th. bble,fiEE

s6

wn

@sloitud h D.

!*r

(A)

(D

{lr:::

(c)

,ll;;:

$..!,

.s.

dc (r..)

Slrld .9.

.Ls

(re.o

tr ^o-r0o

299 l3oo

l0l

l3o2 301 304 105 306 307 .108 309

3I0

l:rr

Irlgumlvn'.'tJ^rrihdiJ,,utr'.l,jk.r(rl,.,,iti.irUctr,).oJ!rr,..,rlt,,..n.rr.-\,S,r,b,trra\,ir,in,,,t.,^rr-r,Ll\,ur\rlslBr r,rsrn\rrnrrv,\Ernronrrl\,,i,s....md.jrri V,nrn!,,r.lxl,or \r.\t"1s,r. i.,i., rss ^l,i,i.r,p,...j,"","i-qi

unqh.'llmJ

"^,,Tl9,,1r:"1":y"*ted

^{rho impact of} minios sctiviries and rl,e rEr%eredo, or iho posr-minins rand. _Bas€d on

fie c ru

cmrcnl ,n

lIe

thr€€

{rei{ffi.

it

srs sclgr6d

rh.r the r€duclion in

c

oootonl ;D tlt6

$il

trEs cslsed by corl

mini!8

scti vities. 'tho coo te

tofc

soitar the sMO silo cas 24.r+

tonsha.

t

aner;e ;".JL ;"t" nlr.llg

"**, *"* **

"

o$&rteh th;s{]roil

ootr&n.. A derr€ase

of

13.04 totrsrhg, or 54.0390, c{us€d by tan;

"r*ri"s ;d.*u.d. ft" ,"*"g"

C contollt

ofthc

revesetat€d tand was 2?.so ton&{r,.

Tt , ,r1,. *,r

hiSho

t ^ia.;0 t"r.i" d*iJass. wr* *lnprr"a

to-

fie oI.

&is

sr""

sLox.Ed

er

i,rcie,s€d \otue

of

13.9:v",

,, :.:r i",vt i. er oJoi,n. ri oii,"*"c*,,"n.*_

22.36 rondhe

A

rEdu*ion in C

oont€nl'* ars

ob*erv"a

in- o" .* ,* .","."J ;;;;;;ff i,;;#?

soit conrent

or

rho vcsetaiod ruod or tho

BMo

sir,e was

u.e: o"vr*-r* ** i.iiJ"ia,-,iii.io"^r .*, r* ass.

wh.n

c.Gnpar.d ro

oL,

ih€

BMo

sire tosr Js.o3% of ir"

c.",t",r"

", sfi ;i;. ir,i" iii1._* ^{*igh, b,} a,".

erosioi that

o.$ned

st

tI6

lsod surrace in the Ass

,oa * *e.t

t

i p."t-.i,i,, i*a. i-iJJii"*r,*

" ^a.

^ar,ao

"ir.,

which

rs! domimtd

bv rhe s,nd iiacrion, c{used

trc

soir

t 6"-,".'"*

_v

.iJJ. r" Jrfr,, i.. *i"," **.r *r"ri,

was also quire hish (2.439 mnr). ,o the c-or8a,ic soit ;s porendary

*asi"a

Jlmg

_i; il;:-- *

(A) (B)

':9?9Et

i.:;-io

El o-'od

sil}(

1*: *: litll1Tpu:l 'l..asl

minins.activiri€s, thcr6

nl

s a loss of

c

co,rent of around 2.zozo, or 0.a0 tors4rJ,

:i,*91*^.1.":T,,t::l{ ^c

duo io mar m inins activiri"".

rm roi

or

rl" ulnou,i.r *ir i _gJ ii..

z.ra% io 54 03q,o.

from rl'o or- ro ihe

Ass.

The

oL

of

tl* Lr;o

sitE haa a

c

coaront

or u.sz ons4,;;fi;fu;l#;;#;"t:;

ton!,/La. The exisrcrce

of

r€vesehrion et the

Ass of LL,lo

,i u

tn"r*""a

,r,"

i *1i*i ir-irr!-*ir ty

:g.sz"/, O

r.er

loDeta). This

muld

bo seeo from lhe

incmcino \rtue

of rhe ASS ro tho

!.e*r"d i*d. wt,* *rp"r6d

[o OL.

r]e

vogelal€d land had an i,crease irr

c

conrenr of-arcund l8.i9ob,

or ir.:6 lonvha

_{when obs€rved riom} rho rhre€ siros

((:)

3t2 3Il

3t4 3t5

316 3)7 318

3t9

320

32t

322 323 124 325

i26

327

orequal lo 0.40 ro t3.04 rons/h.. I he

or equal ro 0.40 ro t3.04 rons/h.. r he bisgosl

rcdu*,6 .Eru,

cJ fli rh(

sMo

s,te. wr,,r"

. ,.,ii ,",i **"d

"iir," ^r_V6 i:";;11"-::l:^gy':1,-,,_,,,10:"i:,r,.,* ,: ,1".^yt9

lhc

c

cotrrqrt in rhc soir auc,

,,,,,;,g ,.ii,l,i*. ril ** *ia**d

by

$c

i.cr€asein

the,rnountorrasd c atthc sMdil ,o4o;;.;ilil.j ;;'.il:;il;1i,H;]iifffi

'

ro8e/ lio,r

2.24% io 54 03qi,.

smrll palt

olc

ncd

.1rle

I-MO

b€c{uss the l$dure on rhis sit6 was domitated by

tt6

ssnd fraotioD,

329 330

3lr

332 333 134 335

Potentlsl of

so clrbon \.q{etrnti*storL

"-_,1,T

f-,:lnil:1111 yLn "",,,"* "r,iT

^{in ,rr}

*lec,ed

soir qampres sos ossec,cd by crassino,,on

&turdjn8

,o s, Iom urv revers mcaur€d ar a soir rrricknec' or' 30 cm. The

*

rb.marion su,rmari/€d ;n rauL

r sto*ea

rrre

prenrii

^{,, r ,,}

r

eo{o*b1lqL in the reve,eiored lsnd, which was classin.u

"" *.v r.* t r.".,,,i ii;;;;d;;;i;ililffi';:i

low.

orly

a few

oftt

were chamcieriz€d as low,

rna,ai,,s lz _y*" undety.i," , ,r,.1ivii, .n"; ol

",rt. ^sruo

rncruorDS

-

2 ).@s ,nd 6-8 ye{rs al

t[e

SMO sire; OL at the BMO

sire:andffiyq,s.st0vq.mdl0_rzyeor..'rhet.voirtc.rirerr;grresc.;il;;i;;i;i*,"r",,,daLrheBMo

srtc,

wlilo

thc hitslEst C \n (

[

poren lie t am;n8 alt rcveS6tatcd lajrds was iound at rhe LMO

sire. - -*-"i

conriEnt

d [ARl

ut

^{Re.dDs rho}

hr

u rh6 No psEshlbs s cmffsrs rmc. d E nor ct& *ri",'

's,rr"

* ,.r**

io

ri"

nmbeN @ron6d in fie rqt B

rnMta

wnh

.iv

dlu

!!t6red r r.

r6blB .trd t'rg@ For enipt., whnh robr6

; 6M;

A.r

rr.EoBe'rC@

Fbr enPtq whnh robr6 or

fuud

0Br pB.nl.d rbe

cob{

of c eil ,l rh6 sMo

'ii6

w

24. t,i

t

n 11!

Pkd.

elsl

thc @Nni.nc, &d .@u.oy oath. Nmh6 you

'l

.bl.

3. Porariol ofsoil o&ton

j!q.l

_in rle studie s@ dlddi.d .nd i& olssifi.srion bqqd _o!.sr]r!

li,iillrqrslq

IO

3r6 137

I

l:rr

l-t,) lwo

I-1.1l

lra:

J343

ll44 l:rs

har,

l:.r;

1348 l14e 1350 351 l3s2 353

Soll

depth(.trD _]\ss

BMO

0

Clasifiqlion -lo yL I, VL VL

VL

?:.11 T_.r2 ^{l'L 19.08 VL 12.44}

^L

^18.40 ro.32 2a.s6

^4t,314t_:

Clasificaio,

1.L

wI.,I-wvL.ltLyL

l,Mo 0:,30 YLYLL

2:.7t

l1.eJ 23gs 2s.46 63.6E 66.47 49.U

2t

_ -_!E4&4t* -_ ;;;' Gl ii;* i^ f,, f^ ^Tfu

,.,:i,Itl d"l::ll *Tf"in$

oL iF_.orisin6t ran4 L i,= loei

vL iE

ve.y row

Tlbh

4. Conpiriron of l].lit .ebon

stoordterin{l!fril

of veious bnd @ver !rp$ ⁱⁿ rndm*is

('irbon (ock (on,4n, Pr Btrau Coal (tsMoi, Esr

(!linmr&

P] B.r6u coal (I-MO), Esr(stihanlatr Aeh B*m Diet.ic(

A*i

A@.b BBeDistric! A..n Nodh

Imbot, WBlNu,

Tensss.a Nodh (.yong,

\!sr ^(slift er&

Keimm Java hlmd,

Catril

_J.v.

su.g8i vain, sanbojd,

E.stK.tiberai

sugai wrin, sanboja, Easl

Kslinelrr

Sungoi Wain, Sonbojo,

EstKstinhr.n

Abdlll.i

cr al. 2022

Nehq

md Wicsksono 20t 8 23.01

37.50 i24.48

I3l.6l

t0-30 111,56 I58.37 21.15 18.70 16.51 I

I 154 .]55

l:se l:sr

1360

l:;;

lrr, ^r l-t62

hnr

l-rr,r

l:os l:ro h67

lm

lrr,r llzo

l-rzr

l-rz:

l37l lna

l:zs

l34JS t6o{A&and-13{5+-t6i!&or$sp€tir€l+

turrr+Ihis

liudy Bporrod

ls*.an:-lttT-

":t- ^{__.^-_j..} rt ^{. .} ..

rro,r

(,xr

I

_{lro,t roxl}

lllil:l:r:"-,...,...,_.-,,., . .

,in

Llrru r)i!r!r, Lur lsrllluLax,

]n,]ouo,jd. i rle

c slqtr*r,$on-srlqk .rrn{n

,rrd !Aa...u ru d (un,ri,

,{-

_u L. onc.nd

ma. J;i *ii'+*ai,eliffii.1: H;ffi;,::,:,ir: :"Jdil:,I

1.,I, ,.},*",9

IG.r2 ve€rsr ha, been

co;,p,.r,"nr,a, *.,nli-a ^t,i; ;""iiiiJii,", ir,i i i,-.*s,.rr *1.*1,

,r,.

lTT.<2)earsto rG.t2ye€rs.rha,be€nc;p r,.*""ru*_."ii""a.ii.;;;iljffiii;.8ffi:i;ffiffi:

:lll:, i,"i:::'l',f'"hsrocrenzermw;rowrenii,rrrro. r...-.,.';' -- :;";":", ,, ,, ..

^,

lro

r

tlrs nrJ\ r.r,] i.s.r t furr.rr lldicl

63nd$q

xhile iir.-+otu.-H|6

376 377

37E

319 380 381

A(:KNOWI,I'D(;N['IUN''TS

.

This srudv

\[6

finarciarj) supponed by rhe

Facul}

of

foresl.) Mula$ma,

unive,siry,

u

dcr rrle ,e*arch fundine

rorrerrure.ssndsr.denrs2022'rheanrho*srcpr€rcruirorr.s"o,coar,"n1,,;i;,'r;.,ii;;;,hl;,;;;i#;E

samplc colleclion ro jsborstory tcst conrpl€rion.

RIJIiI'RIJN('IiS 382

383 384 385 386 -187 .t88 389 390 391 392 393 39.1 395 396 397 398 199 400 40r 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411

4t2

413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420

42t

422 423 424 425 426 42',7 428 429 430 431 432 434 435 436 437 438 419 440 441 442

Abdullah Biodiv6rt uE, Sd..di

r23(,

S, 25qr2ooo. Syrfnddin DOI S Anbia tO l3o5zbDdiv/d2loj.T m22 s.il ory&io ce6d ofsosLn<l .nd bush

lo6i

@ drrlald in Acdr

BM

Diiriot, Indoei..

AguircviU.gB HA, Bmo! CH. 2OI?

C& hs@

oa.

to.tol64j.lee!.20t703.232

trviom@Ll iEp&tt orM Ldo'sitn cod

!u!E

clDin,,

ct-n

lDd 157:4?-56. DOI:

AbiMsl l.

.

^LDpicd M0'ri ^climrE sK ^J 2ol ^Eeim! 7 Asqhonl t"farr8 2OI:369.l?7. of

0!!0 rdhhrM IloI

rO

tOtOljjm p.r.

iat of B.s.r!l€d zOiZm.oOr.'cdt Djm ovoburdo dmF. A

chMc.qhk

rB]dy Go6 dry

A'r'6i

u

Mujind rvt p$fioi.bro A 2or 7

Fod

iv". d"8iD, A

".0..i ,il"t, il"li .r**,

r_d

c@ @d ,6

or hpicsr tourMd

!s.na ..tudp€rrmdroEtrinwdKator,r.(hd@6i;BiodivmllsIs0).lJz-I44Dorro.tjosrdJ"riiirilii...*

lt"skm F& ratorshr K.

Mqt

s0 x. Nos$M

( .mr syro ayii,,i*

"ep*i,; il"il;;l;i;;- *itu h hdo*i.

Rsou Folicy 71. t02209 Dot. lO tot6/j.lsu;Dl2o2l lo22oy

Bri&h P.Eol6e ,0t 9. Bp shr8xEi

Rooi

ofwGtd

&iS,

,lor 3 Bnr6h porot.b.

T#Hli{:,i,EjsI]ittr5Hi.tHijl.ti;1",11x;';+.Gir.r,+r.a"g'6'dEn,odtfu$lI,dftlahdl!D84|jilinp9sJ.,,@

LMtu

D

rrdoui'

G sob* K' Tiitd.?€nd*. catvsniia*

elris. rI. y*'wtu Rcw

poticv. ?7. D Hddh.vini. H 2m2

lorjo

Dor,

Io.rorq.i*-*irjiif ft. rB!@

otqchegc i*oziii. E@ b 6.1 pri.c

- *".,..*

parn od p{r* !ftd ,nllaro cr,rk R.

zukd

N, urp.taina

r

ro:'0. n c

r,u"

or,1_l-rroa po*",

s*i; ; ;;;l;;,-ri;;

scuin

p,es,

_{R@ r2r: roe65o. Dor}

r0,l0l6/j.e.201r,109650,

D.t R l,'b'tl Sk. ml6. LnDtuc. oac&boh

rmi,

nn foi UE

dmdd

ot

6b.n

3.q@Eorm n trtd,Ed

cotr@solF

A

ce

3tudy 606

-

rhlri. cqrrct&,

n

r*rlad rndi0. pcolE _s go l 15. r,o Dot. ro. rot er:

*a.,u

z6rJ 6ii:_si.

"

"

L\'bLz)l6

Ch.lLnas.,rd lolici€

'h

lndmitrr.,*6v!@b, Aogdr,.ySeist3.rre

_{:ii. r|] toldt} oDot.2Ot6.09 oo9 Eobg _RK, ydim _{BpK Kom.}

cK ve

Rdsr E 2ori

li*ms r.;c" rr*;*

,ra"-

iv"i if

.er""i

ii,iiiii.l,ii,.e","

".t"" u"*"_

-

^{D rebra$,r.}

or@tuD comq

bsoir s., ^pranr tuar4e?rpt. arr-zrro.

oor

io

roairafuiffilii,ii,lii.iiji.

Fti.dBich

Mq w L.w6 r.

20t7.

A,eiN.rrh.

hnrdy_or

i,*r

"+mn",,, ai"-oy -a d;;;;d""

rn.,nrspr.y of L8,l

--

IiMwo&,

Ml

_B@losy.nd 6jatd,tro sE r.st. trt , CoJ

C*t

r7s. SO-zr. DOi. I o.l

Ot;/j.;;ij;;A;/' -*,

Hirdjdvis@ S. 20t o. Soil

@ik" arra*,*r n;".aq

tun tE

ll,aoei_l

H(tru

w'

Suda,nodji T. 2016. R.llri-uhio

h.rh $ir 6d;

.nd mn

;Eeic mra .mia

on min d_@r

I.d. h

B.r.q, E ,r Kalimo.h4 -- ^_

hdftri.. Nc&M

Bios, 3(l ):83.88.

mt

lO. t 3o57,h6bD*/noso I l

j -

nuomE,

r. M

irouz J, 202r Comsirc

dtd

ot

cdr{ss

.nd

&ud€r rB o

,od Qrbo

!drs.

durrE

rdNuuc

or

tnd

soiL ed

..

adi,.6iorio. or.sncutnr.r.nd po.lhitri,,B

sils rE

ircn

M"*g:m iirioi. ibr ;:ioi;,;:;;_*;;irTr56T

Koppo,W. l9]l. Oudim.fcUMlojo6,

Wd;d.cf,t ls,

Bn-liA tcr4p..f ...

. ... ....-,,.:...:- " .*, Kurur

ts. tsutlM s, viry*@ p 2019

L.ade

chams

lo339o/oB,@,h},oa052rr,.hnbci4cequ6E.d,;dq;iityi'ii;i;lMi;b9il,.Atl"-i'yprpr.j,ijijol@

Lu.lfu

BH. Sut,rdo,

BBr$ mt8

DE EDd

MUm

scr

tzgn}0tzz3 mr.

ln

In*^*. ,.,.^*,,^,..9

^.a

^_it

c.drd lioct Bins

ne,h[i.r.d

tohetoer. IOp Cql' Sa]

&ll! Edjo,

Formatted: Indon6ien Formatt€d: Indonesian Formatted! hdonsran Fornrattod: Ihdon.sl.n Formtt€d! hdonEtan

:1168. DoI: lo.tl l1lg.b.l

jr2o.

^!r

'v!

^u|INc

ceM

umd

lEllma

crolB'

rElei

(1,'r_n,:ktr ridone,e

ri

DA ^{s. A,rr.}

fiq.

Ap,

^cAq

F s,putr.

ui.h cdiwtsu.:oot

_E

AD 2olr

Budih.ria s. i,roleoL 2019. _rla

t"i cftdr fd Bddtio ,-.,.1it1:l9."{3,1r" r:ol

rrj.r:oszbiorv.uoot tooI for6l cebon

lt!.p*i6

^{preiod @ posr}

dt

hirirs

Bt.mrio,iie

in Ealr

Maui

Copqll,o-Clz. s, Pdr. cAs, s.Durr. AD. tul@b.m. IrnrioE!^ir

mtll i,-i*a" r- *tori- .f

fo,6l cehon !!o.L M6!ns RF,DD pitot

llo.iet ocm! tlraMrimt

Mmi{ty of En.,B, dd MrJ6l R-6'M. of

lI;

Rouhrh nt

t"dmD

2Ot s Hotrdb@k oIE eey lod EcmoD S|ltnliB ol bddBi! 2oI

Lnllt.

MuthoFoy.y

fl

Mr,lo RE 2022.

CoIt:Mt& elurirh

.of

CNa-siel

-t\n Abhd

ldb(*

aooten poE,ol r,D,es6 c&bo.nd nuri@l ..chBh&clnorc$quqccpchini,us&.C€tqE2o8.loJt26Oor.rOrOte4*u"ZAri-rOli:o.

N.hb

U,

wrslloo

_?. 2ol 8 lvhpphE ,oit crb@ !!o.L! i! I

eu.

trs.t*.ool. totorq.lio=zd

^d

^{6eic n.ngor}

^{rnsow a6vlten @6y!tq! in in vwimnl}

Kaifl.jM

&ladx Indob*i. rsn&rcaJ1 stElf sci

*#1 r*

f*X,r:lg*r;?022.

^coar

r ;;Mbl6: Lera6.

_arimi4i@ orllnc

rdtuie

powd @rd !trds/ sulrs.n E!v68:3jG363.

3t.ks in I cbrono$quqcc

6J8 trolr 10 339o,1.f,dlodo65s

DOt:

lol0tdj.6.l,2o22.O4.Ol?. qPwq es'

4EE/

JN

i*i. Nud&! EI{ SieEe

c4

Tutmm n4 Hid.yd ,4' Rehesr }+l_ Ntutyonro g, slwaldl tstdnds, Mibisni R Ra%din

\

.ylJ"gly;L1;1-r.L:191*,, n

rrozry ira"ngios

^'lir]qr *a."ro;.,b;

^Mutuolr.

Gil;;;;;",G;#;;;r;LT ^s

sJsdJL brand,i MrhxB R Ra%dn \..

_"

pravldyernBrh _R ud rcror(ula deande,l poq.nun€ ts&upc in lndon6h a

rc,.*

t_a-r ..

",--14-v:T:l

*jr"YTl.g9!el,g tfi

roijiii.

d':r6ioi6;i;;;liffii;fiEqr'r'e!!

{!rnrtr'!tr!'eeleg!!s{c.!.*e4pq6!:-"'q!4 re&.s!ro4.!

sugn P.

R6

s, c,bdr AR 2015.

ch{s6

ilpl,}"ic.t

proFrid;f-i_

_ioit"

_Loghitorr

_Uy

pt*rins,8,

Ecol Ewn6

cmfl

2t: s293_s2ss 1t

'lll92l

_DOI:

_l0l

t2

4,1-l Suddnn.dji T, fl{tlati W. 2016.Ihe

9f Eh0biliLtioi^:lSiied

tud

td& iomd d.ssd.d

f6l

eoryran re@lEry iD Krlinb.[{! rndoBia.

l.r.r.r

.l.ti

446 441

M9

448 450 451 452 453 454 4J5 456 457 458

Brotlivq!tu

l7(tI

I8

\hn ds Lairp

J

^ya$r

I

O@rlzrtu 149 t6-N7

::.::T" L

l,:il^l6Jll-"c,:.stntur c.oroeicrr studN

p{im

d rcrordroi p,onrL

rrri

l0

t0t6/rr

oknv 2012 rsaol

we8

a

I @ K, z$o ^y,

lehn

,cM

\ri

:.

,uq r

"

i.

w""c

y _:n2l

_N{od.ui.o srE one-lfr rhh,vc op.r-!n -s ^I m,ninp

sqlbulErur.n*1. rsvor m, i

.r., rone.,*hhrcop.r -*r_,_i ".ir""r e",,"."si. l;ariHi"i,.,i8;:TlfllT,l

hrsnn Go. hNnnio RB, tu.ryudr a, s.n0wr 20t6.

asR

rins e,$dn pol of IoBl _Dtanhtion to s,pp.n REDD+ ihplmmratD. in indonEii.

Widlleono cO.

hNMh

Al}c@rne

l?55(l): l30ms'mr, io.

iirri.+sjilii

w@dtory _DJ.

yBtr

_L

D;'k,

DA.

q,*b.-; ri ;;;

Ms m2o. F,uins i !oit: aEbsL of

drv

ulpiqt @t and Ege{arc

r@.ry udo

"-,i?Tli\triT-,iT"":9::1.].|r:!treS":f,,**4 r,d;;" i;;-;#;;;iiriiii-i.ilii,, ,orooza.,*.

"-,fr H"ffi lr-tfl l#ffJr,.g3;;;lr;*m$,s[:i*ffii#:ffxffffi ffi ^];

Yu f,

zh{o Z. Bd z, wa,B H, -Wds y, _{Niu S.} 2ot6 Re

,-

^unm.

^c.t6!

147:4ot-4tt Dor,

,o.,o,r;.""*"-r,u.0}ff1"

^p'tt!h!

^wv

^carbo

!'qchti6

bv

r'6 e'l sil'

in

e

oPadsr cdl oine, YuMb T, ADrn h F_

wutNsi

er.

wi*

l\ie, uoz: ElIerof

$il hErriB

oh.ti".

tu

Yumb inhdocro. Biod'v6ii823(t) r. ADrn h F,

wumm

AR. aj94s6 Erat to t3os76i*liv/d2$t49

wi; it l;; ;;i-i

.f

*il loF,!-

^oD ptur sDsrh ^.nd d,Biry .r

kdu

!s6 or cql

ru ,eh@rt.

BIODIVERSITAS

Volume 23, Numbor

I O,

Octabet 2022

Pages:

xxu

ISSN: 14l2-033X EJSSN; 2085-4722 DOI:

10.

13057/biodiv/d23 tOxx

3

4 5 6 7

8

WAHJUNI HARTATIIT, TRIYONO SUDARMADJI'

rsilvicultffe

l'aboratory, Facultv of Forestrv,

Tel.n Myr,.,.;]1i

ax . +(,2_54 l_748683.

g1"-"^1r-y. remail: :, i,*"i,","*"-i* wahiunihaflatig -

fahlraD.unmul.ac.id

^Ket,a,

Samarinda 75

n

9, Easr Kalimantan, lndonesia.

isuil' warer (onservation

_and

chmarc

Lahoralory,

I'r",,tn

"r["'""n]l\;;tr';'#;n' iu"rs,tv. l.p"*iur.

Kampus cm. Kclua, Srrnarinda

75H9.

Easr

The dynamics of soil carbon in revegetated post-coar mining sites:

A case study in Berau, East Kalimantan, _Indonesia

Manuscript received: )c{x_ Rcvision accepted: x,rx Septemb€r 2022.

9 ^Abstraet' Hartoti w, sudamadJl T 20)2 Thc ,lynanrcs of soil carbon in revegetdted post-coal mining ,ites: A

^case

shtdy in Berau,

l0 Eosr Kalinonon' Indonesia. diotliv*siras _zs:. ^"xsx. op;i;li ;;;;g pracrices cause the loss of vegeration corer _as welr _as soir

ll degradadon. Posr-minine land rcclamation and

rer

egcrairon 'are ;;;;ffi;;i";;;;;:,;?""".r.tf# _and soir quariry. whire

12 sevcral studics have rev-ealed thc vegcration ;;;#;; i;ii;r; piu-,n,n,ng revcgelarion. rimilcd studies have focuscd on carbon

13 dvnamics of the soil. This studv aimid _to invesr.igate tit" ayroriir"or *r .,""u", .ii"[ar"'i. .irlfffioo" _*a how it changed

14 following reYesetation. The resiarch

_rvas

carri.d ;r,t i, G;";;;;i

area

of

a

coal mining company in Berau, East Kalimantan rvhich

15 were divided ifto thrce sitesr su^tu.uto vinioi iipl'ir"r"iiil"i'ji'ii",. _{Brlungan rr,r;rlig} cjpi..il", rn-rrio) siro, and Lati Mining

16 operation (LMo) _Site At each ,irc,

"ight tu;'plin"g-p'i"ir'ri"." Il"urirr,"a represenring lanJ *.ith varying veg€tational conditions,

17 namcly original lard and post

min^c^d

lanai r ^irn rlw iig'rw.g;i* ia." fro,n opcn rand ro

r

2-ycar-ord i egitarion. The pcrcentage of

I8 c conucn. was calculatcd trom 288 disturbJ s"il *,i;Lr:"il;"1;ri-den.iry _{*0" anaryzed from ri+} *i?t. soir sampres using lhe

ls ^walkev & Black

'nrd eravimelric melhods. wc r"*a ir,*-,rr" i

"i".1 ^{at *rc initiar srate} aftcr miuing opcration was vcrv lo$. coar

20 mining act'ivities

cause"d

a loss of c i, .oir *,trr - u""*g; ,a]r.

"r

^z

i zsx. or equal ro 5 65 rons/ha ihi ^biggest Ioss ociuncd at rhe

21 sMo site (44'97%' or

13

04 ionyha), .hil" dr" ,,,uid;;tt *.r i"-*a. * a" LMo

site

e.24%,or ^0.40 t;,,"/ha). The carbon stock

22 tmprored aftcr re'ceetation oarticulirly int

" ^sr.aii *o Litao tir"., iia rrr".u* or"rrbon siock enhs'cemcnt in the soil diff€red across

23 sites' The resuls alio show; dlat soil"carbo, ir rh";o-,l;iil;;;'of_ro-:o _{cm was} !ie"i"i iir* ii-ut"itrr" o-r0 cm layer. Along

24 ^{with the} increasing

_age

ofplants, the vedical dis.iurtii, or d-r-to?t ,iirt ^d from tle lorver layer to thc upper layer.

25 Kelrords; Carbon s€qu€shation, coal, land rehabilitation, post_nining, revcgetation

and South Sumatra (pratiwi et al. ZO21). At national context of Indonesia, coal has a significant role in fulfilling

energy supply for domestic use which is _used in electricit|

generation with 33 GW of coal-fired power plant facilities (Ordonez et al. 2022).

.Alfhough it plays important role in energy provision and. economic development, coal mining' generates

inevitable adverse environmental impacts du-ring its extraction. In particular, _open-cut mining, which i ^the

most commonly used technique in lndonesia, _causes inevenible _{damage to} the landscapes o[nalural ecosystems (Sudarmadji and Hartati 2016. yuan _et al.20t6; B;cka er al. 2021; Pudelko _{et al.} 202I; Wang et at. 2022). it removes vegetation, topsoil, and subsoil, which _are the major sinks ofcarbon (C) (Ahirwal _and IUaiti 2017). Since the majority of coal reserves are located in the forested _a.ea, the coal mining operation causes deforestation (Mukhopadhyay _and Masto 2022) Soil, also known as C reservojrs, iontains three times more C than any combination of biomass and atmosphere (Httblova _and Frouz 2021). As a consequencg there.is eyidence that soil degradation _caused by mining contributes,to an increased global warming

^"

risk b!

releasing CO: into the atmosphere (yan et al. ZOZO). tt.uiit

take a very long time to naturally recover the biological and physical qualities ofthe soil in post-mined _site (Singh _{et al.}

INTRODUCTION

The mining sector is considered one of the most essential sectors for Indonesia,s economic development. It

contributes to approximately 10% of the national total gross domeslic producr (GDp) (Lestari et al 20I9). ln the last decades, accelerated growrh has been seen in the coal

mining _sector (Chandrarin et ^{al. ZO2Z).} It has been lorecasted lhal global _{coal usage} will continue to ir"reui.

lr_om I7l ro 208 CJ by 2040 (Aguirre_Villegas and Benson 2017). In the context of Southeast Asia regi6n, Indonesia is

the most impoflant counlry in terms of coal producers, alongside. Viernam and rhe philippines (Clark _er al ^2020).

At global context, in 2013 Indonesia supplied 38% of global coal demand and half ol total

"^po.t. in Ariu (Friederich and Leeuwen 2017). This contribution is increasing from year to year. making lndonesia as the second greatest coal exporter in the world since 2Ol8

@askoro et al. 2021) with the five biggest coal importers

lL 9hiyt Japan,.Indiq Korea, and Chinese Taipei @utu

2016). Indonesia is estimated to have around S.iy" of the

global coal reserves (The British petroleum,20lg) with

tolal of 140.48 billion tons (Ministry of Energy _and

Mineral Resorrrces 2018). Such reserves are mostly located

in three provinces, i.e. East Kalimantan, _South Kaiimantan,

BIODIVERSITAS

Volume 23, Numbor 10, Octobar

2OZ2

Pages: xxu

ISSNr l4l2-033X EISSN:2085-4722 DOl:

10.

l3057tuiodiv/d23

_1Oxx

WAI{JUNI HARTATII _, TRIYONO SUDARMADJI2

'silvioulhue

Labomtory, Faculty

ofForestrv,

Mulawarmun

universiry r. i,"rr;"*,iir"p* c-. r"hu, samari,&

751 19, Easr

Kalirnarran,

Indoresia.

Tet.,4,ax.: +62_541-748683.

'emeil:

wshjunihartsti@fahutan.unmul.ac.i<i

'?soil'

waler

conservation and

climate

Laboratory, Faculty

ofForcstry MJr*oi*niioiu","ity.

n.penajam, Kampus

cn. Kelua,

samarmda 75119, Easr Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Mflnusc.ipt

_{reccived: )s(x. Revfuion acceptedi )ool} September 2022.

Abs'tac'' Hartou v sudarhadii T _)022.

'Ihe dynamics of soil carboh in revegetatetl ?osr-coql mining sles: A

^case

s1uly in Berau, East Kolimantan' Indonesiq' dodivcrsltas

23:,

w. opci, plt mirng p*ia", .u*" the loss of vcgetation cover as well as soil degradation Post-mining land reclamation *d r"r"g"tullon ar" ih"i"6.l, ioror"ra io recoier the vegetation and soil quality. while several studies have revealcd thc vesctatior succcssion following port-rr;ng rcvegetation, limited studies have focused on carbon dvnamics of the soil. This snrd' ui-Ia to irr"rt,gJ" -i;.

ayii"iiit'"r r"ir

""rt

ⁿ

stock due to mining operation and how it changed

followilg revegetation. The resiarch was carried oirt in the concession

area

oia coa mining company ia Berau, East Kalimantan which rvere divided into rhree sires: sambarata Mining ope.atio, (suoi s[",'i;*€* Minii'g operarion c]ro)-il: *d Lati Mining operaLion (LMO) _Sire. Ar each sirc. eisht_reiearch ..*;;;il" _cil6)

";;:;i;;;;";;;;;;;;;d ^{wifr varying}

vcgelational conditions namclv oripinal land and post mined lands riitr,-ru.ying revegeration stages ftom opel lafld

rrc

l2-year-old vegelation' The perccntage ol'c coirent *u..ut"riur"a-io,rijiC Ji*ru.a*nil ;.mplis. whilc buik densiS',ua. anatyrea crom l++

whole soil samples using the walkev & Black and gravimerric -"til.. w;6;;*trr";'d# #'i ffi?;li'uil',*. *". _-,ning

operation biggest loss was occuned at the verv lou coal sMo minine activitie, curr.a-u torioii in Joilrlrh in ur"rug.

u alue

of ^2l.2g/o. or

cqual

to 5.65

tons,/ha.

The

"i," ,++.szz.;r _Ii.64 ;r;;;;;il;;; ima esr toss was found ar the LMo sire (2.24%, or 0.40 tons/ha) Th€. carbon

.stock improved aIlE.

1"r"g"tutro,-purt'#l"riy

-ri'in"

sMo and LMo sites, and the rate of carbon slock eohancemcnt in the soil diffcred across sites. The iesuls aiso showea hafsoit carboo in.the post-mining arca of 10-30 om was greate, than that of the 0 10 cm laver. Alons _{with the} increasing age

"i pr-t", a"

""rti"a distribution of c stock shifted from the lower laver

to lhe upper laler. srucr snrlteo Iron

Kejrwords: Carbon sequestration, coal, land rchabilitation, poslmining, revegetation

INTRODUCTION

The mining sector is considered one of the most essential sectors for Indonesia,s economic development. It contributes to approximately 10% of the national total

gross_

domestic product {CDp) (Lestari et al. 20lq). ln the last decades. accelerated growth has been seen in the coal

mining _sector (Chandrarin et ^{a1. 2OZ2).} It has been forecasted tlrat global coal usage will continue to increase

liom l7l ro 208 GJ by 2040

(

Aguine_Villegas _{and Benson} 2017). Io the context of Southeast Asia region, Indonesia is

the most important country in terms oi coal producers, alongside. Vietnam and the philippines (Clark et al. 2020).

At global conlexl in 2013 tndonesia supplied 38% of global coal demand and half of total

"iport, in Ariu (Friederich and Leeuwen 2017). This contribution is increasing from year to year, making Indonesia as the second greatest coal exporter in the world since 20lg (Baskoro et al. 2021) with the five biggest coal importers are China, Japan, India, Korea, and Chinese Taipei (Dutu 2016). Indonesia is estimated to have around 3.ay, of the gtobai coal reserves (The British peroleum,2019) with total of 140.48 billion rons (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources 2018). Such reserves are mostlylocaled

The dynamics of soil carbon in revegetated post-coar mining sites:

A case study in Berau, East Kalimantan, _Indonesia

in three provinces, i.e. East Kalimantan, _South Kalimantan, and South Sumatra (Pratiwi et al. 2021). At nationj context of lndonesiq coal has a significant role in fulfilling

energy supply for domestic use which is _used in electricity generation with 33 GW of coal-fired power plant facilities (Ordonez et al. 2022).

_Although it plays important role in energy provision and. economic development, coal mining- generates

inevitable adverse environmental impacts diring its extraction. In particulaq _open-cut mining, which is the most commonly used technique in Indonesi4 causes ineversible.dam age to [he landscapes ofnalural _ecosystems (Sudarmadji and Hartari 20t6: yuan et al 20t6: Bucka et

al.202l: Pudelkoetal 2O2t: Wang er al 2022). ll removes vegetation, topsoil, and subsoil, which are the major sinks of carbon (C) (Ahirwal and Maiti 2017). _{Since the} majority of coal reserves are located in the forested _area. th; co;

mining operation causes delorestation

_{

Muk}ropajhyay _and Masto 2022| Soil, also known as C reservolrs, iontains three times more C than any combination of biomass and atmosphere (Hiiblova _{and Frouz} 2O2l). As a consequence, there.is evidence that soil degradation caused by mining contributes to an ^increased global warming

^"

risk b|

releasing COz into the atmosphere (yan et al. 2OZO). lt ^.vv,il