Caroline`s motivation to be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl as seen in Kim Edwars` The Memory Keeper`s Daughter.

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CAROLINE’S MOTIVATION TO BE A FOSTER MOTHER

TO A DOWN SYNDROME GIRL AS SEEN

IN KIM EDWARDS’

THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Anmaria Irmina Redy

Student Number: 071214060

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

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i

CAROLINE’S MOTIVATION TO BE A FOSTER MOTHER

TO A DOWN SYNDROME GIRL AS SEEN

IN KIM EDWARDS’

THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Anmaria Irmina Redy

Student Number: 071214060

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

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vi

Courage is the most important of all

virtues, because without courage you can’t

practice any other virtues consistently

-

Maya

Angelou-This thesis is dedicated to:

my Mom up in heaven and my super Dad,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God for blessing and guiding me so that I could finish doing my thesis. He never stops giving me strength to always get up every time I fall down. He accompanies me in all my days. He is the only reason everything is possible in my life.

Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., who had been so patient to answer every question that I had. I thank her for giving me so many suggestions and solutions in doing my thesis. I also give a very big appreciation to all of my lecturers of English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma Universitywho shared a lot of knowledge since I was in the first semester until I graduate from this university. To English Language Education Study Program secretariat staffs and Sanata Dharma University library staffs, I thank them for the best

service and help.

My deepest gratitude also goes to my parents,Kukuh Sanyoto, S.Pd.,and Dyah Eti Budiati, S.Pd., who always mention my name in their prayer. I am really honored to have a chance to be their daughter. I also would like to say thank to my big brother and little sister,Yosafat Sinatriya KrisnandaandHelena Kris Danindra, who are never tired of listening to my complaints about many things

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A special gratitude goes to Koko Adityanto and Roreta Natalia, who have accompanied me in a bad and good time of my days. They always have ways to make me laugh and believe that I will not face this world alone.

I thank all of the “LIE” crews (Andar, Agnes, Gaby, Kiki, Uci, Calvin, Eli, Lui, Merici, Kania, Ajeng, Niko). It was a hard time to pass, but with all of

them, it would be not impossible. I also would like to show my gratitude towards my SPD group, ROOTAFACTORY. I would not forget having a business experience with all of them. Next, I would like to give a great appreciation to my friends in SWA 3D boarding house (Ndong, Putri, Taju, Ida, Mbak _Rizma, Mbak _Mui,Mbak _Nancy, Mbak _Indah,Mbak _Menjeng, Mbak _{Bekti). I thank} them for letting me into their rooms.

I also would like to thank all PBI students, class of 2007. It was a great time to have friends like them. They teach me love, patience, and understanding. I thank them for the greatest friendship ever. Finally, for all of people who cannot be mentioned one by one, I do not have anything to say but thank so much. God bless them all.

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This study analyzes a novel written by Kim Edward, entitledThe Memory Keeper’s Daughter. This novel tells about a down syndrome girl named Phoebe who is separated from her family by her own father. He wants to keep him and his wife away from terrible grief to have this girl. Then, Caroline, a stranger to Phoebe, becomes a foster mother to Phoebe and loves her as her own child. Caroline is one of the major characters in the novel. She struggles for Phoebe’s life from injustice that is commonly experienced by the down syndrome people. Therefore, this study is about Caroline’s motivation to be a foster mother and to take care of a down syndrome girl.

In this study, there are two problems to be answered. The first problem is how Caroline’s character is portrayed in this novel. The next problem is what motivate Caroline to be foster mother to a down syndrome girl. Accordingly, the aims of the study are to describe Caroline’s character and to reveal the motivation of Caroline to be a foster mother and take care of a down syndrome girl.

This study employs library research to collect the data, which support the analysis. Psychological approach is employed to find out the motivation of Caroline as a foster mother to take care of Phoebe. There are two sources, which are used in this study. First, the primary source is the novel itself entitled The memory Keeper’s Daughter. The secondary source is from psychological books and literary works. In this study, the writer employs theory of character and characterization, and theory of motivation.

According to this study, the finding of the first problem is that Caroline’s character is portrayed as responsible, loving, calm, competent, sensitive, brave, and smart. These traits create a situation which makes this character is able to take the consequences to be a foster mother in taking care of a down syndrome girl.

To answer the second problem, the writer employs McClelland’s theory of human motivation. Because this study focuses on Caroline’s relationship with others and how to reach goals in her life, affiliative and achievement motivation are employed to find out Caroline’s motivation to be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl. Affiliative motivation becomes the major motivation in this study, while achievement motivation is the minor one.

The writer finds three motivations of Caroline, which are included in the affiliative motivation. The first motivation is Caroline’s responsibility after David Henry refuses to take care of Phoebe. The second motivation is the protection needed by Phoebe from Caroline. The last motivation is Caroline’s need for having a good relationship with others.

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not that easy to reach her dream. Since Phoebe came to her life, everything seems possible for Caroline to catch.

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xv ABSTRAK

Redy, Anmaria I. (2012) Caroline’s Motivation to be a Foster Mother to a Down Syndrome Girl as Seen in Kim Edwards’ The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

Studi ini menganalisa sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Kim Edward, berjudul The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. Novel ini menceritakan tentang anak penderitadown syndromebernama Phoebe yang dipisahkan dari keluarganya oleh ayahnya sendiri. Ayahnya tidak ingin merasakan kesedihan karena mengasuh anak tersebut. Kemudian, Caroline, orang yang asing bagi Phoebe, menjadi ibu angkat bagi Phoebe and mencintainya seperti anak kandungnya. Caroline adalah salah satu dari karakter-karakter utama di dalam novel ini. Dia berjuang untuh hidup Phoebe dari ketidakadilan yang biasanya dialami oleh penderita down syndrome. Oleh karena itu, studi ini berisi tentang motivasi Caroline untuk menjadi ibu angkat dan mengasuh Phoebe sebagai seorang anak penderita down syndrome.

Di dalam studi ini, terdapat dua permasalahan yang akan dijawab. Permasalahan pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Caroline digambarkan di dalam novel ini. Permasalahan selanjutnya adalah apa yang memotivasi Caroline untuk menjadi ibu angkat bagi anak penderita down syndrome. Karena itu, tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan karakter Caroline dan untuk mengungkap motivasi Caroline untuk menjadi ibu angkat dan mengasuh anak penderitadown syndrome.

Studi ini menggunakan studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data yang mendukung analisa. Pendekatan psikologi digunakan untuk mengetahui motivasti Caroline sebagai ibu angkat untuk mengasuh Phoebe. Terdapat dua sumber informasi yang digunakan di dalam studi ini. Pertama, sumber informasi yang pertama adalah novel ini sendiri yang berjudul The Memory Keeper’s daughter. Sumber informasi kedua adalah buku-buku sastra dan psikologi. Di dalam studi ini, penulis menggunakan teori karakter dan karakterisasi, dan teori motivasi.

Menurut studi ini, penemuan dari permasalahan yang pertama adalah bahwa karakter Caroline digambarkan sebagai seorang yang bertanggungjawab, penyayang, tenang, kompeten, sensitif, berani, dan pintar. Sifat-sifat ini menciptakan suatu situasi yang membuat karakter ini mampu untuk mengambil resiko sebagai ibu angkat dalam mengasuh anakdown syndrome.

Untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua, penulis menggunakan teori motivasi manusia dari McClelland. Karena studi ini fokus terhadap hubungan Caroline dengan orang lain dan cara mencapai tujuan hidupnya, motivasi afiliasi dan motivasi pencapaian digunakan untuk mengetahui motivasi Caroline untuk menjadi ibu angkat bagi seorang anak down syndrome. Motivasi afiliasi adalah motivasi utama didalam studi ini, sedangkan motivasi pencapaian adalah motivasi tambahan.

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perlindungan yang diperluakan Phoebe dari Caroline. Motivasi yang terakhir adalah kebutuhan Caroline untuk memiliki hubungan yang baik dengan orang lain.

Di dalam motivasi pencapaian, penulis menemukan bahwa Caroline menginginkan kehidupan yang lebih baik yaitu kebahagiaan, kebersamaan, dan kehangatan yang hanya dapat ditemukan dalam sebuah keluarga. Masa lalunya yang sulit memberikan dia kekuatan untuk menemukan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Tidaklah mudah untuk mencapai mimpinya tersebut. Tetapi, sejak Phoebe hadir di dalam kehidupannya, segalanya terlihat mungkin bagi Caroline untuk diraih.

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1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. They are background of the study,

problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefit of the study, and definition

of terms. Background of the study explains about the necessity of analyzing the

topic and the reasons for choosing the topic. The objectives of the study explain

about the aims of this study. Benefit of the study present about the advantages of

conducting this study. The definition of terms explains about the terms that are

used in this study.

A. Background of the Study

Literature is always interesting to be discussed in every day of human life.

Our life cannot be separated with literatures and its forms, such as poems, short

stories, novels, and plays. These literary works really help us to have the right

place to share what we feel about to others. Unconsciously, we have read many

kinds of books and poems, and watched some dramas in television which take

some parts of our life.

Besides expressing human feeling, literature is also about pleasure. This is

the way human shows his thought about this life. Thinking literary means we

analyze something using the other perception. One thing that is very important to

express the literary works is the language. The language has the aim to interrelate

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feeling. They can write a short story, a poem, a novel or do the play that correctly

represents what they are feeling at that time.

In literary works, the reader could analyze what is hidden by the writer.

One of the ways to interpret the meaning is its symbol. Rohrberger, Marry and H

Woods. Jr, Samuel (1971) stated, “One reason literature can be approached from

so many different directions and by many readers of different generations is its

symbolic nature” (p. 15). Literature does not mean to confuse the readers with

many symbols in the literary works, but the authors of those literary works want

to interrelate to the reader about their ideas and feelings so the readers can feel the

sense of reality and get the meaning of their literary works. One of the literary

works reflecting the reality life is novel. The story in a novel represents a part of

human life.

One of the topics in human life that can be raised in the novel is about

motivation. Without motivation, human leads his life pointlessly. Motivation

makes human understand the reason why they do something. The reason will

underline what human does and give the right direction to the goal of it. A novel

entitled The Memory Keeper’s Daughter by Kim Edwards is one of the

representatives of literary works that consist with human’s life and its

motivations.

Kim Edwards as the author of The Memory Keeper’s Daughter wrote a

story of motivation about a woman who becomes a foster mother for a down

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David, the father, does not want to have a down syndrome daughter. That is why

he gives the baby to his nurse to be brought away from his family. Since the nurse

does not have a heart to leave the baby in the institution, she agrees to take care of

his daughter. Then, David has kept this secret to his wife until the death comes to

him. In the end, his wife finds evidence showing that her daughter is still alive.

She meets her and the secret has been solved.

This study is about the novel entitled The Memory Keeper’s Daughter,

especially in the motivation of the Caroline as foster mother who takes care of a

girl suffered from down syndrome. This motivation is important to be analyzed

because Caroline has not any relationship at all with Phoebe, the down syndrome

girl. There would be many factors supporting her action to do this whether it is

from the inside or the outside of herself.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study, the problem can be formulated into

the following questions:

1. How is Caroline’s character portrayed in this novel?

2. What motivate Caroline to be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are to find the answers to the problem

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second objective is to reveal the motivations of Caroline to be a foster mother in

taking care of a down syndrome girl.

D. Benefits of the Study

There are three benefits that people can get from this study. First, it is

useful for the writer because she can learn some important values from this novel.

This novel portrays the reality. It is inspired the writer to live better and never

discriminate disabled person. Second, the study will be useful for the readers. This

study is expected to understand further about literature. Third, it is useful for other

researchers who need this study to be the references to their study in the future.

The suggestions given to help them develop or specify the topic.

E. Definition of Terms

There are two terms appeared in this study, which need to be clarified so

that the perception for every term can be so clear for the writer and the reader, as

follows:

1. Motivation

Motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain

behavior, usually toward some goal (Huffman, 2010, p. 407). In this study,

motivation refers to the forces within Caroline to take care of the down syndrome

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2. Down Syndrome

Down syndrome is a chromosomally transmitted form of mental

retardation caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 (Santrock,

2007, p. 68). In this novel, Phoebe suffers from down syndrome. This syndrome

was recognized since she was born. It can be known by analyzing the physical

appearance of the victims. They have a round face, a flat-tened skull, an extra fold

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6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the review of related literature. This chapter

consists of three parts. They are theoretical review, theory of psychology, and

theoretical framework. In theoretical review, they are theory of critical approach,

theory of character, theory of characterization. Theory of psychology contains

with theory of motivation. Theoretical framework discusses about the reason

putting the theories in this study.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Psychological Approach

This study employs psychological approach. The psychological approach

is an approach, which can be interpreted through human’s experience. Mary

Rohrberger and Samuel H Woods. Jr (1971) have describes the conclusion of the

unconscious area of the human mind:

Freud’s exploration of the unconscious area of human mind led him to the conclusion that it was this area that was wellspring of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, the complexity of his thought and behavior and that the contents of this region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions (p. 14).

Psychological approach is employed because this study needs some analyses

using theory of human motivation. Through psychological approach, the

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revealed by his words, thoughts, and actions. It really helps the writer to interpret

what is on Caroline’s mind when she takes her decision to take care of Phoebe.

2. Character and Characterization

Character is one of the components, which has important role in literary

works. Through character, a literary work gets its image from the participation of

each character.

Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—the action. (Abrams, 1999, p. 33-34)

Character is needed to be the subject of the literary work. In this case, novel is one

of the literary works, which puts character to lead the story. Character gives very

big influence in constructing reader’s view of the story in the novel. Klarer (1999)

noted, “The individualization of a character, however, has evolved into a main

feature of the genre of the novel” (p. 19). Each character has its own way in

making the story alive, even though there are major and minor characters. The

author must have reliable reasons why character is put into the story.

To get to know further about the character itself, Eastman (1965) divides

types of characters into flat and round character. The flat character is a type,

which is consistent. This character avoids to make some problems in his

surroundings. “He is unlikely to engage in inner conflict. Therefore he is not

likely to change ; he is static; his responses are predictable (p. 18).”

It is the opposite with round character, which is likely to change into

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behavior. “His desires and values are likely to pull in different directions. Because

he is in tension, he is also dynamic: capable of new kinds of behavior under new

strains” (p. 18).

Klarer (1999) agrees with this theory of characters. In his book An

Introduction to Literary Studies, he states both typified character (flat) and

individual character (round). The typified character is dominated by one specific

trait. Otherwise, the individual character denotes a personal with more complex

and differential features (p. 17).

The figures in a literary text can either be characterized as types or

individuals. Klarer (1999) states that characters can be rendered into showing and

telling as two different method of presentation. First, it is explanatory

characterization (telling) which describes a person through a narrator. In telling

method, the author describes clearly about the character further by using words,

for example: She is calm and well mannered. The reader easily knows the

characteristics of the character by reading what are printed in the narration.

Second, it is dramatic characterization (showing) which does away with

the position of an obvious narrator, thus avoiding any overt influence on the

reader by a narrative mediator (p. 19). In this method, the reader can freely guess

what lies behind all of the actions and dialogs showed by the characters in the

novel.

A character is often described as the character in terms of character traits.

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qualities of the character. The adjective words represent the personal description

of a character learned in a literary work.

3. Theory of Motivation

a. Definition of Motivation

This study needs theory of motivation as one of its review literature. This

theory could help answering the second problem formulation, which is about

analyzing Caroline’s motivation as a foster mother to take care of the girl with

down syndrome.

According to Huffman (2010), motivation comes from the Latin movere,

meaning ‘to move’ (p.406). From the meaning given, motivation is expected to

help human move from one point to other points through a process of life.

Motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior,

usually toward some goal (Huffman, 2010, p. 407). Motivation affects human

action in order to achieve their goal. In other words, motivation arranges and

gives strength to behavior.

Murray (1964) stated that motivation could be influenced from other

factors, which influence human behavior. He did not cover the reality that all of

things happened in human life are able to get the portion of creating someone's

behavior. Human behavior is susceptible. Any other unforgettable things, which

leave impression, have a chance to change their behavior.

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b. Human Motives

McClelland (1985) categorizes motivation into four major classes. They

are achievement motivation, affiliative motivation, power motivation, and

avoidance motivation. Every action could have one or more motivations as their

reason of doing that action. It is only distinguished by the standard in every

motivation. There is a possibility for motivations to complete each other. Power,

affiliative, and avoidance motivation are related to others in their surroundings. It

is different from achievement motivation, which comes from his own self. That

makes human needs to recognize him so that he can possibly understand what he

wants for real.

However, an action is only considered to be achievement motivated when the drive to perform emanates from within individuals themselves, i.e.,when individuals feel committed to a standard of excellence and pursue achievement goals on their own initiative.(McClelland, p. 137)

Affiliative and achievement motivation are chosen to be the appropriate

motivations because this study is aimed to analyze human relationship and how a

person drives himself to reach a goal. After analyzing the problem formulation,

the researcher decided to take these two motivations as the approach to answer the

second question of the problem formulation.

The first motivation employed in this research is affiliative motivation.

This motive relates to human relationship. According to list of Murray social

motives, affiliation is:

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and win affection of a cathected abject. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. (Murray 97)

Atkinson, Heyns, & Veroff inCharles P. Smith's Motivation and Personality (1992)

stated, “The affiliative motive is defined as the desire to establish, maintain, or restore

warm relationships with other people” (p. 53). This motivation is different with achievement motivation which is centered upon other people not only himself. The high affiliative-motivated person is fond to give priority to keep and make relationship because the affiliative activity could fulfill his need of affiliation.

Murray (1964) explains that people with high affiliation-motivated tend to

prioritize in socializing with other people. They often make calls, write letters, and

come to visit their friends and relatives. In the office, they also like interacting

with others. By having this kind of relationship, people would create dependency

between one to another. If the contacts happen intensively, it must be sure that

affiliative motivation would affect the way how people treat each other.

How does the affiliation motive affect performance? The individualistic, achievement-motivated individual works hard when he gets involved in a problem. The person motivated primarily by affiliation, however may not be so involve in getting the job done. People mean more to him than the task. In fact, this sort of person may find it difficult to stay in his room alone to study—he would much rather be at a bull session or out on a date. (Murray 102)

Affiliative motivation appears in human characteristics through many ways. One

of them is from their family. In the family, parents ordinarily offer many things

related to affection, such as love, warmth, and security. According to Charles P.

Smith (1992), children who experienced insecurity in the primary affiliative

relationship very early in life are apt to grow up with an implicit fear of rejection

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interact and build affection to the other people. Children absorb anything they see

and feel easily, and then they copy it in their life. This affection indirectly builds a

comfort feeling to the children and makes them to be dependent.

Some general observations suggest that the parents of affiliation-motivated children put more emphasis on close family ties and conformity to parental authority. They seem to encourage dependence rather than independence. (Murray 103)

Murray (1964) agreed that different gender could bring the different way of living

independently. Commonly, women are more dependent than men. They tend to

gather with others and build human relationship as many as they could so that

they feel safe and comfortable.

For one thing, men and women differ in dependence according to some studies. In our cultures, it is less acceptable for a male to be dependent and to seek the comfort of others. (Murray 104)

There would be possibility for men to be more dependent than women. It depends

on how they passed their childhood and the surroundings treated them. From this

explanation, it can be concluded that affiliative motivation indirectly affects

human behavior.

The second motivation which is employed in this study is achievement

motivation. Heckhausen (2008) stated that a behavior can be considered

achievement motivated when it involves “competition with a standard of

excellence” (p. 137). Achievement motivation is the people’s needs of reaching

and achieving the goal in their life. According to Murray in List of Murray's

Social Motives, achievement is:

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independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. To excel one’s self. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-regard by the successful exercise of talent. (Murray 97)

Each person has different ways to develop their motives for motivation. These

differences are influenced by many factors, such as the place where they live, how

they are treated in their family, and so forth. Murray (1965) stated that some

specific characters are familiar found in every high-achiever. These are the

specifications:

What are these high-achieving people like in other ways? They tend to have self-confidence, to like individual responsibility, and to prefer concrete knowledge of the result of their work. They get good grades. They are active in college and community activities, choose expert rather than friends as working partners, and are resistant to outside social pressure. They enjoy taking moderates risks in situations that depend on their own ability, but not when it comes to pure chance situations, such as horserace betting. (Murray 100)

It is clear that this kind of person is not worried in many things. They are

risk-takers, stubborn, and ambitious. Since achievement motivation is only from inside

of the person, it is common for the high achiever to work by himself. Being an

individual responsibility always becomes his habit because he is used to it. He

truly believes in his own ability to solve the problem and it makes him having a

high self-confidence. High-achiever gives important contributions to his

surroundings but not a good person to live with. He tends to do everything better

than before. They avoid doing something routine because it is not challenging.

After they finished doing things successfully, it would not be their concern no

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McClelland (1985), explained the incentive for the achievement motive. It

is emphasized that “doing something better” is the incentive for the achievement

motive. People who have achievement motive will do anything better than they

did before to achieve their goal. According to McClelland, there are many reasons

related to this incentive, such as to please the teacher, to avoid criticism, to gain

the approval of a loved one, or simply to get some time off from work (p. 228).

The incentive is needed for them to show how capable they are in actualizing their

goal.

B. Theoretical Framework

The study of Kim Edwards’ The Memory of Keeper’s Daughter is a life

analysis that becomes the major topic. This novel can be seen from many

perspectives, but in this study, the readers can get further explanation from the

psychological approach. The discussion would be about Caroline's motivation to

be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl. In order to answer the objective, I

formulated two problems. The first problem is to identify how Caroline’s

character is portrayed in this novel. The second problem is to analyze the

motivation of Caroline to be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl.

This analysis is supported by some theories. The theories used are theory

of character and characterization, and theory of motivation. Theory of character

and characterization has the function to find out the characters of Caroline which

defines as individual character (round). The theories used are by Klarer and

Abrams. By using this theory, I could find out Caroline’s characters and

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divides human characterization into two. They are explanatory characterization

(telling) and dramatic characterization (showing).

The second theory is theory of motivation by McClelland, Heckhausen,

and Murray. The explanations of these three researchers are complete enough to

find the answer of the second problem formulation. From this theory, I could

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16

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, there are three parts to be discussed. They are object of the

study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The object of the study

concerned with the object of this study, which is a novel of Kim Edwards, The

Memory Keepers’ Daughter. The approach of the study concerned with the

approach used in this study. Method of study concerned with the method and

procedure of this study.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is The Memory Keepers Daughter by Kim

Edwards. This is the first novel of Kim Edwards. She is the author of short story

collection The Secret of Fire King. This novel is published the first time in the

United States of America by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA)

Inc. 2005. It is published in Penguin Books (international edition) 2006. This

novel consists of 513 pages.

This novel tells about family, David Henry, a doctor, and his wife named

Norah. His wife gave a birth to twins named Paul and Phoebe. Paul is a normal

boy, but Phoebe has down syndrome. David keeps a secret not telling his wife

about the daughter condition. He prefers to say that their daughter died. It is

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because of it. David Hendry does not want his wife to have the same lost like what

his mother had if Phoebe is still with them. A down syndrome person also has the

possibility to die because of heart defect.

David Henry asks his nurse, Caroline, to bring his daughter into the

institution, but finally she takes Phoebe home. Then, Caroline decides to take care

of her. After that, Caroline struggles to have a new life in a new place with

Phoebe.

B. Approach of the Study

This novel is analyzed using psychological approach. This approach is

employed to understand the behavior of characters in this novel which is

considered by psychological aspect. It is really helpful to know Caroline’s

motivation to be a foster mother in taking care of Phoebe, a girl with down

syndrome.

C. Method of the Study

This study is a library study. This method is started with reading the

primary source that is the novel for many times to get better understanding of this

novel. The title of this novel is the Memory of Keeper’s Daughter by Kim

Edwards. After reading the novel for many times, I decided the topic of Caroline’s

motivation to be a foster mother to Phoebe, a down syndrome girl. I noted some

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Then, I collected some secondary sources in the library to find books of

literature and psychology. The secondary sources are books related to motivation

and literature theories, and also some books from the internet to complete the

sources that cannot be found in library. In the end, I use some theories that are

suitable for this study to support my findings.

In the process of analyzing the novel, I focused on the characters of

Caroline and the motivations of Caroline to be a foster mother in taking care of

the girl with down syndrome. In the first point, Caroline's characters are really

needed to be discussed. By finding the characters, I could answer the second point

and found out that Caroline’s characters affect her motivation in taking care of

Phoebe. Then, I related these characters and motivation using psychological

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19

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is to find out the two problems appeared in the problem formulation. First, it discusses the analysis of Caroline’s character portrayed in

this novel. Second, it is about what motivate Caroline to be a foster mother to take care of the girl with down syndrome.

A. The Description of Caroline’s Character

In the novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter, Caroline Lorraine Gill becomes one of the major characters in this novel. Kim Edwards, the writer,

employs the two methods of analyzing the character, which are telling and showing are included to tell the story. Klarer (1999), in his theory, supports this study to find the character and characterization implicitly and explicitly (p. 19).

In the theory of character and characterization, it has been discussed that Klarer (1999) and Eastman (1965) represented two kinds of character, which are

typified character (flat) and individualized character (round). From this novel, Caroline as one of the major characters is analyzed as an individualized character (round). This type of character experiences the changes of her character after

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1. Physical Description

As written in the novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter, David Henry describes Caroline as a blue-eyed woman with a pale face. In defining Caroline’s physical description, the theory employed is by Abrams (1999) who states that

character can be interpreted by his dialogue and action (p. 33-34). It bears out that both dialogue and action are completed one another. In this case, Kim Edwards

employs David Henry’s thought to portray her physical description. David Henry makes his judgment after looking at Caroline.

The nurse met them. The moment he saw her, he knew something was wrong. She had large blue eyes in a pale face that might have been forty or twenty-five, and whenever something was not to her liking a thin vertical line formed across her forehead, just between her eyes. (14)

Beside she has blue eyes and pale face, the narrator describes Caroline as a tall,

thin, and angular woman. The description is stated clearly in the first chapter of this novel. “The nurse nodded. She was tall. So thin and angular it seemed the bones might poke from beneath her skin at any moment. Her large blue eyes were

solemn and intelligent” (15).

In addition, to describe her appearance, Caroline’s age is also stated in this

novel which is in her thirties. It is noted by the narrator. “For Caroline Gill was thirty-one, and she had been waiting a long time for her real life to begin” (31).

2. Personality Description

a. Responsible

This personality description is stated clearly in this novel. According to

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by David Henry. After arriving to the institution, she is not sure that the place is

worth living in. Because of the bad condition of the building and how people are treated there, Caroline refuses to leave Phoebe there and choose to keep her for sometimes. Caroline's responsibility is shown by her own thought and action

when she gets a chance to leave her everywhere but she does not do it. She prefers to take Phoebe with her while she thinks about what she is going to do with the

infant.

She picked her way though the slush, afraid of falling and hurting the baby, thinking at the same time, fleetingly, how easy it would be to simply leave her, in a garbage Dumpster or on the steps of a church or anywhere. Her power over this tiny life was total. A deep sense of responsibility flooded through her, making her light-headed. (42)

After raising Phoebe and moving to Pittsburgh, she is married to a good man and

has a new life with this family. She decides to write letters to David Henry continuously to tell Phoebe’s growth. When David Henry passed away, she took

the risk by coming to Norah Henry’s house and telling her that Phoebe is still alive. This decision portrays Caroline’s responsibility not separating the daughter and her mother. She wants Norah to know that her daughter is healthy. From

Caroline’s words, the showing method is used to judge Caroline’s character which is responsible as seen in her action. “Look, I’m sorry,” Caroline said. “I don’t

know how to say this. There isn’t an easy way, I suppose, so I’ll just come out with it. Norah, that night when your twins were born, Phoebe and Paul, there was a problem” (469).

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need to tell Phoebe’s mother that Phoebe is still alive and healthy. This also shows

that Caroline is responsible. She understands that Norah has her right to know the existence of Phoebe in this life.

b. Loving

Because Caroline passed her childhood with care and love, she had grown up to be a woman who is kindhearted and cares for other people around her. In

this showing method, Caroline’s action shows that she is a nurse who treats her patients with love. It happens also to the infant named Phoebe, when she is asked to take her to an institution. “Instinctively, protectively, she curved herself around

the box and wedged it into the backseat, where the pink blanket fell softly against the white vinyl upholstery” (26).

After moving to Pittsburgh, she starts her new life with Phoebe. She chooses to take Phoebe and live together. For Caroline, it is a great thing to have a chance sharing her love to someone special. It has been a long time since she has

no one to share with. Phoebe is someone who brings new hopes and purposes of her life. She misses to love and to be loved, and Phoebe can fill her heart with joy

and love. She expresses her love feeling in her words using showing method. “Be well, my baby, Caroline murmured, stroking her soft dark hair. Be better sweet girl, be well“ (114).

It is not easy for Caroline having a down syndrome girl who is slow to learn. She has to deal with some people who underestimate Phoebe. For Caroline

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The method employed to describe Caroline’s love is by showing as seen in her

thought.

What a terrible shame! Oh, you're living my worst nightmare. And once, At least she won't live very long—that's a blessing. Thoughtless or ignorant or cruel, it didn't matter; over the years these comments had rubbed a raw spot in Caroline's heart. (203)

Caroline’s love is also directed to Al, the truck driver. He is the person who saved her when she ran out of the gas and needed a ride. After Caroline moved from

Kentucky, he tries to find her. He roams every place to look for her. Pittsburgh is the city, which he could find her and not let her go again. Continuously, he comes to Doro’s house and visits Caroline and Phoebe. With employing the telling

method, Al’s patience is described by how hard Al is to make Caroline believe that he is honest. The way he treats Phoebe gives Caroline trust that Al is the right

man for her. Then, Caroline starts to love him as seen in her action.

Her heart lifted. He had courted her with a slow, persistent patience, showing up, solid and steady, week after week, offering a fistful of flowers or something other cheerful gift, the pleasure on his face so real that she could not bear to turn him away. Yet she'd held herself back from him, not trusting this love that had come so unexpectedly, from such an expected source. Now she stood, feeling a rush of pleasure. How afraid she'd been that this time he would stay away! (211)

Caroline's love is shown by her own thought, which is called dramatic characterization (showing). She is asked by her husband to leave Phoebe for holiday. There is a doubt and worry to release her with other person to take care

of. Along Phoebe's life, she has never gone far from Caroline. Caroline really loves her and does not have a heart to leave Phoebe even for a second. Caroline

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night. She had fought so many fights already to make a life for Phoebe in this

indifferent world” (292).

Because of Caroline’s very big love feeling to Phoebe, she also has a big worry to lose her. When David Henry wants to meet Phoebe, there is an anxiety

coming to Caroline. Would he take Phoebe back to live with him? Her love feeling really forces her to protect Phoebe from anything bad that would happen.

That is why she stops writing the letters to David Henry and let him disappear from their life. This showing method gives the interpretation about Caroline’s love to Phoebe as seen in her words. “I couldn't lose her, “she said. “I was angry

with you for a long, long time, but by then I was mostly afraid that if you met her you'd take her away. That's why I stopped writing” (314).

Eighteen years passed, Caroline has a chance to meet David Henry in his photos exhibition. David Henry is so excited to want to have a dinner with her but she needs to wait until the show is over. First, a feeling that she recognized in a

past comes in her heart. Then, she realizes something wrong. This is not the life she had dreamed of when she was young. This is the real life she has with people

she loves around her. She has built the best life she could get with care and attention. By her thought, showing method analyzes this Caroline’s loving character.

Caroline stood still a moment longer. This was her life. Not the life she had once dreamed of, not a life her younger self would ever have imagined or desired, but the life she was living, with all its complexities. This was her life, built with care and attention, and it was good. (322)

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lives her life with care and attention. She does not want to be arrogant with all of

her teenage dreams.

c. Calm

Caroline’s childhood was so lonely. She had grown in a family who really

expected her presence for so long. Both of her parents protect her from any diseases and other dangerous things that could harm her. In this narration, the

Klarer’s method of presentation used is telling. By reading this narration, it is clearly shown that Caroline is calm.

Her mother had been past forty when Caroline was born, her father already fifty-two. They had long since given up waiting for a child, had released any hope or expectation or even regret. Their lives were orderly, calm, content. (28)

Caroline takes Phoebe to her apartment because in her opinion, the institution is

too bad to live in. then, David Henry comes to see them and asks Caroline to do anything she wants with Phoebe and gives some money for both of them to live far from Kentucky. For being in this situation, Caroline’s thought is full of

confusion. For many times she had thought to leave from her apartment and has a beautiful life elsewhere, but she never expected to leave this time and take a baby

with her. The telling method presents explicitly that Caroline is calm.

She tried to silence her thoughts. Surely there was another, less dramatic way. That’s what her mother would have said, shaking her head, telling her not to play Sarah Bernhardt. Caroline hadn’t known for years who Sarah Bernhardt was, but she knew well enough her mother’s meaning: any excess of emotion was a bad thing, disruptive to the calm order of their days. (84-85)

Because Phoebe is a down syndrome girl, unconsciously Caroline underestimates

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worried every time Phoebe wants to be independent. It also happened when

Phoebe starts falling in love with Robert who also suffers from down syndrome. There is doubt and little incredulity appeared in Caroline’s mind whether she will be fine living without her or not. Although Caroline does not agree with Phoebe

and Robert’s relationship, she still tries not to be angry and treats them as adult because Caroline realizes that Phoebe has grown up to be a big girl. it is seen by

Caroline’s words and action. The process of human growth could change the personality. Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Jr. (1971) also stated that the human personality develops from infancy through childhood until adolescence

and the telling method is employed in this characterization. “Caroline, trembling, tried to stay calm. Phoebe was, after all, a grown woman. “Robert,” she said, “I

need to talk to Phoebe for a minute. Alone, please” (439).

Caroline, as a mother, is little bit angry with Phoebe about her decision having relationship with Robert. She thinks Phoebe is not ready yet to have that

kind of relationship, but she does not want to show her anger in front of Robert. This is when Caroline looks calm.

d. Competent

Caroline is a competent person. It is seen from her action when she does her job as a nurse. Without complaining too much, she works with all of her heart.

This statement is supported by David Henry’s point of view. In David Henry’s point of view, he uses telling method to express his amazement. In this method, he

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He’d had tears in his eyes when he opened them, raising his head from the desk. The nurse was standing in the doorway, her face gentled by emotion. She was beautiful at the moment, half smiling, not at all the efficient woman who worked beside him so quietly and competently each day. (15) The other telling method is also shown in David Henry’s thought when he admits

Caroline’s capability by giving her compliment in front of people. He never doubts that Caroline is the best nurse who ever works with him. As a doctor who has many experiences, this confession is very important to prove that Caroline is

competent.

After that, when people teased him about her, he made them stop. She’s a very fine nurse, he would say, holding up hand against the jokes, honoring that moment of communion they had shared. She’s the best I’ve ever worked with. This was true, and now he was very glad to have her with him. (16)

Caroline, herself, knows exactly herself. People praise her to what she has done for her job. She realizes that being a good nurse must be equaled to the ability she has. Therefore, she never quits. She keeps trying to be a better person with more

abilities day by day. Her trait can be seen from her thought and action with using showing method.

She had faith in herself and her own capabilities. She was not a person who ever got halfway to a destination and paused, wondering if she'd left an iron on and if the house was burning down. She kept on working. She waited. (32)

e. Sensitive

Caroline is a sensitive person. When she comes to the institution to leave the baby, she sees a condition, which she cannot bear it. The surroundings of this institution give her a bleeding heart. It is shown from her thought. Using showing

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Later, when she remembered this moment, one woman with a pair of scissors and the other sitting in a cotton slip amid the ruins of her hair, she would think of it in black and white and the image would fill her with a wild emptiness and yearning. For what, she was not certain. The hair was scattered, irretrievable, and the cold light fell through the window. She felt tears in her eyes. (37)

To continue her and Phoebe’s life, Caroline works with Dorothy March to take care of her old father, Leo March. He is a person who often makes difficulties to Caroline because he wants to get attention by doing some stupidity. Caroline is

the only one who understands him and his situation of being an old man.

Caroline did not like Leo March—he was not likeable—but whatever animosity she held for him was complicated by compassion. For in moments like these she saw how the world looked at him and saw an old man, senile and forgetful, rather than the universe that had been, that was still, Leo March. (128)

In this part, showing method is used to present Caroline’s trait by her thought. The way Caroline understands what Leo March had did to get some attentions because he thinks the world does not notice him, an old man. Caroline’s sensitivity is

shown when she could accept all of his behaviors.

f. Brave

In a new place, Caroline applied for some jobs. It must have been easy for her who had many experiences as a competent nurse, but the situation is not that simple. Phoebe’s presence becomes the strong reason why she is rejected. In her

interview with Dorothy March, she lies to her that Phoebe’s father has left her and she needed money. She can bear out to Dorothy that she is an excellent nurse and

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Dorothy March gave a sharp, startled laugh. ”What a bold statement! My dear, it’s

a live position. Why in the world would I take such a chance on a perfect stranger?” (117).

To struggle a justice for Phoebe, a down syndrome girl, is not easy. It is

about down syndrome children’s right to get education as good as what the normal children can get. Caroline joins the organization to fight for down

syndrome children. This case is brought into the court. She usually could control her emotion every time she gets angry, but this time she needs to speak. She feels there should be defenses against some people who think they were right. She

never felt like this before. There was a big push from her heart to be brave telling what she has in mind. The showing method is chosen to express her bravery in her

thought.

Her dead mother's hand flew to her mouth in shock. Caroline herself could not quite believe it, how her life had changed her, what she had become. But there was no going back. A flood of the mentally retarded, indeed! She pressed her hands to the table and waited. One by one the men stopped speaking, and the room grew quiet. (208)

What she has passed with Phoebe gives her strength to be brave. In the court, she

explains what she has experienced since she lived with Phoebe. People who always talk about data and numbers should understand the subject is a human. The

down syndrome children also have the abilities to do anything the normal children do. In this case, Caroline’s words express her bravery with showing method.

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appear to have forgotten that in this country we promise an education to every child—regardless of ability.” (208)

Using telling method, Caroline confesses the secret about how she could bring Phoebe into her life to Al, her husband. Al has known this and does not take it

serious. He is proud of Caroline not to leaving Phoebe in the institution. He admitted her bravery to have this plan. Al’s words declare that Caroline is brave.

Al didn’t speak for a while. ”I’ve heard of things like that,” he said at last. “I’ve heard those kinds of stories, on the road. You were brave, Caroline. You did the right thing. It’s hard to think of Phoebe growing up in a place like that.” (295)

g. Smart

In Pittsburgh, Caroline works as a companion to take care an old man

named Leo March who is physically strong but subject to lapses of memory and sense. Before her, his daughter, Doro had hired eight different people but none of

them adhered to his behavior. Only Caroline could stand with him. For many times, Leo made many problems and Caroline still could handle it. Then, Leo, himself, admitted that Caroline is a smart woman. According to telling method,

He is explicitly stated by his words that Caroline is smart. They walked a few more feet in silence.

“You’re a smart woman,” Leo said. She stopped on the bricks, astonished. “What? What did you say?”

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the rights that children have to get education. Ron Stone, the lawyer of the

society, feels full of pleasure because he can guarantee that they will win this case. He really thanks Caroline for her best speech. It shows that Caroline is so smart. She knows what to say to make the school board believe that the down

syndrome children deserve to get education. “Outside, on the old stone steps, they burst into talk; Ron was pleased, cautiously optimistic, but the others were

ebullient, hugging Caroline to thank her for her speech” (209).

B. Caroline’s Motivation as a Foster Mother in Taking Care of Down

Syndrome Girl

In this study, human motivation becomes the main theory to be discussed. Every human must have motivation in every action they do. This motivation could

be the reason why human do something. Human motivation is important to be analyzed because human life and human motivation are related each other.

Huffman (2010) Motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct,

and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal (p. 407). Murray (1964) also has the same idea with Huffman that motivation influences human behavior. In

addition, the past experience of the person, his physical capabilities, and the environmental situation may also influence motivation (p. 7).

In order to find out the motivation used in this study, the theory chosen is

by McClelland (1985) who categorizes motivation into four major classes. They are achievement, affiliative, power, and avoidance motivation. From these four

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motivation to take care of Phoebe. Caroline’s achievement motivation shows her

process of struggle from being unlucky to be someone better who can survive and live with happiness.

Her difficult past life really gives Caroline many bad experiences that

influence her personality as well. It reflects how hard Caroline lives her life when she was a child until her teenager. She is an optimistic person but the surrounding

never supports her to reach her dreams. This condition motivates Caroline to get out from her afflicted life. Since Phoebe came to her life, she believes that they will write their life story together. Caroline has spent her life alone without

anyone special accompanies her every single day. After the death of her parents, she has no one to share. Phoebe means everything for her so that Phoebe is worthy

to be struggled. McClelland (1985) emphasized that “doing something better” is the incentive for the achievement motive. Having Phoebe in Caroline’s life really strengthen her to do everything better than before. Phoebe becomes her new

reason to live and survive.

1. Caroline's Affiliative Motivation

The first Caroline’s motivation is affiliative motivation. It becomes the major motivation in this study because this motivation takes the main role of Caroline’s decision to be a foster mother to Phoebe. According toAtkinson, Heyns,

& Veroff in Charles P. Smith's Motivation and Personality (1992), the affiliative motive

is defined as the desire to establish, maintain, or restore warm relationships with other

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thirties, she has not any man to be her lover. She just spends her time to work and

live alone in her tiny apartment. Caroline is bored with the loneliness she has experienced. This makes Caroline decides to find someone to share with.

This motivation divides into four parts. The first part is Caroline’s need to keep the relationship between her and David Henry. Phoebe is David Henry’s daughter. Caroline thinks if she becomes a foster mother for Phoebe. She can still

keep in touch with David Henry. According to list of Murray social motives, affiliation is:

To draw near and enjoyably co-operate or reciprocate with an allied other (an other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject). To please and win affection of a cathected abject. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. (Murray 97)

Caroline still listens to David Henry and adores him, although he has married to

Norah, a beautiful woman. She is not a kind of woman who can easily forget her feeling to David Henry. The second part is the refuses of David Henry to Phoebe because she suffers from down syndrome. David Henry is the man who asks

Caroline to take Phoebe to the institution because she suffers from down syndrome and David Henry keeps his wife away from sorrow. She comes to the

institution but then she finally raises the girl alone and takes her to live a new life. The third part is the need for affiliation with someone she loves. She realizes that she cannot live by herself in this world. She needs somebody to share with.

Phoebe is the first person who is so close to her after her parents’ death. She feels the warmth, love, and togetherness every time she gets close to Phoebe. Phoebe

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is Caroline’s love to Phoebe at the first sight. The first time she sees Phoebe she

falls in love with her. Phoebe’s innocent face indicates that she does not deserve to get injustice. Caroline prefers taking Phoebe with her to leaving Phoebe at

institution.

a. Caroline’s Responsibility after David Henry Refuses to Take Care of

Phoebe

David Henry as a father does not want to take care of Phoebe because she suffers from down syndrome. The first time he sees the baby, he knows there is something wrong with her. He analyses his daughter’s physical appearance.

According to his knowledge as a doctor, down syndrome could be possible to have heart complication and die early. “What he was looking at were the

unmistakable features, the eyes turned up as if with laughter, the epicanthal fold across their lids, the flattened nose (21).”

This condition forces David Henry to take Phoebe far from his wife,

Norah. He knows the feeling of a mother if she loses her daughter, just like David Henry’s mother when she loses his sister in the early age. She could never leave

from her grief. It really tortures David Henry to see his mother in sorrow. He does not want Norah to experience the same sadness. According to Charles P. Smith (1992), children who experienced insecurity in the primary affiliative relationship

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sadness, he did not get the attention from her and it makes him afraid if someday

his wife loses their daughter, he will lose the attention of his wife also.

His sister had been born with a heart defect and had grown very slowly, her breath catching and coming in little gasp whenever she tried to run. For many years, until the first trip to the clinic in Morgantown, they had not known what was the matter. Then, they knew, and there was nothing they could do. All his mother’s attention had gone to her, and yet she had died when she was twelve years old. The doctor had been sixteen, already living in a town to attend high school, already on his way to Pittsburgh and medical school and the life he was living now. Still, he remembered the depth and endurance of his mother’s grief, the way she walked uphill to the grave every morning, her arms folded against whatever whether she encountered. (21)

To avoid his wife from sorrow, David Henry has no choice except giving Phoebe to the institution. He asks Caroline, his nurse to bring his daughter to the address

given. “There’s a place,” he said, writing the name and address on the back of an envelope. “I’d like you to take her there. When it’s light, I mean. I’ll issue the

birth certificate, and I’ll call to say you’re coming” (23).

Caroline does not accept David Henry’s request directly. There is a refusal in her side. Then, David Henry really convinces her that it is only a matter of keeping them from sorrow. “Don’t you see?” he asked, his voice soft. “This poor

child will most likely have a serious heart defect. A fatal one. I’m trying to spare us all a terrible grief” (24). David Henry does not regret in the beginning because

he believes his decision will be the best for all of them. Phoebe will get the right treatment needed for a down syndrome girl like her. “That is was no one’s fault, that their daughter would be in good hands, with others like herself, with ceaseless

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Caroline does not have any choices. After getting the explanation from

David Henry, she could understand his feeling and thought about this decision. She goes to the institution and sees the place is so bad. There are many people in a bad condition because they are lack of food, care, and facilities available in that

institution. She decides to bring Phoebe back to her apartment. This makes David Henry angry.

”It was awful,” she said, relieved. So he hadn’t known what he was doing. She wanted to hate him still, but she remembered how many nights he had stayed at the clinic, treating patients who could not afford the care they needed. (82)

This situation raises a debate between Caroline and David Henry. Caroline gives a

solution to tell the truth to his wife that their daughter is still alive. David Henry refuses that idea. He cannot confess to his wife because he has told her that

Phoebe died because she is a blue baby. “You have to tell her,” she said. His face was pale, still, but determined. “No,” he said. “It’s too late now. Do whatever you

have to do, Caroline, but I can’t tell her. I won’t” (82).

Caroline gets more confused. She does not know what to do. Then, David Henry begs her by kissing her hands. He lets Caroline to decide the best way of

this case. He is also stuck with this problem. He trusts Caroline to take whatever it will be.

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To be honest, she is bored with the life she has in Kentucky. She is tired waiting

for some amazing things happened in her life. She needs to get out from that small town and go somewhere to start her new life with Phoebe. She is so excited to imagine where she will go and what she will do after this. “Twin threads ran

through her: fear and excitement. She could leave this place today. She could start a new life somewhere else. She would have to do that, anyway, no matter what

she decided to do about the baby” (85).

b. The Protection Needed by Phoebe from Caroline

Phoebe was born with a weak body. Because of her abnormality, her

physical appearance is not like a normal baby. She is smaller and weaker. To see the baby in this condition makes Caroline feeling sorry for Phoebe. She realizes

that Phoebe is so weak when they are in institution. There is an attraction between her and Phoebe. Caroline maintains this warm relationship because she is curious to know Phoebe closer. According toAtkinson, Heyns, & Veroff in Charles P. Smith's Motivation and Personality (1992), the affiliative motive is defined as the desire to

establish, maintain, or restore warm relationships with other people (p. 53). She starts to see Phoebe in detail and thinks that Phoebe really needs protection from her.

Phoebe. She was so tiny, five and a half pounds, smaller than her brother though with the same rich dark hair. Caroline checked her diaper―tarry meconium stained the damp cloth―changed her, and wrapped her back up. She had not woken, and Caroline held her for a moment, feeling how light she was, how small, how warm. Her face was so small, so volatile. Even in her sleep, expression moved like clouds across her features. (37-38)

The institution is far from good-recommended place that David Henry has told

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leave the baby in that institution. Actually, she does not need to care of her. She

does not even have a relationship with Phoebe. She can leave her anywhere she wants. That should not be her business. Yet, Caroline does not have a heart to do that because she is a responsible person. David Henry has trusted her to bring her

in the institution. She will never do any actions before discussing it first to David Henry. She would rather take Phoebe to her house and get the solution for the next

step.

She picked her way through the slush, afraid of falling and hurting the baby, thinking at the same time, fleetingly, how easy it would be to simply leave her, in a garbage Dumpster or on the steps of a church or anywhere. Her power over this tiny life was total. A deep sense of responsibility flooded through her, making her light-headed. (42)

One year after she started her life with Phoebe, she is glad to know that Phoebe is

still fine. Sometimes, Phoebe is worrying because of her immune system. Day by day, Caroline learns how to be a good mother to Phoebe. She has loved Phoebe

just like her own child. Caroline is also amazed to herself for hanging on in a new place by working as a companion for an old man, named Leo March. “More than once this year she’d started awake to find herself standing and Phoebe,

miraculously, still safe in her arms” (114).

c. Caroline’s Need for Having a Good Relationship with Others

She has grown up to be someone who only could remember some parts of her childhood. It is not because her difficulties in getting some friends. Her parents are over protective to have her with them. She is the only child they have

Caroline`s motivation to be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl as seen in Kim Edwars` The Memory Keeper`s Daughter.

CAROLINE’S MOTIVATION TO BE A FOSTER MOTHER

TO A DOWN SYNDROME GIRL AS SEEN

IN KIM EDWARDS’

THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER

CAROLINE’S MOTIVATION TO BE A FOSTER MOTHER

TO A DOWN SYNDROME GIRL AS SEEN

IN KIM EDWARDS’

THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER

Courage is the most important of all

virtues, because without courage you can’t

practice any other virtues consistently

-

Maya

Angelou-This thesis is dedicated to:

my Mom up in heaven and my super Dad,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS