PRESENT TENSE. 1. Simple Present Tense Tense ini untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini.

PRESENT TENSE

1. Simple Present Tense

Tense ini untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Rumus – Kata kerja:

(positive) : S + V1 / S + V1 + O (Negative) : S + do (es) not + V1 (Interrogative) : Do (es) + S + V1 ?

Rumus – Bukan kata kerja menggunakan to be. Affirmative (+) : S + Be (am, is, are)

Affirmative (-) : S + Be (am, is, are) + not Affirmative (?) : Be (am, is, are) + S Contoh:

(Positive) : He drinks milk.

(Negative) : He does not drink milk. (Interrogative) : Does he drink milk? Passive Voice : Milk is drunk by him 2. Present Continuous Tense

Tense ini untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau rencana dimasa depan. Rumus:

(positive) : S + Be (am, is are) + V ing (present participle) (Negative) : S + Be (am, is are) + not + V ing

(Interrogative) : Be (am, is, are) + S + V ing ? Contoh:

(Positive) : He is drinking milk. (Negative) : He is not drinking milk. (Interrogative) : Is he drinking milk ? Passive Voice : Milk is being drunk by him 3. Present Perfect Tense

Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.

Rumus:

(positive) : S + have (has) + V3 (past participle) (Negative) : S + have (has) + not + V3

(Interrogative) : Have (has) + S + V3? Contoh:

(Positive) : He has drunk milk. (Negative) : He has not drunk milk. (Interrogative) : Has he drunk milk ?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.

Rumus:

(positive) : S + have (has) + been + Ving (Negative) : S + have (has) + not + been + Ving (Interrogative) : Have (has) + S + been + Ving ? Contoh:

(Positive) : He has been drinking milk. (Negative) : He has not been drinking milk. (Interrogative) : Has he been drinking milk ? Passive Voice : Milk has been being by him

PAST TENSE 1. Simple Past Tense

Tense ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Rumus:

(Positive) : S + V2 (preterite) (Negative) : S + did not (didn’t) + V1 (Interrogative) : Did + S + V1 ?

Contoh:

(Positive) : He drank milk. (Negative) : He did not drink milk. (Interrogative) : Did he drink milk ? Passive Voice : Milk was drunk by him 2. Past Continuous Tense

Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + was/were + V ing (present participle) (Negative) : S + was/were + not + V ing

(Interrogative) : was/were + S + V ing? Contoh:

(Positive) : He was drinking milk. (Negative) : He was not drinking milk. (Interrogative) : Was he drinking milk ? Passive Voice : Milk is being drunk by him

3. Past Perfect Tense

Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + had + V3 (Negative) : S + had + not + V3 (Interrogative) : Had + S + V3? Contoh:

(Positive) : He had drunk milk. (Negative) : He had not drunk milk. (Interrogative) : Had He drunk milk ?

Passive Voice : Milk had been drunk by him 4. Past Perfect Continuos Tense

Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu dimasa lalu.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + had been + V ing (Negative) : S + had not + been + V ing (Interrogative) : Had + S + been + V ing? Contoh:

(Positive) : He had been drinking. (Negative) : He had not been drinking. (Interrogative) : Had he been drinking ?

Passive Voice : Milk had been being drunk by him FUTURE TENSE 1. Simple Future Tense

Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana. Rumus:

(Positive) : S + shall/will + V1 (Negative) : S + shall/will + not + V1 (Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + V1 ? Contoh:

(Positive) : He will drink milk. (Negative) : He will not drink milk. (Interrogative) : Will He drink ?

2. Future Continuous Tense

Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Rumus:

(Positive) : S + shall/will be + V ing (Negative) : S + shall/will + not + be + V ing

(Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + Be + V ing? Contoh:

(Positive) : He will be drinking milk. (Negative) : He will not be drinking milk. (Interrogative) : Will he be drinking milk ? Passive Voice : Milk will be being drunk by him 3. Future Perfect Tense

Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa depan.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + shall/will have + V3 (Negative) : S + shall/will + not + have + V3 (Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + have + V3? Contoh:

(Positive) : He will have drunk milk. (Negative) : He will not have drunk milk. (Interrogative) : Will he have drunk milk ? Passive Voice : Milk will has drunk by him 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + shall/will have been + V ing

(Negative) : S + shall/will + not + have been + V ing (Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + have been + V ing? Contoh:

(Positive) : he will have been drinking milk. (Negative) : he will not have been drinking milk. (Interrogative) : Will he have been drinking milk ? Passive Voice : Milk will has being drunk milk

PAST FUTURE TENSE 1. Past Future Tense

Tense ini untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + will + V1 (Negative) : S + will not + V1 (Interrogative) : Will + S + V1? Contoh:

(Negative) : He will not drink milk. (Interrogative) : Will he drink ?

Passive Voice : Milk will be drunk by him 2. Past Future Continuous Tense

Tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang akan sedang berlangsung (berupa prediksi/rencana) di masa depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + will be + V ing (Negative) : S + will not be + V ing (Interrogative) : will + S + be + V ing? Examples:

(Positive) : He will be drinking milk. (Negative) : He will not be drinking milk. (Interrogative) : Will he be drinking milk ?

Passive Voice : Milk would have been drunk by him 3. Past Future Perfect Tense

Tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu aksi aktivitas yang akan telah dilakukan di masa lalu. Rumus:

(Positive) : S + will have + V3 (Negative) : S + will not + have + V3 (Interrogative) : will + S + have + V3? Contoh:

(Positive) : he will have drunk milk. (Negative) : he will not have drunk milk. (Interrogative) : Will he have drunk milk ? 4. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Mirip dengan future perfect continuous tense, namun realisasi aksi yang dilakukan dapat diketahui sekarang karena aksinya terjadi di masa lampau.

Rumus:

(Positive) : S + will + have + been + V ing (Negative) : S + will + have not + been +V ing (Interrogative) : will + S + have been + V ing? Contoh:

(Positive) : he will have been drinking milk (Negative) : he will have not been drinking milk (Interrogative) : Will he have been drinking ?

GERUND

Gerund adalah kata kerja (Verb) yang digunakan tetapi fungsinya berubah sebagai kata benda (Noun). atau dapat juga dikatakan bahwa gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan (Verbal Noun).

Bentuk dari Gerund adalah: VERB 1 + ING

Contohnya: swimming, shopping, talking, playing, sleeping, eating, etc. Fungsi dan Contoh Gerund

1. Menggunakan Gerund sebagai subject

Apabila Gerund sebagai Subject, maka Gerund dapat berdiri sendiri atau berbentuk sebagai frase. Contoh:

Playing football is my hobby.

Bentuk dari kata “playing” pada kalimat di atas adalah sebagai Gerund, yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Noun). 2. Menggunakan Gerund sebagai object

Ada dua kemungkinan jika Gerund digunakan sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (Object Kata Depan) dan Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja).

- Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Preposition (Object Preposisi) Formula: Preposition + Gerund (Verb + Ing)

Contoh:

We talk about going to Bali for our vacation. She is not interesting in looking for a new job. Thank you for helping me carry the bag. You Should take advantage of living here. The rain prevented us from completing the work. We will be happy by listening the music.

Billy is not used to wearing a suit and tie everyday.

- Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja) Formula: VERB + Gerund (Verb + Ing)

Kata kerja (VERB) yang lazim diikuti oleh Gerund adalah sebagai berikut: 3. Gerund sebagai kata majemuk (Compound Noun) yang mengandung arti alat Contoh:

Swiming Pool, Swimming Suit, Shopping Centre, Drawing Book, Sewing Machine, Washing Machine, Writing Paper, Dinning Table, Shopping Bag, Racing Car, Waiting Room, Dinning Room, Living Room, Surfing Board, etc.

4. Gerund digunakan untuk membuat suatu larangan atau peringatan yang singkat Contoh:

Who

Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkan noun berupa orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verb pada relative clause.

Contoh:

The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour.

(Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.) I looked for the man who borrowed me money.

(Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.) Which

Berfungsi menghubungkan noun benda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan relative clause.

Contoh:

The table which was made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayu oak sudah patah.) Whose

Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepemilikan terhadap benda maupun orang yang diterangkan pada bagian klausa-nya.

Contoh:

The woman whose car I want to buy is my old friend.

(Wanita yang mobilnya saya ingin beli adalah teman lama saya.) Whom

Whom merupakan bentuk yang lebih formal dari who. Whom sering diawali oleh preposition (berfungsi sebagai object of preposition). Relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai objek pada adjective clause.

Contoh:

He is the one for whom I’m waiting.

(Dia satu-satunya yang sedang saya tunggu.)

The team whom you were watching has won three gold medals. (Tim yang kamu tonton telah memenangkan tiga medali emas.) Where

Tempat Contoh:

Nobody knows where she lives now.

(Tidak ada yang tau dimana dia tinggal sekarang.) When

Waktu Contoh:

When I got home last night, someone was trying to break into my house.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal auxiliary adalah kata bantu kerja yang bentuknya bermacam-macam dan ini di gunakan sesuai keadaan yang ingin diungkapkan oleh sipembicaranya. Bentuk kalimat-kalimatnya dapat digunakan dengan kata kerja dan selain kata kerja, bisa digunakan untuk situasi sekarang ataupun yang memiliki arti untuk situasi yang akan datang.

Modal auxiliaries itu adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Can : bisa, mampu, dapat, sanggup. 2. May : boleh, bisa.

3. Will/shall : akan, bakalan.

4. Must, have to, need, ought to, should : harus, seharusnya, mesti. 5. Could, would : sudi, ingin, berkenan. RUMUS

1. CAN. MUST, MAY, WLL/SHALL, SHOULD, COULD, WOULD, NEED, OUGHT TO:

Penggunaannya sama dengan auxiliary will/shall pola III, baik untuk yang menggunakan kata kerja (Verb I) maupun selain kata kerja (Non-V).

Menggunakan Verb I Rumus kalimat positif : S + Aux. + Verb I + O + Adv 1. I can speak English now. 2. I may sit beside you.

3. We must study English well. 4. She need go now.

5. I could help you. Rumus kalimat bertanya: Aux. + S + Verb I + O + Adv 1. Can you help me, friend? 2. Could you open the door? 3. Must he make you sad like this? 4. Ought they to help us?

5. Need they leave today? Rumus kalimat negatif:

S + Aux. + Not + Verb I + O + Adv 1. I can’t come tomorrow.

2. They mayn’t distusb our friends. 3. I won’t hete you.

4. Rina mustn’t work today. 5. She ought to speak like that. Rumus kalimat bertanya menidakan: Aux. + Not + S + Verb I + O + Adv 1. Can’t you help me?

2. Won’t they invite us? 3. Oughtn’t they to realize it? 4. Myan’t I stand beside you?

Menggunakan selain kata kerja (Non-V) Rumus kalimat positaf:

S + Aux. + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. I can be crazy about english. 2. It may be suitable to me. 3. You ought to be honest. 4. I could be here at 10.00 am. 5. I would be your friend. Rumus kalimat bertanya: Aux. + S + Be + Non-V + Adv

1. Must Dian be on time tomorow? 2. Can you be our leader on next hiking? 3. Could you be slowly, please?

4. Ought we to be committee? 5. Must Paul be here now? Rumus kalimat negatif:

S + Aux. + Not + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. I can’t be an English teacher. 2. You mayn’t be proud, Joko. 3. They shouldn’t be here. 4. We shan’t be angry.

5. I oughtn’t to be difficult to do it. Rumus kalimat bertanya menidakkan: Aux. + Not + S + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. Can’t you be on time?

2. Won’t she be happy? 3. Mayn’t he be my patner? 4. Couldn’t you be frankly next?

JENIS TENSES

RUMUS TENSES

Verbal

Non- Verbal

(Nominal)

PRESENT

Simple present tense

S + V(s/es) + O/Adv S + tobe + Adj/Adv

Present

continuous

tense

S + Tobe + Ving + O/Adv S + tobe + being + Adj/Adv

Present perfect tense

S + Have/Has + V3 + O/Adv S + Have/Has + been + Adj/Adv

Present

perfect

continuous tense

S + Have/Has + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Have/has + been + being + Adj/Adv

PAST

Simple past tense

S + V2 + O/Adv S + Was/Were + Adj/Adv

Past continuous tense

S + Was/were + Ving + O/Adv

S + Was/Were + being + Adj/Adv

Past perfect tense

S + Had + V3 + O/Adv S + Had + been + Adj/Adv

Past

perfect

continuous tense

S + Had + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Had + been + being + Adj/Adv

FUTURE

Simple future tense

S + Will/Shall + V + O/Adv S + Will + be + Adj/Adv

Future

continuous

tense

S + Will + be + Ving + O/Adv S + Will + be + being + Adj/Adv

Future perfect tense

S + Will + Have + V3 + O/Adv

S + Will + Have + been + Adj/Adv

Future

perfect

continuous tense

S + Will + Have + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Will + Have + been + being + Adj/Adv

PAST

FUTURE

Simple past future

tense

S + Would + V1 + O/Adv S + Would + Be + Adj/Adv

Past

future

continuous tense

S + Would + Be +Ving + O/Adv S + Would + Be +being + Adj/Adv

Past future perfect

tense

S + Would + Have +V3 + O/Adv

S + Would + Have + Been + Adj/Adv

Past future perfect

continuous tense

S + Would + Have + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Would + Have + been + being + Adj/Adv

Social Conversation

Waiter: Hello, Can I help you?

Kim: Yes, I’d like to have some lunch. Waiter: Would you like a starter?

Kim: Yes, I’d like a bowl of chicken soup, please. Waiter: And what would you like for a main course? Kim: I’d like a grilled cheese sandwich.

Waiter: Would you like anything to drink? Kim: Yes, I’d like a glass of Coke, please.

Waiter… After Kim has her lunch.: Can I bring you anything else? Kim: No thank you. Just the bill.

Waiter: Certainly.

Kim:I don’t have my glasses. How much is the lunch? Waiter: That’s $6.75.

Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much. Waiter: You’re welcome. Have a good day. Kim: Thank you, the same to you.

Neither a Borrower Nor a Lender Be

Both borrowers and lenders in the sub-prime mortgage market are wishing they had listened to the old

saying: neither a borrower nor a lender be.

Last year people with poor credit ratings borrowed $605 billion in mortgages, a figure that is about 20% of

the home-loan market. It includes people who cannot afford to meet the mortgage payments on expensive

homes they have bought, and low-income buyers. In some cases, the latter could not even meet the first

payment. Lenders include banks like HSBC, which may have lost almost $7 billion.

Both sides can be blamed. Lenders, after the 2-3 percentage point premium they could charge, offered loans,

known as ‘liar loans’, with no down payments and without any income verification to people with bad credit

histories. They believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of default. Borrowers ignored

the fact that interest rates would rise after an initial period.

One result is that default rates on these sub-prime mortgages reached 14% last year- a record. The problems

in this market also threaten to spread to the rest of the mortgage market, which would reduce the flow of

credit available to the shrinking numbers of consumers still interested in buying property.

So, the housing market will remain weak; borrowers with weak credit histories will find the credit window

closed; people with adjustable-rate mortgages will have to spend less so they can meet their increased

payments; tighter lending standards and falling home prices will reduce consumers’ ability to tap the equity

in their homes.

But as long as the labour market remains strong, which it has done despite job losses in housing-related

industries, and as long as real incomes continue to go up, consumers might complain, but they are unlikely to

go on a buyers’ strike on a scale that will make this slowdown become a recession.Therefore, we should not

be too worried, but, at the same time, we should be a bit cautious and watch closely how things develop.

Q1 – Sub-prime mortgage loans were offered

only to low income families.

to people who wanted to by very expensive houses.

to people with poor credit histories.

Q2 – Who believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of a default?

Borrowers

Lenders

Both

Q3 – Borrowers have been caught out

because they lied when applying for the loan.

because house prices have risen.

because interest rates rise after a while.

Q4 – According to the text, people with adjustable-rate mortgages

will not be able to get credit.

will have to economise.

have weak credit histories.

Q5 – The housing market problems

could easily tip the counrty in recession.

are unlikely to tip the country into recession.

will cause a buyers’ strike.

Q6 – The writer is

a bit concerned about the housing market.

very worried about the housing market.

not worried about the housing market.