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Analysis of The Portrayal of The Female Protagonist as a Prostitute in Paulo Coelho's 'Eleven Minutes' and Stephen Crane's 'Maggie: A Girl of The Streets'.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TWO:ANALYSIS OF THE PORTRAYAL OF THE FEMALE PROTAGONIST AS A PROSTITUTE IN ELEVEN MINUTES... 5

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Maranatha Christian University iii

ABSTRACT

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis karakter yang ada pada tokoh utama dalam novel Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho serta Maggie: A Girl of the Streets karya Stephen Crane. Walaupun kedua tokoh utama tersebut berprofesi sama, yaitu menjadi pelacur, karakteristik yang ada pada kedua tokoh tersebut sangatlah berlawanan.

Penggambaran seorang pelacur dalam tokoh utama yang bernama Maria dalam novel Eleven Minutes yang memiliki karakteristik berani, penasaran, sombong, religius, berkeinginan kuat, serta bijaksana mengundang perhatian banyak pembaca karena penggambarannya yang begitu positif. Hal ini dilakukan oleh Coelho karena ia ingin menampilkan konsep ide utamanya, yaitu pencarian jati diri melalui prostitusi.

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SYNOPSIS OF ELEVEN MINUTES

BY PAULO COELHO

Maria, a young girl from the interior of Brazil, has her heart broken by her first innocent brushes with love and convinces herself that love is a terrible thing that will make her suffer. Then, as time goes by, she grows to become a beautiful girl from a poor family. Her adventure starts when she goes to Switzerland for a holiday but unintentionally she is offered a job as a samba dancer by a foreigner. However, that job does not last long because she feels cheated by the boss. Instead of going back to Brazil, she chooses to stay and work as a prostitute in an expensive bar called the Copacabana.

There, she learns how to please men by reading books about sex in a library. She even participates in a sadomasochism activity. With the hope that one day she will go back to Brazil triumphantly and buy a farm for her parents, Maria works hard in order to get a lot of money.

One day when she meets a special client named Ralf Hart, she is gradually faced with two hard choices: she has to keep being a prostitute or she has to end her adventure and follow her heart to love Ralf Hart.

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SYNOPSIS OF MAGGIE: A GIRL OF THE STREETS

BY STEPHEN CRANE

Maggie, a young beautiful girl, lives in the tenements of the Bowery, a slum area of New York City. She comes from a broken family and lives with her mother, Mary, and her two brothers Jimmie and Tommie. Her brother, Jimmie, and she always suffer child abuse. Her mother gets used to hitting and pounding them every time she gets drunk.

As time passes, her father and her little brother, Tommie, die. She grows up to be a beautiful girl who is covered by poverty. Pete, Jimmie’s friend and a bartender, begins dating her. She is taken to the public entertainments by him. Feeling cared for by Pete, she starts to be interested in him. She sees in him a promising escape from the misery of her present life. She even puts her life in his hand because she thinks of him as her hero.

There comes a night when Maggie comes home, her mother throws her out of the house because her mother accuses her of doing something bad and disgracing her family. She then leaves home and lives with Pete. Her behavior becomes a neighborhood scandal. The neighbors often ask her mother about her existence.

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Abandoned, Maggie tries to return home, but she is rejected by her family. She then visits Pete at work, and he refuses her too because he thinks that he is not responsible for her and her ruin; besides, he is also tired of her.

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BIOGRAPHY OF

PAULO COELHO

Coelho was born on August 24, 1947in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he attended law school, but in 1970 abandoned his studies to travel throughout Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, as well as Europe and North Africa. Before dedicating his life completely to literature, he worked as theatre director and actor, lyricist and journalist. He and his wife Christina live in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and in Tarbes, France.

In 1982 Coelho published his first book, Hell Archives, which failed to make any kind of impact. In 1985 he contributed to the Practical Manual of Vampirism, although he later tried to take it off the shelves, since he considered it

bad quality. In 1986, Paulo Coelho did the pilgrimage to Saint James of Compostella, an experience later to be documented in his book The Pilgrimage. In the following year, Coelho published The Alchemist. Slow initial sales convinced his first publisher to drop the novel, but it went on to become one of the best selling Brazilian books of all time.

Other titles include Brida (1990), The Valkyries (1992), By the river Piedra I sat Down and Wept (1994), the collection of his best columns published

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Warrior of Light (1997), Veronika Decides to Die (1998), The Devil and Miss

Prym (2000), the compilation of traditional tales in Stories for Parents, Children

and Grandchildren (2001), Eleven Minutes (2003), The Zahir (2005). He also

adapted The Gift (Henry Drummond) and Love Letters of a Prophet (Kalil Gibran). Coelho has sold a total of 75 million copies and, according to the magazine Publishing Trends; he was the most sold author in the world in 2003 with his book Eleven Minutes – even though at the time it had not been released in the United States, Japan and 10 other countries.

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BIOGRAPHY OF

STEPHEN CRANE

Stephen Crane was born in Newark, New Jersey, as the 14th child of a Methodist minister Jonathan Townley Crane and his wife Mary Helen Peck Crane in 1871. Crane started to write stories at the age of eight. At 16 he was writing articles for the New York Tribune. Both of his parents did some writing and two of his brothers became newspapermen. His mother was active in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and published fiction. His first article, on the explorer Henry M. Stanley, appeared in 1890 in Villette. Crane studied at Lafayette College and Syracuse University. After his mother's death in 1890, Crane moved to New York. He worked as a free-lance writer and journalist for the Bachelor-Johnson newspaper syndicate. While supporting himself by his writings, he lived among the poor in the Bowery slums to research his first novel, Maggie: a Girl of the Streets (1893), a milestone in the development of literary naturalism.

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In 1898 Crane settled in Sussex, England, where he became friends with Joseph Conrad, H.G. Wells, and Henry James. During these restless years, Crane refined his use of realism to expose social ills, as in George's Mother (1896), which explored life in the Bowery. In 1899 appeared Active Service, which was based on the Greco-Turkish War.

In 1899 Crane returned to Cuba, to cover the Spanish-American War. Due to poor health he was obliged to return to England. Crane died on June 5, 1900 at Badenweiler in Germany of tuberculosis, which was worsened by malarial fever he had caught in Cuba.

Crane’s works introduced into American literature realism although his innovations in technique and style and the use of symbolism gave much of his best work a romantic rather than a naturalistic quality.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Prostitution is generally defined as performing or offering to perform a sexual act for money or anything that is valuable. Prostitution is always related to sex by many people. It is a taboo thing to talk about in our culture, but it is not the case in Eleven Minutes written by Paulo Coelho and Maggie: A Girl of The Streets written by Stephen Crane. In these two novels, prostitution is considered natural because the protagonists live their lives by being prostitutes. They become prostitutes because of the poverty they have to face. They do not have high education and enough experience to work aside from being prostitutes.

In Eleven Minutes and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, the protagonists come from a low-class society. They are raised in poverty and they work as prostitutes.

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Maranatha Christian University 2

small village in Brazil. She goes to Switzerland to seek her fortune, but she ends up as a prostitute because of her choice as a path of self-discovery and love.

The author of Eleven Minutes, Paulo Coelho, is one of the world’s bestselling authors and he dares to write about prostitution in a positive point of view. In addition, Paulo Coelho uses daring words in his novel about sex and this makes a different view in the reader’s eyes. I agree with Patricia Martín’s writing in Biafra Nigeria World Magazine, that: “The ideas, philosophy and subject matter covered in his [Coelho’s] books touch the aspirations of millions of readers searching for their own path and for new ways of understanding the world.” (Martín). Paulo Coelho also entered the Guinness Book of Records as the author that signed more books in different editions. He won the Bambi 2001 Award in Germany, Golden Book in Yugoslavia 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2004, Wilbur Award presented by the Religion Communicators Council in USA 2006, and many more. His works have been translated into 62 languages, and published in more than 150 countries. From all the novels, Eleven Minutes topped all lists in the world, except for England, where it was in second place.

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of his effort to show realism in his first novel, he won favorable attention from the influential novelists Hamlin Garland and William Dean Howells. Stephen Crane is the first realist that introduced realism to American literature.

In my major thesis, I am going to analyze the portrayal of the female protagonist as a prostitute in Eleven Minutes and Maggie: a Girl of the Streets using formalism. A character itself is defined as “an imaged person who inhabits a story” (Kennedy 45). An author may have a motivation to create such characters through the actions and the behaviors of the characters in the story (Kennedy 45). Some novelists may create such characters using an omniscient way in telling the story in order that they can reveal a view of the world which is, however disguised, his alone (Harvey 74). In this analysis, I want to show the characteristics of the two protagonists and also the reason why both authors create such characters.

Statement of the Problem

There are some statements of the problem in analyzing these two novels (Eleven Minutes and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets) using formalism:

1. How are the protagonists portrayed in the novels? 2. Why do the authors create such protagonists?

Purpose of the Study

In this analysis, the purpose of the study is:

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Method of Research

The method of research I use in this study is library research. First, I look for and read the novels I want to discuss for my major thesis. Second, I find the information from the references in the library and multimedia source to help me with the analysis. I then analyze the two novels using references and make the conclusion.

Organization of the Thesis

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary text:

Coelho, Paulo. Eleven Minutes. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

Crane, Stephen. Maggie: a Girl of the Streets. New York: Penguin Group, 1991.

Book References:

Harvey, W.J. Character and the Novel. New York: Cornell University Press, 1965. Kennedy, X.J. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 3rd

Edition. London: Little Brown, 1983.

Internet References:

Campbell, Donna M. “Realism in American Literature,1860-1890.” Literary Movements. 20 Oct. 2007

<http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm>

Coelho, Paulo. “How I came to write Eleven Minutes.” Harper Academic.com. 12 Sept. 2007

<http://www.harperacademic.com/catalog/book_essay_xml.asp?isbn= 0060589272>

Coelho, Paulo. “PAULO COELHO ANSWERS QUESTIONS ABOUT ELEVEN MINUTES”. March 2003. Harper Academic.com. Trans. Margaret Jull

Costa. 12 september 2007

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Gale, Thomson. “Encyclopedia of World Biography on Stephen Crane.” 2006. 4 March 2007 <http://www.bookrags.com/biography/stephen-crane/> Hickenbottom, Iris Leos. “Women’s Issues Then & Now: Prostitution.” 18 May

2002. 12 Sept. 2007

<http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~ulrich/femhist/sex_work.shtml> Luikonen, Petri. “Stephen Crane (1871-1900).” 2003. 29 Oct. 2006.

<http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/scrane.htm>

Martín, Patricia. “Profile of Paulo Coelho the Alchemist.” Biafra Nigeria World magazine 2002. 8 March 2007

<http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/paulo-coelho.html>. Naturalism.org. “Center for Naturalism.” 20 Oct 2007

<http://www.naturalism.org/center_for_naturalism.htm#Guiding%20P hilosophy>

SparkNotes. “Maggie: A Girl of the Streets: Chapter 14-19.” 20 Oct. 2006. <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/maggie/section4.rhtml>

SparkNotes. “Maggie: A Girl of the Streets: Summary.” 20 Oct. 2006. <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/maggie/summary.html> Online Internet Services. “Biography”. 2006. 4 March 2007

<http://www.paulocoelho.com.br/engl/bio.shtml>.

Wikipedia.org. “Naturalism (Literature).” 18 Oct. 2007. 20 Oct.2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)> Wikipedia.org. “Paulo Coelho.” 26 Oct. 2006. 29 Oct. 2006

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