Module 1 – (L3) Introduction and Basic Concepts

(1)

(2)

L3

L3 – W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

L3

L3 W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

Policie s



Topics Cove r e d



Topics Cove r e d



I nt roduct ion t o Wat er Policy

I nt roduct ion t o Wat er Policy -- Legislat ive

Legislat ive

f

k I

t it t i

l f

k W t

h d

f

k I

t it t i

l f

k W t

h d

fram ew ork, I nst it ut ional fram ew ork, Wat ershed

Policies; Form ulat ion, Policy issues for successful

w at ershed m anagem ent Nat ional Wat er Policy

w at ershed m anagem ent , Nat ional Wat er Policy,

Case St udy.



Keywords:

Wat er policy, I nst it ut ional Fram ework, Wat er policy, I nst it ut ional Fram ework, Legislat ive Fram ew ork , Wat ershed Managem ent Policy. Legislat ive Fram ew ork , Wat ershed Managem ent Policy.

2 2

(3)

W a t e r Policy



Wat er policy

--

set of guidelines and direct ives t o t he set of guidelines and direct ives t o t he St at e for harnessing wat er resources

St at e for harnessing wat er resources -- t o cat er t he t o cat er t he sect oral ( agricult ure indust rial and dom est ic)

sect oral ( agricult ure indust rial and dom est ic) need in need in sect oral ( agricult ure, indust rial and dom est ic)

sect oral ( agricult ure, indust rial and dom est ic) -- need in need in equit able way t hat leads t o sust ainable developm ent . equit able way t hat leads t o sust ainable developm ent .



– I ncent ive and penalt y awards t owards conservat ion I ncent ive and penalt y awards t owards conservat ion and det eriorat ion of wat er resources

and det eriorat ion of wat er resources –

– Wat er allocat ion priorit ies t o sect ors Wat er allocat ion priorit ies t o sect ors Wat er conservat ion

Wat er conservat ion –

– Wat er conservat ionWat er conservat ion –

– I nst it ut ional st ruct ure for execut ing planning and I nst it ut ional st ruct ure for execut ing planning and im plem ent at ion

(4)

Com pon e n t s of W a t e r Policy



Legislat ive fram ew ork

g

–

– Legal fram ew ork t hat defines t he right s t o

Legal fram ew ork t hat defines t he right s t o

exploit / use of w at er resources and

provisions of aw ard of incent ives and

penalt ies



I nst it ut ional fram ew ork

–

– Adm inist rat ive syst em responsible for

Adm inist rat ive syst em responsible for

t d

t

f t

t d

t

f t

assessm ent and m anagem ent of wat er

resources

(5)

Le gisla t ive Fr a m e w or k



Wat er in I ndian const it ut ion

“ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e –

– “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e list .

list . –

– Art icle 246 and Art . 262, em powers parliam ent t o Art icle 246 and Art . 262, em powers parliam ent t o m ake law regarding developm ent and m anagem ent m ake law regarding developm ent and m anagem ent of int er

of int er-- st at e rivers. st at e rivers. –

– “ Art 262 specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law “ Art 262 specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law Art 262, specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law Art 262, specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law

provide t hat neit her t he suprem e court or any ot her provide t hat neit her t he suprem e court or any ot her court shall exercise j urisdict ion wit h respect of int er court shall exercise j urisdict ion wit h respect of int er--st at e river disput es I nt erpret at ion

st at e river disput es I nt erpret at ion arbit rat ion arbit rat ion st at e river disput es . I nt erpret at ion

st at e river disput es . I nt erpret at ion-- arbit rat ion arbit rat ion



(6)

W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia



 Surface wat er and groundwat er is not defined separat ely “ wat er” in Surface wat er and groundwat er is not defined separat ely “ wat er” in const it ut ion m ost ly defined as surface wat er (

const it ut ion m ost ly defined as surface wat er ( I yerI yer R, 2003)R, 2003)

Wit hdrawal of wat er

(7)

W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia …



Wat er ( Prevent ion and Cont rol of Pollut ion)

Act 1974 ( A 1978 & 1988)



 Dealing wit h set t ing up inst it ut ion relat ed t o Dealing wit h set t ing up inst it ut ion relat ed t o

adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol Board and st at e PCB’s)

Board and st at e PCB’s)



 I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and 

 I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and

cont rol and m aint aining and rest oring relat ed t o cont rol and m aint aining and rest oring relat ed t o wholesom eness of wat er

wholesom eness of wat er



 The inst it ut ion provide consent t o operat e and The inst it ut ion provide consent t o operat e and

(8)

W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia …



Environm ent and Prot ect ion Act , 1986

–

– I t lays dow n t he procedure for set t ings of

I t lays dow n t he procedure for set t ings of

st andards em ission and discharge of pollut ion

–

– based on BI S st andards such as I S : 3025 ( for

based on BI S st andards such as I S : 3025 ( for

sam pling) , I S: 2373 ( for flow m easurem ent ) ,

p

g) ,

(

) ,

BI S: 10500 ( drinking w at er specificat ion) ,

(9)

W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia …



Model Groundwater Bill 1970

–

– Contains the broad framework of groundwater

Contains the broad framework of groundwater

regulation of the country

–

– The bill provides the union territory and state

The bill provides the union territory and state

government to establish ground water authority to

notify areas of control and regulate the groundwater

development and management

–

– Under the bill CGWA categorizes country as “safe”,

Under the bill CGWA categorizes country as “safe”,

“critical” and “over

(10)

W a t e r I n st it u t ion s: Adm in ist r a t ive st r u ct u r e

••

Minist ry of Wat er Resources

Minist ry of Wat er Resources -- nodal agency for

nodal agency for

planning , developm ent & m anagem ent of

t

wat er resources

••

Depart m ent s

Depart m ent

s--C t l W t i i

C t l W t i i ff ff t t

•• Cent ral Wat er com m ission Cent ral Wat er com m ission –– for surface w at er for surface w at er relat ed issues

relat ed issues

•• Cent ral Ground Wat er Board Cent ral Ground Wat er Board for groundwat er for groundwat er •• Cent ral Ground Wat er Board Cent ral Ground Wat er Board –– for groundwat er for groundwat er

•• Nat ional Wat er Developm ent AgencyNat ional Wat er Developm ent Agency-- t o provide t o provide t echnical support

t echnical support t echnical support t echnical support

•• Wat er and Land Managem ent I nst it ut es and Wat er and Land Managem ent I nst it ut es and Agricult ural Universit ies

Agricult ural Universit ies –– research at st at e level research at st at e level Agricult ural Universit ies

(11)

Ot h e r M in ist r ie s

(12)

W a t e r sh e d Policy

 To m anage & prot ect wat ershed fully and effect ively, a

clear policy is required - em phasize in t er alia _a

coordinat ed & int egrat ed approach local part icipat ion coordinat ed & int egrat ed approach, local part icipat ion, m anpower & resource building, land use planning,

am ong ot hers.

 M a in obj e ct ive of w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t : prom ot e

int egrat ed prot ect ion, conservat ion & developm ent of

land & wat er resources in wat ersheds for sust ainable use and for t he benefit of t he nat ion as a whole.

 W a t e r sh e d Policy: what regulat es bot h public and

privat e act ivit ies wit hin our wat ersheds prim arily privat e act ivit ies wit hin our wat ersheds, prim arily t hrough use of codes & ordinances, t hrough t he

est ablishm ent of m inim um or m axim um st andards, and t he set t ing of budget s

(13)

St r a t e gie s for I m ple m e n t a t ion

of t h e W a t e r sh e d Policy

 Develop a Nat ional Wat ershed Program m e Develop a Nat ional Wat ershed Program m e

 Est ablish an int er- Minist erial Wat ershed Managem ent

Com m it t ee

h h d f l d

 St rengt hen hum an and financial resources required t o

coordinat e, im plem ent and m onit or work in t he wat ersheds

 Rank each wat ershed and est ablish priorit ies for

int ervent ions.

 Secure budget ary support for im plem ent at ion of t he

(14)

W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t Policy



 Regulat ionsRegulat ions oror policiespolicies generat edgenerat ed t owardst ow ards oneone aspectaspect

of

of wat ershedwat ershed m anagem entm anagem ent shouldshould notnot bebe cont radict orycont radict ory of

of wat ershedwat ershed m anagem entm anagem ent shouldshould notnot bebe cont radict orycont radict ory t o

t o t het he ot herot her aspectaspect

h d

h d dd ll ff ll dd



 Wat ershedWat ershed developm entdevelopm ent isis prerequisit eprerequisit e forfor land,land, w at erw at er

and

and biom assbiom ass m anagem entm anagem ent



 Wat ershedWat ershed developm entdevelopm ent policypolicy form ulat ionform ulat ion shouldshould bebe

consist ent

consist ent wit hwit h federal,federal, st at est at e andand locallocal legislat ionlegislat ion



 OverallOverall policypolicy form ulat ionform ulat ion shouldshould bebe donedone byby

considering

considering largerlarger int erestint erest ofof t het he count rycount ry

co s de g

(15)

Ch a r a ct e r ist ics of W a t e r sh e d

Policie s



 Policies should st and as ready guides t o answering m any Policies should st and as ready guides t o answering m any

quest ions t hat m ay arise in t he im plem ent at ion of quest ions t hat m ay arise in t he im plem ent at ion of

t h d

w at ershed w at ershed



 Generally, wat ershed policies are form ulat ed at t he Generally, wat ershed policies are form ulat ed at t he

governm ent level governm ent level g

g



 At Governm ent level At Governm ent level –– w at ershed policywat ershed policy

Decisions and act ions ( significant im port ance) Decisions and act ions ( significant im port ance)

Widest ram ificat ion Widest ram ificat ion Widest ram ificat ion Widest ram ificat ion

(16)

For m u la t in g W a t e r sh e d Policy



Wat ershed policy form ulat ion is very dat a

int ensive



Hydrological inform at ion on w at ershed is

expensive t o obt ain and int erpret



Basics set s of inform at ion required

a) An invent ory of w at ershed resources

b) An invent ory of use of resources

(17)

Colle ct ion of I n for m a t ion

Follow ing aspect s should be considered for

collect ion of inform at ion



Right of access t o inform at ion: I t should be

readily available



I nform at ion requirem ent s:

–

– Gat hering and processing of inform at ion is a huge t ask.Gat hering and processing of inform at ion is a huge t ask. –

– Requirem ent s should be kept t o t he m inim um .Requirem ent s should be kept t o t he m inim um . –

(18)

Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l



Underst anding

and quant ifying

and

quant ifying t he

t he biom ass

biom ass t ypes

t ypes

and

and int eract ions

int eract ions bot h

bot h in

in space

space and

and t im e

t im e..



There

should

be

proper

linkage

bet ween

bet w een

social,

polit ical

polit ical &

& t echnical

t echnical syst em

syst em at

at appropriat e

appropriat e levels

levels

polit ical

polit ical &

& t echnical

t echnical syst em

syst em at

at appropriat e

appropriat e levels

levels..



Agro

Agro-- ecological

ecological approach

approach should

should be

be considered

considered for

for

planning

planning of

of w at ershed

w at ershed..

p

g

p

g



Priorit y should be given t o w at er resources

developm ent in w at ershed.



Requirem ent s of poor people & influences on t he

w at ershed

(19)

Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l

 NeedNeed t ot o est ablishest ablish andand m anagem anage aa nat ionalnat ional dat abasedat abase syst emsyst em

for

for wat ershedwat ershed for

for wat ershedwat ershed



 Wat ershedWat ershed m odelsm odels shouldshould bebe properlyproperly form ulat ed,form ulat ed, verifiedverified

and

and confirm edconfirm ed w it hwit h fieldfield observat ionsobservat ions

ll hh hlhl dd dd ll dd ll



 Agricult ureAgricult ure isis highlyhighly dependentdependent onon soilssoils andand clim at eclim at e



 EgEg.. BasedBased onon 5050 yearsyears ofof clim at eclim at e dat adat a andand anan upup-- t ot o-- dat edat e

soil

soil dat abase,dat abase, I ndiaI ndia divideddivided int oint o 2020 agroagro-- ecologicalecological zoneszones soil

soil dat abase,dat abase, I ndiaI ndia divideddivided int oint o 2020 agroagro ecologicalecological zoneszones ( AEZs)

( AEZs)



 EachEach AEZAEZ isis asas uniformuniform asas possiblepossible inin t erm st erm s ofof

physiography

physiography clim at eclim at e lengt hlengt h ofof grow inggrow ing periodperiod andand soilsoil physiography,

physiography, clim at e,clim at e, lengt hlengt h ofof grow inggrow ing periodperiod andand soilsoil t ype

t ype forfor m acrom acro levellevel landland-- useuse planningplanning andand effect iveeffect ive t ransfer

(20)

Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l



Collaborat ion of all organizat ions can expand t he

experiences in an efficient m anner

experiences in an efficient m anner.

EX: Minist ry of agricult ure, Minist ry of Wat er

people’s init iat ive and involvem ent



Cont inuous m onit oring of t he physical progress of

(21)

(22)

Successful Watershed Policy in I ndia

y

Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002

22 22

(23)

N a t ion a l w a t e r policy in I n dia

 On an average, floods affect around 7.5 m illi. Hect are/ yearOn an average, floods affect around 7.5 m illi. Hect are/ year



 Planning and im plem ent at ion of w at er resources proj ect s involve a Planning and im plem ent at ion of w at er resources proj ect s involve a num ber of socio

num ber of socio-- econom ic aspect s and issueseconom ic aspect s and issues 

 Eg: environm ent al sust ainabilit y, rehabilit at ion of proj ectEg: environm ent al sust ainabilit y, rehabilit at ion of proj ect -- affect ed affect ed people and livest ock

people and livest ock 

(24)

N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia

– Policy prom ot es use of nonPolicy prom ot es use of non-- convent ional m et hods such convent ional m et hods such as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing

as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing –

– Wat er t ransfer t o wat er scarce region Wat er t ransfer t o wat er scarce region –

– People’s part icipat ion People’s part icipat ion pp pp pp –

– Public Privat e Part nership Public Privat e Part nership –

– Wat er Resources planning at hydrologic unit not on Wat er Resources planning at hydrologic unit not on

lit i l it

(25)

N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia ..



Direct ed st at e t o devise it s ow n w at er policy

Direct ed st at e t o devise it s ow n w at er policy –

–

in pract ice very few st at e has prepared it so far



Allocat ion priorit y ( nat ional level, m ay differ at

st at e level)

1.

1. Drinking Wat er Drinking Wat er 2.

2. I rrigat ion HydropowerI rrigat ion Hydropower 3

3 EcologyEcology 3.

3. EcologyEcology 4.

4. AgroAgro-- indust riesindust ries 5.

5. NonNon-- agricult ural indust riesagricult ural indust riesgg 6.

6. Navigat ion Navigat ion

(26)

N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia ..



I t em phasizes on

I t em phasizes

on--1.

1. Need for efficient pricing syst em and t ransparent Need for efficient pricing syst em and t ransparent subsidy st ruct ure for disadvant aged and poor

subsidy st ruct ure for disadvant aged and poor 2

2 Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and 2.

2. Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and local bodies

local bodies 3.

3. Privat e sect or part icipat ion in wat er sect or Privat e sect or part icipat ion in wat er sect or 4.

4. Undert aking phased program m e for im provem ent of Undert aking phased program m e for im provem ent of wat er qualit y based on ‘ pollut er pay principle’

wat er qualit y based on ‘ pollut er pay principle’ 5

5 Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of 5.

5. Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of t he count ry

t he count ry 6.

(27)

Ca se St u dy1 : U.S Re gu la t ion s r e la t e d t o

For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act –

– For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol ActFor evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act

– biological int egrat ions of t he nat ions wat er

biological int egrat ions of t he nat ions wat er

–

– As a part of CWA, t he EPA delegat es t his As a part of CWA, t he EPA delegat es t his

ibilit i t t t t i A i

responsibilit ies t o st at es or nat ive Am ericans responsibilit ies t o st at es or nat ive Am ericans

–

(28)

Sa lie n t fe a t u r e s of r e gu la t ion

anot her hallm ark of t his approach

pp



(29)

CW A Tim e Lin e a n d Am e n dm e n t s

discharge is aut horized by a NPDES perm it

g

y

p

–

– NPDES: Nat ional Pollut ant Discharge Elim inat ion

NPDES: Nat ional Pollut ant Discharge Elim inat ion

Syst em

–

– NPDES

NPDES -- t rack point sources, such as indust rial

t rack point sources, such as indust rial

w ast e w at er and m unicipal sew erage and t o

– Process was ext rem ely successful in m anage t he

Process was ext rem ely successful in m anage t he

pollut ion from point sources

p

(30)

Tim e lin e

– Sect ion deals wit h non point source pollut ionsSect ion deals wit h non point source pollut ions –

– Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he use of BMP ( Best Managem ent Pract ices)

– EPA published a not ice request ing inform at ion and public EPA published a not ice request ing inform at ion and public com m ent s for preparing regulat ions under CWA point

(31)

Tim e lin e

nonpoint source pollut ion, which includes urban st orm nonpoint source pollut ion, which includes urban st orm wat er runoff is considered as t he leading cause

wat er runoff is considered as t he leading cause

1999

TMDL specifies t he am ount of each part icular pollut ant TMDL specifies t he am ount of each part icular pollut ant t hat m ay be present in a wat er body

(32)

Ca se St u dy 2 : Rive r in t e r lin k in g

pr oj e ct of I n dia

( pr opose d)

pr oj e ct of I n dia

( pr opose d)



Rat ionale:

large spat ial & t em poral dist ribut ion of large spat ial & t em poral dist ribut ion of

rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in I ndia. This give birt h t o policy concept of river

I ndia. This give birt h t o policy concept of river-- int erlinking int erlinking proj ect , connect ing wat er surplus area wit h wat er scarce proj ect , connect ing wat er surplus area wit h wat er scarce area

area area. area.

Ca se St u dy 2 : Rive r in t e r lin k in g

grain product ion by 500 m illion grain product ion by 500 m illion t onnes t o m eet ever increasing t onnes t o m eet ever increasing populat ion dem and by 2025. populat ion dem and by 2025. provide 35 m illion ha. of

provide 35 m illion ha. of

addit ional pot ent ial arable land addit ional pot ent ial arable land and 34000 MW of elect ricit y. causing burden on t axpayers. causing burden on t axpayers. Require huge energy t o lift people and environm ent al people and environm ent al dam ages

(34)

Re fe r e n ce s



 Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) Wat ershed Planning and Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) Wat ershed Planning and 

 Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) , Wat ershed Planning and Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) , Wat ershed Planning and

Managem ent , Yash Publishing House Managem ent , Yash Publishing House



 ht t p: / / cfpub.epa.gov/ npdes/ht t p: / / cfpub.epa.gov/ npdes/



 ht t p: / / w w w .ecow orld.com / w at ers/ indiasht t p: / / w w w .ecow orld.com / w at ers/ indias-- w at erw at

er--fut ure.ht m l fut ure.ht m l



 ht t p: / / w w w nrca org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy inform at iht t p: / / w w w nrca org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy inform at i 

 ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy_inform at iht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy_inform at i

on.ht m on.ht m 

 ht t p: / / m owr.gov.in/ index3.asp?sslid= 301&subsublinkid= 394&langid= 1ht t p: / / m owr.gov.in/ index3.asp?sslid= 301&subsublinkid= 394&langid= 1

(35)

Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion s!.?.



Discuss t he needs of wat er policy and

com ponent s of an effect ive w at er policy.



Describe t he out com e of a successful



Describe t he out com e of a successful

wat ershed m anagem ent policy.

(36)

Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.

Q



What are t he im port ant policy issues

f

f l

t

h d

for successful wat ershed

m anagem ent ?.



Discuss wat er relat ed I nst it ut ions, it s

,

roles & Adm inist rat ive St ruct ure in

I ndia.

P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i IIT B b

(37)

Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.

g

Q



I llust rat e various wat er Legislat ions in

I di d

it

i

t

I ndia and it s im pact s.



How t o form ulat e an effect ive

wat ershed policy?.



Discuss about t he necessit y of an

y

(38)

Un solve d Pr oble m !.

•• Develop a case st udy of w at ershed policy of

Develop a case st udy of w at ershed policy of

a count ry by considering: Physical set t ing

a count ry by considering: Physical set t ing,

w at ershed condit ions and problem s, Hist ory

of wat ershed m anagem ent , I nt ernat ional

o

at e s ed

a age

e t ,

t e

at o a

o

at e s ed

a age

e t ,

t e

at o a

t rends, legislat ive fram ew ork, I nst it ut ional

fram ew ork, challenges, st rat egies for policy

im plem ent at ion, financial aspect s,

im plem ent at ion issues et c.

•• Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica:Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica: •• Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica:Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica:

•• ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ DRAFT% 20WATERSHED% 20POLI CY.ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ DRAFT% 20WATERSHED% 20POLI CY. pdf

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Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho

Professor, Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Email:

Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in

Email: