ROBERT CRIBB
AUDREY KAHIN
INDONESIA
SECOND EDITION
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES
OF WAR, REVOLUTION, AND CIVIL UNREST Edited by Jon Woronoff
Asia
1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27. 2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996. Out
of print. See No. 48.
3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33. 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991
5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 47. 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print.
See No. 35.
7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992
9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992. Out of print. See No. 51.
10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992
11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993
12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36. 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993. Out of print. See No. 45. 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995
16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995
18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995
19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42. 20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996
21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996
22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996. Out of Print. See No. 50. 23. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997 24. Philippines, by Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win. 1997 Oceania
1. Australia, by James C. Docherty. 1992. Out of print. See No. 32. 2. Polynesia, by Robert D. Craig. 1993. Out of print. See No. 39. 3. Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf.
1994
New Combined Series
25. Brunei Darussalam, by D. S. Ranjit Singh and Jatswan S. Sidhu. 1997
26. Sri Lanka, by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Vidyamali Samaras-inghe. 1998
27. Vietnam, 2nd ed., by William J. Duiker. 1998
28. People’s Republic of China: 1949–1997, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, with the assistance of Nancy Hearst. 1998
29. Afghanistan, 2nd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1997. Out of print. See No. 47.
30. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998
31. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999 32. Australia, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty. 1999
33. Pakistan, 2nd ed., by Shahid Javed Burki. 1999
34. Taiwan (Republic of China), 2nd ed., by John F. Copper. 2000 35. Laos, 2nd ed., by Martin Stuart-Fox. 2001
36. Malaysia, 2nd ed., by Amarjit Kaur. 2001
37. Papua New Guinea, 2nd ed., by Ann Turner. 2001
38. Tajikistan, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzedeh. 2002 39. Polynesia, 2nd ed., by Robert D. Craig. 2002
40. North Korea, by Ilpyong J. Kim. 2003 41. Armenia, by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2002 42. Mongolia, 2nd ed., by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2003
43. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003
44. Iraq, by Edmund A. Ghareeb with the assistance of Beth Dougherty. 2004
45. Saudi Arabia, 2nd ed., by J. E. Peterson. 2003
46. Nepal,by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2003 47. Afghanistan, 3rd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2003
48. Bangladesh,3rd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 2003 49. Kyrgyzstan,by Rafis Abazov. 2004
50. Syria,2nd ed., by David Commins. 2004
Historical Dictionary
of Indonesia
Second Edition
Robert Cribb
Audrey Kahin
Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the
Middle East, No. 51
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
SCARECROW PRESS, INC.
Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200
Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com
PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK
Copyright © 2004 by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cribb, R. B.
Historical dictionary of Indonesia / Robert Cribb, Audrey Kahin.— 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; 51) Includes index.
ISBN 0-8108-4935-6 (alk. paper)
1. Indonesia—History—Dictionaries. I. Kahin, Audrey. II. Title. III. Series. DS633 .C75 2004
959.8'003—dc22 2003025416
∞
™The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.Contents
v
Editor’s Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Reader’s Note xiii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Maps xxxi
Chronology xlv
Introduction lxiii
THE DICTIONARY 1
Appendix A. Governors-General of the Netherlands Indies 463 Appendix B. Netherlands Ministers of the Colonies 467 Appendix C. Rulers of the Early States 473 Appendix D. Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia 477 Appendix E. Republic of Indonesia Officeholders 479 Appendix F. Parliamentary Strengths and Electoral
Performance of the Parties, 1945–1999 489
Bibliography 499
Editor’s Foreword
vii
When the first edition of this volume appeared just over a decade ago, it would have seemed almost pointless to ask in which direction Indonesia would turn. Everything seemed perfectly clear. It had a political regime that was, if anything, too stable and an economy that was moving smartly ahead toward a secure status as a newly industrialized country. But now, with the damage caused by the Asian financial crisis and the uncertainty since the fall of Suharto, there are many questions to answer: political, economic, so-cial, and even religious. Will democracy take hold this time, or will insta-bility reign (unless the army intervenes again)? Will industrialization con-tinue and supplement weaker agricultural and mining sectors, and will the states leave more room for private enterprise? Will the many peoples, re-gions, and classes come together or splinter further? Will Islam cohabit comfortably with other religions, or will the appeal (or fear) of an Islamic state be too strong? This book cannot provide the answers, but it can cer-tainly elucidate the questions and give some idea of where Indonesia is headed at present. So it is of much greater interest for all those concerned about Indonesia, the Indonesians first and foremost, followed by the rest of Southeast Asia and the broader world as well.
and religious life. The bibliography, which is also expanded and updated, has the additional advantage of relating specific works to specific entries, so readers know where to seek further information. And the list of acronyms and abbreviations is virtually indispensable.
This book is the result of a joint effort. It is based on an excellent and much-admired first edition by Robert Cribb, who has written widely about Indonesian history and politics; was professor of Southeast Asian history at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia; and is now at Aus-tralian National University. It has been updated and expanded, while main-taining much of the original text, by Audrey Kahin, who was managing ed-itor of Southeast Asia Publications at Cornell University and coeded-itor, and then editor, of Indonesia.She has also written extensively on Indonesia, in-cluding several books, and is presently a freelance editor and writer.
What they both obviously share is an intense interest in the country, where they have traveled frequently and widely, and an ability to convey this interest to others. That may explain why this book is, among other things, written in a style that can be easily read by students while including a wealth of information that is not readily available elsewhere, and cer-tainly not in such an accessible form.
Preface
ix
The Historical Dictionary of Indonesia is intended primarily as a conve-nient reference tool for those whose studies or professional activities de-mand ready access to reliable information on Indonesia’s history to the present. The current edition is an updating and revision of the dictionary prepared by Dr. Robert Cribb and published in 1992. The major changes in the revised version are in the coverage of the last 15 years of Indonesia’s history, which have been the most turbulent experienced since the 1960s, or indeed perhaps since the transfer of sovereignty at the end of 1949. In or-der to devote the necessary space to the events of these years, I have felt it necessary to cut some items from the first edition of the dictionary that, al-though interesting and useful in themselves, are not of central importance for those seeking to understand the nature of contemporary Indonesia. The original dictionary contained an immense amount of valuable information on the history of Indonesia under the Netherlands East Indies Company (VOC) and the Dutch colonial government, and although it has been nec-essary to shorten some of these entries in order to keep the volume to a rea-sonable length, they provide such a useful treasure of information (particu-larly for English-speaking readers with little access to Dutch sources) that most of them have been retained.
also a greater focus in the dictionary on the Indonesian regions outside Java. Although East Timor gained its independence in 1999, there are still several extensive entries dealing with that territory and its relations with Indonesia, for the Suharto regime’s invasion of East Timor in 1975 and the struggle leading to its ultimate liberation have had a profound effect on the recent history of the Republic of Indonesia.
Acknowledgments
xi
In revising and updating this Dictionary,I have been indebted especially to Dr. Robert Cribb, who compiled the original dictionary and provided me with many of his notes and ideas for a revised version. I am also grateful to him for drawing the maps that appear here. Anyone wishing to follow the text more closely through its geographic context is advised to consult his Historical Atlas of Indonesia (Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2000), which has be-come an indispensable reference for scholars working on Indonesian history. I am grateful to Scott McCasland-Bodenstein for his computer assis-tance, to Margaret McCasland for helping me with the technical side of preparing the bibliography, to Kaja McGowen who provided useful advice, and to friends and family who have had to accept the fact that so much of my time over the past couple of years has been occupied in bringing this work to completion.
My thanks also go to Jon Woronoff, who has made useful suggestions and has been patient as I missed several deadlines, and the staff at Scare-crow Press, especially Kim Tabor and Andrew Yoder.
Reader’s Note
xiii
Several changes have been made in the order of the components in the re-vised Historical Dictionary of Indonesiato bring it into line with other vol-umes in this series. The following is a brief guide to the main sections com-prising the dictionary.
After this reader’s note, there is a list of acronyms and abbreviations. This list is by no means exhaustive, as Indonesians seem to have an ongo-ing inclination to update and introduce acronyms into their language at a spectacular pace. It has also been necessary to retain many of the acronyms that were of importance in earlier decades of Indonesia’s history but are no longer in use. As in the first edition of the dictionary, I have followed the rule that where the acronymic origin of a word has become obscure (e.g., Gestapu, Masjumi, Fretilin, Golkar, and PRRI/Permesta), the entry appears under the acronym with a cross-reference from the full name. In the list of acronyms, as in the dictionary as a whole, cross-references to other dic-tionary entries are usually indicated by the use of bold type. I have at-tempted to maintain a consistent use of terminology both in the acronym and its translation. In using the dictionary, readers not familiar with an or-ganization’s full title or its English meaning will find these in this list.
In the chronology that follows the maps, as in most of the rest of the dic-tionary, the emphasis is on the more recent period rather than on the early history of the archipelago. The same chronological divisions are used here as in the historical section of the bibliography, so that it should be easy to refer to the literature relating to the different periods. As is the practice throughout the volume, bold type has been used to indicate a cross-refer-ence to the relevant dictionary entries.
As mentioned in the preface, the greatest change in the dictionary is in its coverage of events of the past 15 years. The entries dealing with politi-cal and economic events of the Suharto era have also been expanded, and some of the coverage of colonial history and the Sukarno era condensed. There is more biographical data on people who have played an important role in these recent periods, especially in the political and economic fields. There is probably still inadequate coverage of the arts in Indonesia, and I hope the bibliographical entries in the section on Indonesian culture will lead readers to explore the field more deeply for themselves.
Again, as throughout the volume, cross-references are indicated by bold type. I have also continued Dr. Cribb’s practice of numbering the items in the bibliography and noting the number of the relevant bibliographic item within square brackets at the end of most of the dictionary entries. These references are not exhaustive, but they provide an easy way for the reader to find works on which the entry is based and suggestions for further read-ing on the topic.
The bibliography has been expanded to include a selection of the volu-minous literature that has appeared on Indonesia over the past 12 years, and it has been necessary to remove some of the earlier, more ephemeral works in order to make room for them. A more extensive introduction to the bib-liography appears immediately preceding it.
As Dr. Cribb noted in his preface to the original dictionary, all works on Indonesian history require an explanation for the spelling. General entries in the dictionary use modern Indonesian spelling (ejaan yang disempu-rakan [EYD], or perfected spelling; see INDONESIAN LANGUAGE). Until 1973, Indonesian words followed Dutch spelling conventions, most notable of which were the use of tj for the English sound ch, jfor y, oefor u, djfor j,and sjfor sh,although in the early independence period, some of these conventions had already changed, especially a more common use of uinstead of oe.The Indonesian spelling reform of 1973, which attempted to harmonize usage in Malay and Indonesian, generally brought these spellings closer to English-language usage. The major changes were for j now to be rendered as y, tjas c, dj as j, nj asny,and chas kh. The greatest confusion with these changes in spelling comes with the rendering of per-sonal names and names of organizations. I have generally followed the con-vention of retaining the original spelling of names of people or organiza-tions that ceased to exist before the introduction of the spelling changes, while in all other personal names the spelling generally used is either that preferred by, or most commonly employed in referring to, the person. (See alsoentry on NAMES.)
Contemporary Indonesian terminology and spelling are used for place names: thus Kalimantan and Sulawesi, not Borneo and Celebes, although the common English spelling of Sumatra and Java is used instead of the In-donesian Sumatera and Jawa. The recently introduced Papua has been used for Indonesian Western New Guinea, previously known as Irian Jaya (and before that, Irian Barat), as this is now its official name and the name most Papuans prefer, although it is still unclear whether it will be retained in of-ficial Indonesian usage.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
xvii
Note:The headings under which the terms appear in the dictionary are set in bold type.
ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia.
AD Angkatan Darat,Army.
AH Anno hijrae, Muslim year. SeeCALENDARS. AJ Anno Javanicae, Javanese year. SeeCALENDARS. ALRI Angkatan Laut Republik Indonesia, Navy of the
Re-public of Indonesia.
AMS Algemene Middelbare School, General Secondary School. SeeEDUCATION.
ANETA Algemene Nieuws en Telegraaf Agentschap, General News and Telegraph Agency. See NEWS AGEN-CIES.
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
APODETI Associação Populár Democrática Timorense, Timo-rese Popular Democratic Association.
APRIS Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat, Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Indonesia. See ARMY.
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
ASPRI Asisten Presiden Republik Indonesia, assistants to the president of the Republic of Indonesia. See MALARI.
AURI Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia, Air Forceof the Republic of Indonesia.
BAIS Badan Intelijen Strategis, Strategic Intelligence Body. SeeINTELLIGENCE.
BAKIN Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara, State Intelli-gence Coordinating Agency.
BAKORSTANAS Badan Koordinasi Bantuan Pemantapan Stabilitas Nasional, Coordinating Body to Assist in Maintain-ing National Security.
BAPERKI Badan Permusyawaratan Kewarga Negaraan In-donesia, Consultative Body of Indonesian Citizenship. BAPINDO Bank Pembangunan Indonesia, Indonesian
Develop-ment Bank.
BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, Regional Development Planning Board.
BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Na-tional Development Planning Board.
BB Binnenlandsch Bestuur, literally, administration of the interior, the European bureaucracy of the Netherlands Indies.
Berdikari Berdiri atas kaki sendiri,to stand on one’s own feet. SeeETYMOLOGY.
BFO Bijeenkomst voor Federale Overleg, Federal Consulta-tive Meeting. SeeFEDERALISM.
BIA Badan Intelijen ABRI, Armed Forces Intelligence Agency. See INTELLIGENCE.
BIMAS Bimbingan Massal, mass guidance. SeeGREEN REV-OLUTION.
BKKBN Badan Koordinasi Keluarga Berencana Nasional, Na-tional Family Planning Coordinating Body. See FAMILY PLANNING.
BKR Badan Keamanan Rakyat, People’s Security Organiza-tion. SeeARMY.
BKS Badan Kerja Sama, Cooperative Bodies.
BNI Bank Negara Indonesia, Indonesian National Bank. SeeBANKING.
BPK Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, State Audit Board. See CONSTITUTIONS.
BPM Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij, Batave Petroleum Company. See “KONINKLIJKE”; OIL.
BPS Badan Pendukung Sukarnoisme, Body to Support Sukarnoism.
BPS Biro Pusat Statistik, Central Statistical Bureau; also Badan Pusat Statistiek, Central Statistical Body. See STATISTICS.
BPUPKI Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Investigatory Body for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence.
BTC Banking and Trading Corporation. See STATE EN-TERPRISES.
BTI Barisan Tani Indonesia, Indonesian Peasants’ Front. Bulog Badan Urusan Logistik Nasional, National
Logisti-cal Supply Organization.
CCP Chinese Communist Party. SeeCHINA, RELATIONS WITH.
CGI Consultative Group on Indonesia.
CIDES Center for Information and Development Studies. See IKATAN CENDEKIAWAN MUSLIM INDONESIA. CONEFO Conference of the New Emerging Forces. See
NEKOLIM.
CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies. DDII Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia, Indonesian
Is-lamic Preaching Council. SeeISLAM IN INDONE-SIA.
DEKON Deklarasi Ekonomi, Economic Declaration. See GUIDED ECONOMY.
DEPLU Departemen Luar Negeri, Department of Foreign Af-fairs. SeeFOREIGN POLICY.
DGI Dewan Gereja Indonesia, Indonesian Council of Churches. See PROTESTANTISM.
DI Darul Islam, House of Islam.
DIY Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Special Territory of Yo-gyakarta. See YOGYAKARTA.
DKI Daerah Khusus Ibukota, Special Capital Territory. See JAKARTA.
DPA Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, Supreme Advisory
Council.
DPN Dewan Pertahanan Negara, State Defense Council. DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, People’s Representative
Council.
DPR-D Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, People’s Represen-tative Council local assemblies.
DPR-GR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong, mutual self-help.
DPR-S Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara, provisional.
DRET Democratic Republic of East Timor.
Drs Doctorandus. SeeTITLES. Dt Datuk. See TITLES.
DVG Dienst voor Volksgezondheid, Public Health Service. SeeHEALTH.
EB Europees Bestuur, European administration. See BIN-NENLANDSCH BESTUUR.
EC European Community.
ELS Europese Lagere School, European Lower School. See EDUCATION.
EYD Ejaan yang disempurnakan, perfected spelling. See INDONESIAN LANGUAGE.
FALINTIL Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor, Armed Forces for the National Liberation of Timor. See FRETILIN.
FBSI Federasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia, All-Indonesia Fed-eration of Labor. SeeLABOR UNIONS.
FDI Foreign direct investment. See INVESTMENT, FOR-EIGN.
FDR Front Demokrasi Rakyat, People’s Democratic Front. FRETILIN Frente Revolucionária do Timor Leste Independente, Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor. FSPSI Federasi Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia, Federation of All-Indonesia Workers’ Associations. See LA-BOR UNIONS.
FUII Front Umat Islam Indonesia, Indonesian Muslim Com-munity Front.
G/30/S Gerakan Tiga Puluh September, 30 September Move-ment. SeeGESTAPU.
GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, Independent Aceh Movement. See ACEH.
GANEFO Games of the New Emerging Forces. SeeNEKOLIM. GAPI Gabungan Politik Indonesia, Indonesian Political
Federation.
GBHN Garis Besar Haluan Negara, Broad Outlines of State Policy. See MAJELIS PERMUSYAWARATAN RAKYAT.
GDP Gross domestic product.
GERINDO Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia, Indonesian People’s Movement.
GERWANI Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Women’s Movement.
GESTAPU Gerakan September Tiga Puluh, September 30 Move-ment.
GHS Geneeskundige Hogeschool, Medical School. See ED-UCATION.
GKI Gereja Kristen Injil di Tanah Papua, Papuan Church of the Christian Gospel. See PAPUA.
GOLKAR Golongan Karya, Functional Groups. HAM Hak Azasi Manusia, human rights.
HANKAM Pertahanan dan Keamanan, (Department of) Defense and Security. SeeARMED FORCES.
HANSIP Pertahanan Sipil, Civil Defense. See ARMED FORCES.
HBS Hogere Burger School, Higher Civil School. See ED-UCATION.
HCS Hollands-Chinese School, Dutch Chinese School. See EDUCATION.
HIR Herziene Inlands Reglement, Revised Native Regula-tions. SeeLAW.
HIS Hollands-Inlandse School, Dutch Native School. See EDUCATION.
HKTI Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia, Association of Indonesian Peasant Leagues. See LABOR UNIONS.
HMI Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam, Muslim Students’
As-sociation.
HNSI Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia, All Indonesia Fishermen’s Association. See LABOR UNIONS. HVK Hoge Vertegenwoordiger van de Kroon, high
represen-tative of the Crown. See GOVERNOR-GENERAL. IAIN Institut Agama Islam Negeri, State Islamic Religious
Institute. See EDUCATION, ISLAMIC.
IBRA Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency. See BANKING. ICMI Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia, All
Indone-sia League of Muslim Intellectuals.
IEV Indo-Europees Verbond, Indo-European Union. See INDO-EUROPEANS.
IGGI Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia.
IMET International Military Education and Training Pro-gram. See UNITED STATES, RELATIONS WITH. IMF International Monetary Fund.
INDRA Indonesian Debt Restructuring Agency. See DEBT, FOREIGN.
INPRES Instruksi Presiden, presidential instruction.
IPKI Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia,
League of the Supporters of Indonesian Indepen-dence.
Ir Ingenieur. SeeTITLES.
ISDV Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging, Indies Social Democratic Association.
JABOTABEK Jakarta-Bogor-Tanggerang-Bekasi. SeeJAKARTA. JI Jemaah Islamiah, Islamic community. See ISLAM IN
INDONESIA, ISLAMIC STATE.
KABIR Kapitalis birokrat, bureaucratic capitalist. SeeCLASS ANALYSIS.
KADIN Kamar Dagang dan Industri, Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
KAMI Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia, Indonesian Students’ Action Front.
KAMMI Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia, National Front of Indonesian Muslim Students.
KAPPI Kesatuan Aksi Pemuda dan Pelajar Indonesia, Indone-sian Youth and School Students Action Front. See KESATUAN AKSI MAHASISWA INDONESIA. KASAD Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat, army chief of staff. See
ARMY.
KASI Kesatuan Aksi Sarjana Indonesia, Indonesian Gradu-ates’ Action Front.
KKN Kolusi, Korupsi, dan Nepotisme, corruption, collu-sion, and nepotism.
KNI Komite Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Committee.
KNIL Koninklijk Nederlandsch Indisch Leger, Royal
Netherlands Indies Army.
KNILM Koninklijk Nederlands-Indische Luchtvaartmaatschap-pij, Royal Netherlands Indies Air Company. SeeAIR SERVICES.
KNIP Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat, Central Indone-sian National Committee.
KNPI Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia, Indonesian Na-tional Youth Committee.
KODAM Komando Daerah Militer, Regional Military Com-mand. See DEFENSE POLICY; DWIFUNGSI. KOGA Komando Siaga, Readiness Command. See
KO-MANDO OPERASI TERTINGGI.
KOGAM Komando Ganyang Malaysia, Crush Malaysia Com-mand. SeeKOMANDO OPERASI TERTINGGI. KOKAR Korps Karyawan, Employees’ Corps. SeeKORPS
PE-GAWAI REPUBLIK INDONESIA.
KOMNAS HAM Komisi Nasional Hak Azasi Manusia. National Com-mittee for Human Rights.
KOPASSANDHA Komando Pasukan Sandi Yudha, Secret Warfare Com-mando Unit. See KOMANDO PASUKAN KHUSUS.
KOPASSUS Komando Pasukan Khusus, Special Commando Unit.
KOPKAMTIB Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban, Operational Command for the Restora-tion of Security and Order.
KORPRI Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia, Government Officials Corps of the Republic of Indonesia. KOSGORO Koperasi Serba Guna Gotong Royong, Multipurpose
Cooperative for Gotong Royong.
KOSTRAD Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat, Army Strategic Reserve.
KOTI Komando Operasi Tertinggi, Supreme Operational Command.
KOTOE Komando Tertinggi Operasi Ekonomi, Supreme Oper-ational Command for the Economy. See DWI-FUNGSI.
KOWILHAN Komando Wilayah Pertahanan, Regional Defense Commands. SeeDEFENSE POLICY.
KPM Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij, Royal Packet Service Company.
KPU Komisi Pemilihan Umum, General Elections Commit-tee. See ELECTIONS.
KRISMON Monetary crisis. SeeFINANCIAL CRISIS.
KUHAP Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, proce-dural code for criminal law. SeeLAW.
KUHP Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, criminal code. See LAW.
LBH Lembaga Bantuan Hukum, Legal Aid Bureau. See LE-GAL AID SERVICES.
LEKRA Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat, Institute for People’s Culture.
LEMHANNAS Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, National Defense Insti-tute. See DEFENSE POLICY.
LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Indonesian Academy of Sciences.
LKBN Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional, National News Agency Institute. SeeANTARA.
LKBN Lembaga Keluarga Berencana Nasional, National Fam-ily Planning Institute. SeeFAMILY PLANNING. LKMD Lembaga Ketahanan Masyarakat Desa, Institute for
Village Community Resilience. See DESA.
LMD Lembaga Musyawarah Desa, Village Consultative Council. See DESA.
LNG Liquefied natural gas. See GAS.
MAHMILLUB Mahkamah Militer Luar Biasa, Extraordinary Mili-tary Tribunal.
MALARI Malapetaka 15 Januari, Disaster of 15 January. MANIKEBU Manifes Kebudayaan, Cultural Manifesto. MANIPOL Manifesto Politik, Political Manifesto. MAPHILINDO Malaya, Philippines, and Indonesia.
MASJUMI Madjelis Sjuro Muslimin Indonesia, Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims.
MIAI Majelis Islam A’laa Indonesia, Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia.
MMI Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia, Council of Indonesian Defenders of the Faith. SeeISLAMIC STATE. MONAS Monumen Nasional, National Monument. See
JAKARTA.
MPR (S) Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (Sementara), (Provisional) People’s Deliberative Assembly. Mr Meester in de Rechten. SeeTITLES.
MULO Meer Uitgebreide Lagere Onderwijs, Broader Lower Education. SeeEDUCATION.
NASAKOM Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunisme; nationalism, reli-gion, communism.
NEFIS Netherlands Forces Intelligence Service. See POLI-TIEK INLICHTINGEN DIENST.
NEFO New Emerging Forces. SeeNEKOLIM.
NEKOLIM Neo-Kolonialis dan Imperialis, neocolonialists and im-perialists.
NGO Nongovernmental organization.
NHM Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij, Netherlands Trading Company.
NIAS Nederlands-Indische Artsenschool, Netherlands Indies Doctors’ School. See HEALTH.
NICA Netherlands Indies Civil Administration. NII Negara Islam Indonesia. SeeDARUL ISLAM. NIROM Nederlandsch-Indische Radio Omroep Maatschappij,
Netherlands Indies Radio Broadcasting Company. SeeRADIO.
NIT Negara Indonesia Timur, State of East Indonesia.
NTB NusatenggaraBarat, Western Lesser Sundas.
NTT NusatenggaraTimur, Eastern Lesser Sundas.
NU Nahdlatul Ulama, Revival of the Religious Scholars. OLDEFO Old Established Forces. SeeNEKOLIM.
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See OIL.
OPM Organisasi Papua Merdeka, Free Papua Movement.
OPSUS Operasi Khusus, Special Operations. ORBA Orde Baru, New Order.
ORI Oeang (i.e., Uang) Republik Indonesia, currency of the Indonesian Republic.
ORMAS Organisasi Massa, mass organizations.
OSVIA Opleidingsschool voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren, Training School for Native Officials. See EDUCA-TION.
PAI Persatuan Arab Indonesia, Indonesian Arab Union. See ARABS.
PAN Partai Amanat Nasional, National Mandate Party. PANGAB Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata, commander in chief of
the armed forces. See ARMED FORCES.
PANGESTU Paguyuban Ngèsti Tunggal, Association for Striving towards Harmony with God.
PARAS Partai Rakyat Sosialis, Socialist People’s Party. See PARTAI SOSIALIS.
PARI Partai Republik Indonesia, Party of the Indonesian Re-public. SeeTAN MALAKA.
PARINDRA Partai Indonesia Raya, Greater Indonesia Party. PARKINDO Partai Kristen Indonesia, Indonesian Christian Party. PARMUSI Partai Muslimin Indonesia, Indonesian Muslims’
Party.
PARSI Partai Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Party. See PARTAI SOSIALIS.
PARTINDO Partai Indonesia, Indonesia Party.
PBB Partai Bulan Bintang (Moon and Stars Party). PBI Partai Buruh Indonesia, Indonesian Labor Party. PBI Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia, Association of the
In-donesian People.
PDI Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, Indonesian Democratic Party.
PDI-P Partai Demokrasi Indonesia—Perjuangan, Indone-sian Democratic Party of Struggle.
PDRI Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia,
Emer-gency Government of the Republic of Indonesia. PELNI Perusahaan Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian
National Shipping Company. SeeSHIPPING. PEMILU Pemilihan Umum, general elections. See ELECTIONS. PEPUSKA Pemilikan Pusat Kapal-Kapal, Central Shipowning
Authority. SeeSHIPPING.
PERMESTA Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam, Universal Struggle Charter. SeePRRI/PERMESTA REBELLION. PERSIS Persatuan Islam, Islamic Union.
PERTAMINA Perusahaan Tambang Minyak Nasional, National Oil and Gas Mining Corporation.
PERTI Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah, Islamic Education Association.
PESINDO Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Youth.
PETA Pembela Tanah Air, Defenders of the Homeland. PETRUS Pembunuhan/ Penembakan Misterius, mysterious
PI Perhimpunan Indonesia, Indonesian Association. PID Politiek Inlichtingen Dienst, Political Intelligence
Service.
PIR Persatuan Indonesia Raya, Greater Indonesian Asso-ciation.
PK Partai Keadilan, Justice Party.
PKB Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa, Rise of the People Party.
PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia, Indonesian Communist Party.
PKK Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, Family Welfare Development. See DESA.
PKN Pakempalan Kawula Ngayogyakarta, Yogyakarta
People’s Party.
PKP Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan, Justice and Unity Party. See PARTIES, POLITICAL.
PKRI Persatuan Katolik Republik Indonesia, Catholic Union of the Republic of Indonesia. SeePARTAI KATOLIK.
PN Perusahaan Nasional, state enterprise.
PNI Partai Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Party.
PNI-Baru New PNI. See PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL IN-DONESIA.
PP Persatuan Perjuangan, Struggle Union.
PPBI Pusat Perjuangan Buruh Indonesia, Indonesian Work-ers’ Struggle Center. See LABOR UNIONS. PPKI Panitya Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Committee
for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence. See BADAN PENYELIDIK USAHA PERSIAPAN KE-MERDEKAAN INDONESIA.
PPKI Persatuan Politik Katolik Indonesia, Indonesian Catholic Political Union. SeePARTAI KATOLIK. PPKJ Pakempalan Politik Katolik Jawi, Political Association
of Javanese Catholics. SeePARTAI KATOLIK. PPMI Persaudaraan Pekerja Muslim Indonesia, Indonesian
Muslim Workers’ Brotherhood. See LABOR UNIONS.
PPP Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Unity
Develop-ment Party.
PPPKI Permufakatan Perhimpunan Politik Kebangsaan Indonesia, Confederation of Indonesian Political Organizations.
PRC People’s Republic of China. See CHINA, RELA-TIONS WITH.
PRD Partai Rakyat Demokrasi, Democratic People’s
Party.
PRRI Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia, Revolu-tionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia. See PRRI/PERMESTA REBELLION.
PSI Partai Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Party. PSII Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia, Indonesian Islamic
Association Party.
PT Perusahaan Terbatas, limited liability company. PUSA Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh, All-Aceh Ulama
Asso-ciation. SeeACEH.
PUSKESMAS Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat, Center for Society’s Health (see HEALTH).
PUTERA Pusat Tenaga Rakyat, Center of the People’s Power. PWI Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia, Indonesian Reporters’
Association. SeeNEWSPAPERS. R. Raden. SeeTITLES.
R.A. Raden Ajeng. SeeTITLES.
REPELITA Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun, Five-Year De-velopment Plan.
RHS Rechtshogeschool, law school. SeeEDUCATION. RIS Republik Indonesia Serikat, Republic of the United
States of Indonesia.
RMS Republik Maluku Selatan, Republic of the South Moluccas.
RPKAD Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat, Army Paracommando Regiment.
RR Regeringsreglement, Government Regulating Act. See CONSTITUTIONS.
RRI Radio Republik Indonesia, Radio of the Republic of Indonesia. SeeRADIO.
RUSI Republic of the United States of Indonesia. See RE-PUBLIK INDONESIA SERIKAT.
SARA Suku, Agama, Ras, Antar-golongan; ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup relations.
SARBUPRI Serikat Buruh Perkebunan Republik Indonesia, Union of Plantation Workers of the Republic of Indonesia. See SENTRAL ORGANISASI BURUH REPUB-LIK INDONESIA.
Satgas Papua Satuan Tugas Papua, Papua Task Force. See PAPUA. SBG Serikat Buruh Gula, Sugar Workers’ Union. See
SEN-TRAL ORGANISASI BURUH REPUBLIK IN-DONESIA.
SBSI Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia, Indonesian Pros-perous Workers’ Union. See LABOR UNIONS. SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
SESKOAD Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat, Army Staff and Command School. See ARMY.
SH Sarjana Hukum. See TITLES.
SI Sarekat Islam, Islamic Association.
SIT Surat Ijin Terbit, publication license. SeeCENSORSHIP. SIUPP Surat Ijin Usaha Penerbitan Pers, permit to operate a
press company. SeeCENSORSHIP.
SMP Satgas Merah Putih, Red and White Task Force. See PAPUA.
SOBSI Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia, All-Indonesia Federation of Labor Organizations. SOKSI Sentral Organisasi Karyawan Seluruh Indonesia,
All-Indonesia Federation of Employee Organizations. SPSI Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia, All Indonesia
Workers’ Union. See LABOR UNIONS. St. Sutan. SeeTITLES.
STICUSA Stichting voor Culturele Samenwerking, Institute for Cultural Cooperation. See LEMBAGA KEBU-DAYAAN RAKYAT.
STOVIA School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen, School for the Training of Native Physicians. See EDUCA-TION; HEALTH.
SUPERSEMAR Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret, Executive Order of 11 March.
TABANAS Tabungan Pembangunan Nasional, National Develop-ment Savings Scheme. SeeBANKING.
TAPOL Tahanan politik,political prisoners.
THS Technische Hogeschool, Institute of Technology. See EDUCATION.
TKR Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, People’s Security Army. SeeARMY.
TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Army. See ARMED FORCES; ARMY.
TPN Tentara Pembebasan Nasional, National Liberation Army. See PAPUA.
TRI Tentara Republic Indonesia, Army of the Republic of Indonesia. SeeARMY.
TRIKORA Tri Komando Rakyat, People’s Triple Command. See PAPUA.
TRIP Tentara Republik Indonesia Pelajar, Student Army of the Indonesian Republic.
TRITURA Tri Tuntutan Rakyat, Three Demands of the People. See KOMANDO AKSI MAHASISWA INDONE-SIA; MALARI.
TVRI Televisi Republik Indonesia, Television of the Repub-lic of Indonesia. See TELEVISION.
UDT União Democrática Timorense, Timorese
Demo-cratic Union.
USDEK Undang-undang ’45, 1945 Constitution; Sosialisme a la Indonesia, Indonesian socialism; Demokrasi Ter-pimpin, guided democracy; Ekonomi TerTer-pimpin, guided economy; and Kepribadian Indonesia, In-donesian identity. SeeMANIFESTO POLITIK. UUD Undang-Undang Dasar, Constitution. See
CONSTI-TUTIONS.
VFR Voorlopige Federale Regeering, Provisional Federal Government. SeeSUCCESSION.
VOC Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, United East In-dies Company. See DUTCH EAST INDIES COM-PANY.
VSTP Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramweg Personeel, Union of Rail and Tramway Personnel. SeeLABOR UNIONS. ZOPFAN Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality. See
Chronology
xlv
Early History (to c. 1400)
1.9 million years ago Hominids Pithecanthropus and Meganthropus lived in Java (see PREHISTORY).
40,000 years ago Wajak Man (Homo sapiens) lived in Java.
15,000–8,000 years ago Sea levels rise, separating Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan from the Asian mainland and New Guinea from Australia. c. 3000 B.C. Austronesian peoples begin moving into Indonesia from the Philippines (see MIGRATIONS).
c. 1000 B.C. Kerbauintroduced to Indonesia.
c. 400 A.D. Hindu kingdoms of Tarumanegara and Kutai emerge in West Java and East Kalimantan.
c. 675 Rise of Srivijayain Sumatra.
c. 732 Emergence of Mataramunder Sanjaya. c. 760 Construction of Sivaitic temples at Dieng. c. 824 Construction of Borobudurbegins. c. 840 Construction of Prambananbegins. 860–c. 1000 Golden age of Srivijaya.
1019–c. 1045 Airlanggarules Java. 1023–1068 Chola raids on Sumatra.
c. 1045 According to legend, Airlangga divides his kingdom into Kediri and Janggala.
1222 Ken Angrok founds Singasari.
1292 Civil war in Singasari; Jayakatwang kills Kertanegara; Mongol in-vasion of Java.
1293 Wijaya founds kingdom of Majapahit and rules (1293–1309) as Kertarajasa.
c. 1297 Sultan Malek Saleh of Pasai, first known Muslim ruler in the ar-chipelago.
c. 1330–1350 Adityavarman rules in Minangkabau. 1331–1364 Gajah Madais prime minister of Majapahit. 1387 Founding of Banjarmasin.
Islamic States and the Expansion of the VOC: 1400–1800
1402 Kingdom of Melakafounded.
1406, 1408, 1410, 1414, 1418 Expeditions by Zheng He(Cheng Ho) to Southeast Asia.
c. 1478 Demakbecomes first Muslim state on Java. 1511 Portuguese seize Melaka.
1522 Portuguese build fort in Ternate. 1527 Sultanate of Demak defeats Majapahit.
1552–1570 Bantenrises as independent state under Sultan Hasanuddin. 1570 Revolt against the Portuguese in Ternate.
1575–1601 Senopati rules Mataram.
1605 Dutch seizeAmbon.
1607–1645 Rise of Acehunder Sultan Iskandar Muda. 1613–1645 Sultan Agungrules Mataram.
1619 Dutch establish base in Jayakarta (later Batavia). 1621 Dutch seize control of Bandaislands.
1623 “Amboyna Massacre.”Mataram subjugates Gresik and Surabaya. 1629 Sultan Agung unsuccessfully attacks Batavia.
1641 Dutch capture Melaka from Portuguese. 1641–1675 Aceh ruled by Queen Taj al-Alam.
1663 Treaty of Painan establishes Dutch influence in Minangkabau. 1667 Makassar falls to Dutch and Bugis forces; Treaty of Bungaya; Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) wins control of north coast of Java. 1671–1679 Revolt of Trunojoyoon Java.
1704–1708 First Javanese War of Succession. 1719–1723 Second Javanese War of Succession.
1723 Forced delivery of coffeeto Dutch by regents of Prianganbegins. 1740 Revolt of the Chinese in Batavia.
1746–1755 Third Javanese War of Succession. 1755 Treaty of Giyanti.
1778 Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen founded.
1790–1820 Goldrush in West Kalimantan (see KONGSIWARS). 1795 Batavian Republicfounded; first censusconducted on Java. 1799 VOC bankrupt.
Colonial Rule and the Nationalist Movement: 1800–1942
1800 1 January: VOC Charter allowed to lapse; company properties taken over by the Dutch state.
1803–1837 Paderi Wars in Central Sumatra.
1808–1811 Herman Willem Daendelsgoverns the Dutch Indies. 1811 August–September: British conquest of Java.
1811–1816 Thomas Stamford Rafflesis lieutenant-governor of Java. 1812 British seize Bangka and Belitungfrom Palembang.
1813 First land rentintroduced; Sultanate of Banten abolished. 1815 Eruption of Tambora.
1816 Dutch restored to their Indonesian possessions.
1817 Botanical gardensat Bogor founded; revolt by Pattimura in Ambon. 1821 Cholerareaches Indonesia.
1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty; founding of Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij.
1825–1830 Java War.
1828 Dutch settlement at Lobo in Papua. 1830 Cultivation systemintroduced.
1846 Commercial coalmining begins in South Kalimantan.
1854 Revised Regeeringsreglement (Constitution) of the Netherlands Indies promulgated.
1859–1863 War of Succession in Banjarmasin. 1863 Tobaccocultivation begins in East Sumatra. 1864 First railwayestablished.
1870 Agrarian Law; start of Liberal Policy.
1871 Undersea telegraph cable laid between Java and Australia. 1873–1904 Aceh War.
1877 End of batig slot(budgetary surplus) transfers to Dutch treasury. 1878 Coffee plantations devastated by disease.
1883 Eruption of Krakatau.
1886 First oildiscovery at Pangkalan Brandan. 1888 Anticolonial uprising in Banten.
1891 Tooth of Java Mandiscovered in East Java. 1894 Dutch conquest of Lombok.
1901 Start of Ethical Policy. 1902 Transmigrationbegins.
1905 Dutch occupy Tapanuli, North Sumatra; decentralizationmeasure introduced in Dutch territories.
1905–1906 Dutch conquest of Bone.
1908 Budi Utomo founded; antitax rebellion in West Sumatra; Dutch conquer southern Bali.
1910 Outbreak of bubonic plagueon Java; Sarekat Islam and Indische Partijfounded.
1912 Muhammadiyahfounded.
1914 Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereniging(Indies Social Dem-ocratic Association) founded.
1916 Volksraad installed. 1917 Rebellion in Torajaland. 1918 Influenza pandemic.
1920 Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, Indonesian Communist Party) founded.
1923 Communists expelled from Sarekat Islam. 1925 November: Algemene Studieclubfounded.
1926 November:Communist uprising in Banten; internment camp es-tablished at Boven Digul. 31 December: Nahdlatul Ulama(NU, Revival of the Religious Scholars) founded.
Party) in Bangkok. July: Partai Nasional Indonesia(PNI, Indonesian Na-tionalist Party) founded.
1928 October: Youth Pledge. 1929 December: Sukarnojailed.
1931 April:PNI dissolves itself; Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI, Indonesian National Education; also called PNI-Baru, New PNI) and Par-tai Indonesiafounded.
1933 February:Mutiny on the Zeven Provinciên.Mid: Dutch impose assembly ban (vergader verbod) on several political parties. August: Sukarno jailed and exiled.
1934 February: Hatta,Sjahrir, and other political leaders jailed and ex-iled.
1935 December: Partai Indonesia Rayafounded. 1936 July: Sutarjo Petition.
1937 May: Gerakan Rakyat Indonesiafounded. Antaranews agency founded.
1941 July: Netherlands Indies stops exports of oil, tin, and rubber to Japan.
War and Revolution: 1942–1949
1942 27–28 February: Battle of the Java Sea. 9 March:Dutch forces on Java capitulate to Japan at Kalijati. 27 March:Dutch forces on Suma-tra surrender unconditionally.
1943 June: Japanese order establishment of volunteer armies (Peta on Java, Giyu gunon Sumatra).
1944 September: Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso issues decla-ration promising Indonesian independence.
Allied troops land in Medan and Padang. 1 November: Manifesto Politik of the Indonesian Republic issued. 10 November:Battle of Surabaya. 14 No-vember:First parliamentary cabinet formed under Sutan Sjahrir.
1946 January:Tan Malaka establishes Persatuan Perjuangan. March: Tan Malaka and followers arrested. April:First formal negotiations begin between Indonesians and Dutch. 15 November: Linggajati Agreement initialed; British forces leave Indonesia. 24 December: Negara Indonesia Timorfounded.
1947 March: Komité Nasional Indonesia endorses Linggajati agree-ment. 21 July:First of Dutch “Police Actions”launched.
1948 17 January: Renville Agreementsigned. September: Madiun re-bellion launched and suppressed. 19 December: Second of Dutch “Police Actions.” 22 December: Pemerintah Daruratestablished on Sumatra. 1949 14 April: Republican leaders and Dutch begin talks. 7 May: Roem–van Roijenagreement reached. 6 July:Republican government re-turns to Yogyakarta. 13 July: Emergency government returns its mandate. 7 August: Darul Islammovement declares an Islamic state. 23 August: Round Table Conferencebegins in The Hague. 27 December: Transfer of Sovereignty except for West New Guinea (Papua).
Sukarno Era: 1950–1966
1950 23 January:Attempted coup by R. P. P. Westerlingin Bandung. April: Benteng Programlaunched; Andi Aziz affair; Declaration of the Republik Maluku Selatan(Republic of the South Moluccas). 17 August: Reestablishment of unitary state (see FEDERALISM). 26–29 September: Indonesia joins United Nations.
1952 17 October: Army challenges Sukarno, demanding dissolution of parliament and holding of elections.
1953 Java Bank nationalized (see BANKING). September:Aceh revolt begins.
1955 18–24 April: Asia-Africa Conferenceheld in Bandung. 29 Sep-tember:General elections.
1 December:Hatta resigns as vice president. 20 December:Banteng coun-cil proclaimed in West Sumatra.
1957 9 April: Sukarno commissions first Business Cabinet (Kabinet Karya). May: Dewan Nasionalfounded. 29 November:United Nations re-fuses to act on the West Irian dispute. 30 November: Cikini assassination attempt against Sukarno. 3 December:PNI and PKI unions begin seizure of Dutch businesses in Indonesia (see NATIONALIZATION). 5 Decem-ber: Justice Ministry orders expulsion of 46,000 Dutch citizens. 13 De-cember: Nasution announces that army will manage seized enterprises; Mohammad Natsirand other Masjumi leaders flee to Sumatra.
1958 15 February: Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia pro-claimed in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. 12 March: Nasution begins military operations against Sumatra rebels. 10 May: Government forces begin op-erations against rebels in Sulawesi. 18 May: Government forces shoot down American plane flying over Ambon in support of the rebels and cap-ture its pilot.
1959 14 May:Alien Chinese banned from trading in rural areas. 5 July: Restoration of 1945 Constitution. 17 August: Sukarno outlines the Mani-festo Politik(seeGUIDED DEMOCRACY).
1960 5 March:Sukarno dissolves parliament.
1961 First postindependence census. April–September: Surrender of most of the PRRI/Permesta rebel leaders. 19 December: Sukarno an-nounces military campaign against Dutch in Irian (see PAPUA).
1962 15 August:Dutch hand authority in Irian to United Nations. 1963 March: Sukarno’s Deklarasi Ekonomi (see GUIDED ECON-OMY). 1 May:United Nations hands Irian to Indonesia. 31 July–5 Au-gust: Sukarno attends Manila summit on Malaysia (see MAPHILINDO). 23 September: Sukarno announces plans to crush Malaysia (see CON-FRONTATION). October: Manifes Kebudayaan.
1964 17 August: Sukarno gives his “Year of Living Dangerously” speech. 1965 2 January: Indonesia withdraws from the United Nations. 30 Sep-tember–1 October: Gestapu coup attempt. 2 October:General Suharto takes responsibility for restoring “security and order.” Late 1965–1966: Mass killings of PKI members and associates. 13 December:1,000 rupiah (Rp) devalued to Rp 1 (seeCURRENCY).
1966 13 February: First post-Gestapu Mahmillub trial begins. 11 March: Sukarno issues Supersemarorder, transferring full executive au-thority to Suharto. 12 March: PKI and associated organizations banned. 11 August:Relations with Malaysianormalized, end of Confrontation. Sep-tember:Indonesia rejoins United Nations.
Suharto Era: 1967–1998
1967 12 March: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat—Sementara (MPR-S) strips Sukarno of presidency and appoints Suharto acting presi-dent. April:Indonesia rejoins World Bank. 8 August: Formation of As-sociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
1968 20 February: Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Parmusi, Indonesian Muslims’ Party) founded. 27 March:MPR appoints Suharto president. 6 June:Suharto forms first Development Cabinet.
1969 1 April: Launch of first Five-Year Development Plan. 15 July– 2 August:Kabupaten councils in Papua opt for integration with Indonesia in “Act of Free Choice.” 2 October: Attorney General Sugiharto an-nounces plans to settle alleged communist detainees on Buru.
1971 17 March: Treaty of Friendship with Malaysia. 3 July: Second general elections. 23 August: Indonesia and Malaysia claim territorial rights over the Strait of Melaka.
1973 5 January: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP, Unity Devel-opment Party) formed. 10 January: Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI, Indonesian Democratic Party) formed. 12 February:Indonesia signs bor-der agreement with Papua New Guinea.
1974 15 January: Malariaffair.
1975 11 March:Indonesia reaches border agreement with Philippines. 29 July:Indonesia recognizes Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam. 26 August: Portuguese colonial government abandons East Timor. 28 November: Fretilin declares Democratic Republic of East Timor. 7 December: Indonesian forces invade Dili, capital of East Timor. 1976 3 March:Ibnu Sutowo, director of state oil company Pertamina, dismissed. 22 September: Government authorities claim to have uncov-ered coup plot by Sawito Kartowibowo.
1977 2 May: Third general election. May: Paratroops dropped in the central valley of Papua to crush rebellion by Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM, Free Papua Movement).
1978 16 January:Bandung students issue White Bookcriticizing New Order performance. 22 March:MPR reelects Suharto as president. 15 No-vember:Rupiah devalued (seeCURRENCY).
1979 July–December:Ten thousand political prisoners released. 1980 February: ABRI Masuk Desa program introduced (see DWI-FUNGSI). 5 May: Petition of Fiftysigned.
1981 28 March: Radical Muslims hijack Garuda DC-9 en route from Palembang to Medan. 25 February: Malaysia recognizes Indonesia’s Archipelagic Concept.
1982 4 May:Fourth general election. December:Law of the Sea vention in Jamaica effectively recognizes Indonesia’s Archipelagic Con-cept.
1983 30 March:Rupiah devalued. April:“Mysterious killings” of crim-inals begins (see PETRUS). October: Sudharmono and Sarwono Kusumaatmaja take over leadership of Golkar; Golkar restructuring be-gins.
1984 20–22 August: First national congress of Pertai Persatuan Pemban-gunan (PPP) accepts Pancasila as its sole basic principle. 12 September: Tanjung Priok affair (see WHITE PAPER). Early December: Muham-madiyah adopts Pancasila as its sole basic principle. Mid-December: Nahdlatul Ulama adopts Pancasila as its sole basic principle, but with-draws from PPP.
1985 21 January:Bomb explosion on Borobudur. 5 July:Resumption of direct trade with China. 18 August: H. R. Dharsono placed on trial for subversion. August–November:1,600 people dismissed, mainly from the oil industry, for alleged links with the PKI. August: First of a series of ex-ecutions of PKI members detained after the 1965 Gestapu. December 1985–August 1986: International oil price drops from US$25 to $12 per barrel.
the Pancasila as their sole basic principle. 12 September:Rupiah devalued by 31 percent. October:Treaty of Mutual Respect, Friendship, and Coop-eration with Papua New Guinea. 9 October: Newspaper Sinar Harapan banned.
1987 4 February: Plans announced to privatize some of Indonesia’s state enterprises. 21 April: Fifth general election. 14 December:Suharto calls for nuclear weapons free zone in Southeast Asia. 24 December: Ma-jor reduction announced in government regulation of imports, exports, for-eign investment, and tourism.
1988 5 January:1988–1989 budget allocates 36 percent of prospective foreign income to service international debt. 10 March:Suharto reelected as president, Sudharmono elected vice president. 22 September: KOP-KAMTIB abolished. 27 October:Deregulation of the banking sector (see BANKING). November: Indonesia recognizes state of Palestine.
1989 6–8 February:Violent clashes in Lampungbetween troops and lo-cal people. 24 February:Indonesia and China agree to restore diplomatic relations. April: Student protests over dispossession of small farmers for development projects. 8 June: Suharto receives United Nations Population award for Indonesia’s family planningprogram. 11 December: Indonesia signs Timor Gap agreement with Australia.
1990 17 January:150 students demonstrate before U.S. ambassador on a visit to East Timor. 3 February:Lampung rebels sentenced. 15 Febru-ary: Four political prisoners, jailed since 1965, executed. February: Netherlands refuses to sign aid agreement because of execution of the four detainees. 16 April: Indonesian army kills five Acehnese. August: Gov-ernment lifts ban on strikes. 8 August:Diplomatic relations officially re-stored between China and Indonesia. 16 September: Dharsono released from jail. October-November:Public outcry over poll in newspaper Mon-itorthat ranked Mohammad below political figures; its editor arrested. De-cember: Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI)formed. 1991 1 January:Indonesia joins Human RightsCommission. 3 April: Forum Demokrasi established under Abdurrachman Wahid, League for Restoration of Democracy formed under Ponke Princen. 8 April:Monitor editor sentenced to five years in jail. 4–5 July:Army kills seven suspected rebels in Aceh. November: Massacre at Santa Cruz cemetery in Dili, East Timor; Indonesian military arrest Jose Alexandre “Xanana” Gusmão.
1992 10 June: Sixth general election. September: Abillo Jose Osorlco Soares becomes governor of East Timor.
1993 January–February:ABRI and PDI proposeTry Sutrisnofor vice president. 27 February:Edi Sudrajat replaces Try as panglima. 17 March: Sixth Development Cabinet announced; Benny Murdani dismissed as minister of defense.
1994 February–March: Government publishes White Paper on events in 1965. 10 February: Mochtar Pakpahamand other labor leaders ar-rested. 14 April: Labor demonstrations in Medan and elsewhere. 29 April: Government arrests more labor leaders. June: Philippines president Fidel Ramos bans non-Filipinos from participating in Manila conference on East Timor. 17 June:U.S. Senate passes bill banning use of U.S. equipment in East Timor.21 June: Government closes news magazines Tempo, Detik, and Editor.October:Labor activist Muchtar Pakpahanon trial. 6 Octo-ber:Foreign Minister Alatas meets with East Timorese in New York. No-vember:APEC summit held in Jakarta. 10 November: Indonesia’s first aircraft christened by Suharto. 14 November:UN recognizes Indonesia’s archipelagic status.
1995 January: Army kills three East Timor civilians. May: State Ad-ministrative Court says government acted unlawfully in closing Tempo.19 July: Pramoedya Ananta Toer awarded Magsaysay prize. August: Netherlands Queen Beatrice visits Indonesia. 17 August:Indonesia cele-brates 50 years of independence.
Peace Prize. October:Several churches burned near Situbondo, East Java. 21 December: Churches ransacked in Tasikmalaya.
1997 30 January:Anti-Christian/Chinese violence in Rengadengklok. January–March: Dayak Madurese violence in West Kalimantan leaves hundreds dead. 29 May:In national elections, Golkar wins 74 percent of the vote, PDI 3 percent, and PPP 23 percent. June–October: Jakarta stock exchangefalls over 30 percent. 14 August: Rupiah floated. Sep-tember:Race riots in Sulawesi. 11 September:Parliament approves a new labor law. September–October:Forest fires rage in Kalimantan and Sumatra. 19 October: Suharto announces he will run again as president. 20 October: Central bank cuts interest rates. 31 October:First Interna-tional Monetary Fund (IMF) package announced. November: Govern-ment closes 16 banks.
1998 6 January: 1998–1999 budget announced, ignoring IMF recommen-dations. 5–8 January:Rupiah plunges. January: IMF creates Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) to reform Indonesian banking system. 15 January: Suharto accepts IMF reform package. 22 January: Rupiah falls to record low of Rp 17,000 to US$1. February: Wiranto replaces Feisal Tanjung as army commander. 3 March: Student protest demonstra-tions begin in Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Padang, Ujung Pandang (Makassar), and other cities. 6 March: IMF delays further Indonesian financing. 10 March:Parliament selects Suharto for seventh term as president, with B. J. Habibie as vice president. 14 March: Suharto announces new cabinet, which includes family members and cronies. 24 March:IMF and United States delay aid to Indonesia, but United States allows emergency food and fuel subsidies. March:Megawati questions U.S. military aid and training. 8 April:Third IMF agreement. 15 April:Student protest marches at dozens of campuses. 1 May:Suharto says reforms must wait until 2003. 6 May: Prices of fuel and electricity raised. 9 May: Suharto flies to Cairo for G-15 summit. 12 May:Army kills several student demonstrators at Tri Sakti University in Jakarta. 13 May:Students buried as martyrs; riots erupt in Jakarta. 14 May: Riots continue, particularly against Chinese businesses and Suharto cronies; over 500 killed. 15 May:Suharto returns early from Cairo. 16 May: Faction of Golkar removes support from Suharto. 18 May:Students drive to Parlia-ment; Harmoko calls on Suharto to resign. 19 May:Students occupy Parlia-ment building. 20 May: Suharto rejects calls to resign and proposes new elections; army clamps down in Jakarta; Amien Raiscalls off mass protests. 21 May:Suharto resigns in favor of Vice President Habibie.
Post-Suharto: 1998–Present
1998 22 May:President Habibie pledges to dedicate himself to democ-ratization; a Development Reform Cabinet (Kabinet Reformasi Pembangu-nan) announced.
23 May: Prabowo Subiantoreplaced as head of Kostrad; army removes students from Parliament building. 25 May:Habibie promises early elec-tions and frees political prisoners Muchtar Pakpahan and Sri Bintang Pa-mungkas. 28 May:Government takes over Bank Central Asia. 30 May: IMF relaxes deadlines for austerity measures. 2 July:Hundreds of Papuan tribesmen raise “Free Papua” flag in Biak. 6 July: Indonesian marines kill Free Papua supporters. August: Indonesia withdraws 1,000 troops from East Timor, but other forces replace them. 4–5 August: Portugal and In-donesia agree to discuss autonomy plan for East Timor. September: Gov-ernment proposes electoral reforms. 6 October: Tempo relaunched. 8–10 October:Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) congress held in Bali. 10–13 November: Parliament meets to establish legal framework for reform. 13 November: Student demonstrations result in at least 16 deaths. 22 No-vember: At least 14 Christians killed by Muslims in Ketapang, Jakarta. 4 December:Habibie sacks Pertamina’s president.
April: Parliament censures Wahid a second time. 20 May:Kostrad soldiers pledge loyalty to Constitution. 28 May: Attorney general clears Wahid of wrongdoing. 30 May: Wahid rejects second censure; Parliament to meet to initiate impeachment of Wahid; police reject Wahid’s firing of police chief. 1 June: Wahid reshuffles cabinet. 9 July: Wahid threatens state of emer-gency on 20 July if charges not dropped against him. 13 July:Amien Rais says he will call impeachment vote if Wahid declares state of emergency. 20 July: Parliament announces intention of convening session to oust Wahid. 22 July:Two Christian churches bombed in Jakarta. 23 July: Par-liament votes to dismiss Wahid; Megawati Sukarnoputri sworn in to replace him as president. 24 July: Separatist leaders and human rights lawyers ar-rested in Aceh.26 July:Parliament elects Hamzah Haz of Partai Pemban-gunan Persatuan (PPP) as vice president. 16 August:In her first state of the union address, Megawati apologizes for military abuses. September: Elec-tion held in East Timor for de facto parliament and to draft new constitu-tion. 13 December: Supreme Court declares Tommy Suharto must serve 11 months in jail. 17 December:Suharto hospitalized.
(syariah). 15 August:Human rights court clears six army and police offi-cers of crimes against humanity in East Timor. 31 August:Gunmen attack jeep near Freeportmine in Papua, killing two Americans and an Indone-sian. September: Akbar Tanjung, Golkar head and speaker of Parliament, sentenced to three years in jail for misusing $4 million of government funds. He appeals. 30 September: Army–police clash over marijuana trade near Medan leaves eight dead and over 20 wounded. 12 October: Bomb blast destroys nightclub in Bali, killing 202 people, about half foreign, 88 of them Australian tourists. Mid-October:1,000 members of Laskar Jihad return to Java from Ambon; their leader Ja’far Umar Thalib states that they have dis-banded.18 October: Indonesia issues emergency decree on terrorism. Late October: Government orders arrest of Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, allegedly spiri-tual leader of Jemaah Islamiah; despite being in hospital, he is taken into de-tention. 5 November:Police arrest Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, who allegedly bought and transported the bombs used in the Bali bombings. 9 December: Indonesian government and Acehnese rebel negotiators sign a peace agree-ment. 17 December: The World Court awards the small Celebes Sea islands of Ligitan and Sipadan to Malaysia. December: East Timor’s parliament ratifies a treaty with Australia on production, profit sharing, and distribution of royalties and taxes from oil and gas reserves.
