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x i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T E
G A P E L T I
T ... i E
G A P L A V O R P P
A ………... ii E
L B A T P E C C
A PAGE……… iii Y
T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S …...……… vi
N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L PERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI.………. v .. E
G A P O T T O
M ……… vi
E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ………. v ii
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ……… iiv i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ……….. .. xi
T C A R T S B
A ……….…. x K
A R T S B
A ……… .…... i… x R
E T P A H
C I :INTRODUCTION……… ... 1 .
a Backgroundoft heStudy……… …… ..… . 1 .
b ProblemFormulaiton……… …… ..…. . … .… 6 .
c Objecitve soft heStudy………. … ... …… 6 .. .
d Deifniitono fTerms………...… 6 . I
I R E T P A H
C :THEORETICALREVIEW…...………... 8 .
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies………... 8 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires………. …… 1.. 1 .
1 Theoryo fCharacte randCharacteirzaiton………. 1..1 .
2 Theoryo fRelaiton wbet eenLtieratureandSociety……… 21 .
3 Theoryo fRaceandRacism……….... 31 .
4 Histo irca lBackgroundofRacisminAmeircai nt he1900s……… 41 .
5 Theory Ro f esistanceo fAfircanAmeircant oward sRacia l s
i
D c irminaiton………... 71 .
C Theoreitca lFramework………. 02 I
I I R E T P A H
C :METHODOLOGY………...…………..… ... 2... 2 .
A Objec toft heStudy……… 22 .
B Approachoft heStudy………..………... 32 .
C Methodoft heStudy………..……… 42 S
I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ……… … 7… 2
.
A Characteirsitc so fMayaAngelou……….. 72 .
B Pracitce so fRacismExpeirencedbyMayaAngelou……….... 63 .
C MayaAngelou’ sResistancet owardst hePracitce so fRacism… .. 4… 4 O
C : V R E T P A H
C NCLUSION……….. 75 Y
H P A R G O I L B I
B ………. …… . 9..5 I
D N E P P
x T C A R T S B A . A T R E B L A Y H T E R O
D TheResistancet oward sRacia lDiscrimina itonbyt he n i r e t c a r a h C n i a
M Maya Angelou’ sThe Hear to fa Woman .Yogyakatra : , y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S , s r e tt e L f o y tl u c a F , s r e tt e L h s il g n E f o t n e m tr a p e D . 3 1 0 2 s e n i m a x e s i s e h t s i h
T oneo fMayaAngelou’ swork senitlted TheHear to f n
a m o W
a .The nove ltell sabou tthe lfie Maya Angelou ,an Af ircan Ameircan n i , n a m o
w the1950s .Angelou i sdisc irminated because fo the colo ro fhe rskin . t n e m t a e rt l a u q e n u t e g e l p o e p r e h d n a e h
S s from the whties .The pracitce so f a h t m s i c a
r tsheand he rpeopleexpeirence rtigge rAngelou t o ifgh tagains tt mhe . g n i z y l a n a y
B TheHear to faWoman,t heunequa l rteatmentt oward sblackpeople . s i s e h t s i h t n i d e r o l p x e e b o t g n i o g e r a m s i c a r t s i s e r u o l e g n A w o h d n a , h c r a e s e r s i h t n
I therearet hreeobjecitve spresentedi nt hist hesis .Thef ris t m e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t t u o d n if o t s i e v it c e j b
o ain characte rnamed Maya
n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r p e h t t u o d n if o t s i d n o c e s e h t , u o l e g n A a y a M t u o d n if o t s i m e l b o r p t s a l e h t d n a , r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t y b d e c n e ir e p x e . n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r e h t s d r a w o t e c n a t s i s e r s ’ u o l e g n A e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I ruse stheSociocutlural-Histo irca lapproacht oknow r e ti r w e h T . y r o t s e h t f o d n u o r g k c a b e h t s a y r o t s i h s ti d n a y t e i c o s e h t t u o b a r e h tr u f , m s i c a r d n a e c a r f o y r o e h t , n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c d n a r e t c a r a h c f o y r o e h t e h t s e s u o s l a A n a c ir f A e h t f o y r o t s i h w e i v e r d n
a meircant os uppo trt heanalysi s . a s a d e b ir c s e d s i u o l e g n A a y a M t a h t s e d u l c n o c r e ti r w e h t ,t r o h s n
I tough ,
, c it s i m it p o , s u o il l e b e
r brave , and smar t woman . Angelou expeirences many r e h y b d e t a n i m ir c s i d s i e h S . e fi l r e h n i n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r
p society
d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r p e h t s e c n e ir e p x e e h S . r o l o c n i k s r e h f o e s u a c e
b iscirminaitoni n
y ti li c a f c il b u
p ,housing ,andjob .S hereailzest ha tshecanno t ilvei nt hi sstiuaiton i h T . e fi l e ri t n e r e
h scondiiton lead she rto do resistance to defend he r irght sa s l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r p e h t s d r a w o T . y ll a u q e d e t a e rt e b o t s e v r e s e d o h w g n i e b n a m u h l e g n A , n o it a n i m ir c s i
d ou show s he r resistance in two ways, individua l and e v it c e ll o
c . Individualr esistancei st her esistancet ha tshedoe sbyhersefl .Sheuse s s t e g e h s t a h t n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r p e h t g n il d n a h n i e c n a t s i s e r s i h
t in
y ti li c a f c il b u
p ,housing ,and bjo .Collecitve resistance i sthe resistance tha tshe a l b s n i o j e h s n e h w e c n a t s i s e r s i h t s e il p p a e h S . e l p o e p r e h t o h ti w r e h t e g o t s e o
d ck
i x K A R T S B A . A T R E B L A Y H T E R O
D TheResistancet oward sRacia lDiscrimina itonbyt he s ’ u o l e g n A a y a m n i r e t c a r a h C n i a
M The hear to fa Woman .Yogyakatra : . 3 1 0 2 , a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U , a rt s a S s a tl u k a F , s ir g g n I a rt s a S n a s u r u J
Skirpsii n imembaha ssalah satu karyaMaya Angelou yang bejrudu lThe Hear to fa Woman .Nove lin imencertiakan tentang kehidupan Maya Angelou
i d a c ir e m A a k ir f A g n a r o e
s tahun 1950an .Angelou didisk irminas ikarena warna g n a r o n a d a I . a y n ti l u
k -orang sebangsanya mene irma pe lrakuan itdak adli oleh g
n a r
o -orang kuil tpuith .Praktek-praktek disk irminas iyang dialam iAngelou dan g
n a r
o -orang sebangsanya memicunya untuk melawan rasism . Dengan s i s il a n a g n e
m The Hear to fa Woman ,pelrakuan itdak adi lterhadap orang kuil t u o l e g n A a n a m i a g a b n a d m a ti
h menentangr asismakandibaha sdalams k irpsii ni . l a s a m n a s u m u r a g it a d a , i n i n a it il e n e p m a l a
D ah yang akan dibahas .
g n a y h a l a s a m n a s u m u
R petramaadalah untuk mencairt ahu sfiat-sfia tdairt okoh k u t n u h a l a d a a u d e k g n a y h a l a s a M . u o l e g n A a y a M a m a n r e b g n a y a m a t u k e t k a r p p a k g n u g n e
m -praktek disk irminas ira syang dialam ioleh tokoh utama . l a s a m n a
D ah yang t erakhi radalah untukmengungkap pelrawanan MayaAngelou p a d a h r e
t disk irminasir as .
l a r u tl u k o i s o S n a t a k e d n e p n a k a n u g g n e m s il u n e p , i n i i d u t s m a l a
D -histo irka l
r a t a l i a g a b e s h a r a j e s n a d t a k a r a y s a m g n a t n e t h u a j h i b e l i u h a t e g n e m k u t n u l u n e P . a y n a ti r e c g n a k a l e
b i sjuga menggunakan beberapa teor iyatiu teor itokoh g n a y a k ir e m A a k ir f A h a r a j e s n a d , e m s i s a r n a d s a r i r o e t , n a h o k o n e p d n a . a s il a n a g n u k u d n e m k u t n u n a k p a r e ti d n a k r a b m a g i d u o l e g n A a y a M a w h a b n a k l u p m i y n e m s il u n e p , a y n k e d n e P , s i m it p o , k a t n o r e b m e p , t a u k g n a y a ti n a w i a g a b e
s berani ,dan pintar .Angelou
k e t k a r p k a y n a b i m a l a g n e
m -praktek disk irminas i ra s dalam hidupnya . Ia i m a l a g n e m u o l e g n A . a y n ti l u k a n r a w a n e r a k t a k a r a y s a m h e l o i s a n i m ir k s i s i d k e t k a r
p -praktekdisk irminas ira sdalamfaslitia spubilk ,penyewaant empa titnggal , n a a jr e k r e p n a
d .Iamenyadar ibahwa i a itdak bisa hidup dalam stiuas isepe tr i tiu i s i d n o K . a y n a m a l e s k u t n
u in i membuatnya melakukan pelrawanan untuk . li d a a r a c e s n a k u k a lr e p i d k u t n u s a t n a p g n a y a i s u n a m i a g a b e s a y n k a h i g n u d n il e m e t k a r p a u m e s p a d a h r e
T k-praktek disk irminas i ra s yang dialaminya, Angelou m a l a d a y n n a n a w a lr e p n a k u j n u n e
m d ua c ara yatiu pelrawanan individu dan fi t k e l o
k .Pelrawanani ndividuadalahpe lrawananyangdliakukanAngelou sendiir . k e t k a r p i n a g n a n e m m a l a d i n i n a n a w a lr e p e p it n a k a n u g g n e m a
I -praktek
s a r i s a n i m ir k s i
d yang dialaminya dalam faslitia s pubilk , penyewaan tempa t n a a jr e k r e p n a d , l a g g n
it . Pe lrawanan kolekit fadalah pelrawanan yang Angelou a k it e k i n i n a n a w a lr e p e p it n a k i s a k il p a g n e m a I . n i a l g n a r o a m a s r e b n a k u k a l d n a C L C S ( m a ti h t il u k i s a s i n a g r o m a l a d g n u b a g r e
b CAWAH )dan saa tmembua t
n a k u j n u tr e
1
I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy ir f A , d o ir e p g n o l a r o
F can Ameircan people had expe irenced n
o it a n i m ir c s i
d s fromt hewhtiepeople .They wereoppressedby t hewhtiepeople .
r o ir e p u s e r e w y e h t t a h t t h g u o h t o h
w The whties had rteated them unfai lry t
t a h t d e r e d i s n o c y e h t e s u a c e
b heblack peoplehad l owe rstatus than t hem .They .
n i k s r i e h t f o r o l o c e h t f o e s u a c e b t s u j y a w t a h t d e t a e rt e r e
w The whties even
k c a l b e h t e li h w s ti f o r p t s e h g i h e h t m e h t e v a g t a h t s w a l e d a
m s becamet hetarge to f
e ti h w e h
t s’ rules .Thewhties madet heblacks fel tdfiifcu tli n getitng abetterl fie f
o e s u a c e
b the rest ircted irghts and they were a lso no tfree to expres sthei r .s
e s n o p s e r d n a , s t h g u o h t , n o i n i p
o Thi sstiuaiton made the blacks could on tjus t d
e ir t y e h T . ll it s d n a t
s ltilte by ltilte to irse and defend thei r irghts to be rteated .
y ll a u q
e Thi si ssuppo tred by George Brown and David Emory in America ,A y
r o ts i H e v it a r r a
N tha tsay ,“The society wen tbeyond t he i ssueo femancipaiton ” s e g e li v ir p s u o i g il e r d n a l i v i c f o , s e ti h w e h t h ti w y ti l a u q e e r a h s d l u o h s s k c a l b t a h t
.) 9 4 4 : 7 9 9 1
( T hismeanst hatt heblacks shouldgett hesame irght sandf reedoma s e
ti h w e h
t s .
d e s a
B on t hi scondiiton, t het opici schosen t o showt hei mpo tranceoft he .
y ti l a u q e t e g o t e l p o e p n a c ir e m A n a c ir f A f o e l g g u rt
s Theheroicsrtuggleo fblack
o t r e ti r w e h t d e t s e r e t n i n o it a n i m ir c s i d m o r f m o d e e r f r i e h t g n it t e g n i e l p o e p
a l b f o y d u t s e h
T ck people’ ssrtuggle agains tracia ldiscirminaiton can be t
d e v r e s b
o hrough history .A sMaulana Karenga says in Introduciton to Black s
e i d u t
S tha t“History i sthe srtuggle and record o fhuman sin the proces so f g
n i z i n a m u
h the wo lrd , .ie. ,shaping i tin thei rown image and interests” (1993 : 0
7 ) .I tmean stha thistory relfectsevent stha thappened to human. I ttell sabou t n
a m u
h ’ s development and srtuggles fo r humantiy in dfiferen t socieite s and .
n o it i d n o
c S , o froms tudyingt hehistoryo fblackpeople,thel fiecondiitont hatt he e
l p o e p k c a l
b expeirenced nc a be seen, fo rexample theri suffeirng from the n
o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r
p yb the wh ties and also the proces so fthei r e
l g g u rt
s in getitngr aceequaltiyt o maket hewo lrdabette rplacef o rthemt o ilve .
n i
s i y r o t s i h n r a e l o t y a w e n
O byr eadinganautobiography .Autobiographyi s e h t t u o b a s i t n e t n o c e h T . n o s r e p t a h t y b n e tt ir w e fi l s ’ n o s r e p a f o y r o t s e h t
e r u tl u c s ’ r o h t u a e h t s t n e s e r p e r t a h t e c n e ir e p x
e and rtadiiton.I thelps et h readerst o h
ti w t c e n n o
c thecutlura lcontex tandhelp sthemt olearnabou thumandream sand fi
d n i s e l g g u rt
s feren tsocieite sandcondiiton .As StephanieDemertakspoulo ssays n
i Women’ sAutobiography in Ame irca, “Cetrain kind so fautobiographie shave d
e h s ir u o
lf and clustered around speciifc histo irca levents”(1983 :181 .) tI mean s t
a h
t someautobiographie stel laboutwha thappenedtot heautho rint hepasti nt he d
o ir e p r a l u c it r a
p .
h
T e example o fautobiography t hat i sconsidered a swork of l tieraturei s o
t u a e h
t biography by MayaAngelou .Angelou i sa very famou swrtier .She ha s tt
ir
. e fi
l Al lo fthem are grea tcont irbuiton sfo rthe Ame ircan ltierature .Thi si s suppo tredbyJ oanneM .Braxtoni nMayaAngelou :aCasebook tt ha
There i ssomething uniquely l tierary abou tAngelou' sautobiography, bu t d n a r e w o p e h t s i t u o b a s i y h p a r g o i b o t u a s i h t t a h w f o t r a p y l n i a tr e
c utlitiy
a s a e c n e t s i x e d n a s i s e n e g n w o s ti d n a e r u t a r e ti l f
o protes tagainstracism.
e h t d e d n a p x e o s l a t u b o t d e t u b ir t n o c y l n o t o n s a h e h s k r o w r e h y B
a r e ti l s i h t h c i h w m o r f e v it c e p s r e p e h t d n a n o it i d a rt y r a r e ti l n a c ir e m
A ture
s w e i
v —ands erves—thewo lrd( 1999 :92) n
o t x a r
B sayst ha tAngelou’ sworki sspecia lbecauseshewrtie she rautobiography g
n i s
u the language o fltierature .She use stha tskill in w iritng to tel labou the r .
m s i c a r f o l a v o r p p a s i
d He ramazing work can add the irchnes so fAmeircan .
n o it i d a rt y r a r e ti l
e s u u o l e g n A e c n i
S s the language o f ltierature in wiritng he r s
e i h p a r g o i b o t u
a ,they can be included a swork so fltierature according to Terry n
o t e l g a
E . In Ltierary Theory :An Introduciton ,Second Ediiton ,he says that , “Ltieraturei sdeifnable no taccording t o whethe r ti i s ifcitona lo r i‘maginaitve’ ,
t u
b becausei tusesl anguagei n pecuila rways”(1996 :2) .Eagleton wantst o say e H . e t a ir p o r p p a o s t o n s i g n it ir w e v it a n i g a m i s a e r u t a r e ti l f o n o it i n if e d e h t t a h t
s e n if e
d ltierature a s an ar t o f using language in unusua l way .sLtierature a
l y r a n i d r o s m r o f s n a
rt nguageso tii sdfiferentf rom everyday speech. Thework s . e g a u g n a l e t a e r c o t y ti li b a n a m u h e h t s e s u t a h t m r o f t r a e h t s i e r u t a r e ti l f
o R .J .
s s e
R agree swtihEagleton’ sstatement .In Eng ilshLtierature :AnI ntroducitonf o r n
g i e r o
F Readers, hestatest hat ,“Ltieraturei sapermanen texpressioni nword so f ”
d lr o w e h t d n a e fi l t u o b a s a e d i n i s g n il e e f r o s t h g u o h t e m o
s (1973 :157). I tmean s
o t ll i k s e h t s a h s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o r o h t u a e h t t a h
t show hi so rhe remo itonand i dea .
a y a
M Angelou, from t hebeginning, intendst o makehe rautobiographie s s s i s i h T . e r u t a r e ti l s
a tatedbyPierreA .Walke rinBloom’ sModernCriitca lviews : u o l e g n A a y a
M tha t
n A a y a
M gelou ha stold in interview show Rober tLoomis ,he reventua l d e d a o g , r o ti d e e s u o H m o d n a
R heri nto wiritng autobiography, t easingher a f l e s r e h g n ir e d i s n o C . y h p a r g o i b o t u a y r a r e ti l g n it ir w f o e g n e ll a h c e h t h ti w e h s t a h t s t s e u q e r s ’ s i m o o L d e s u f e r y l d e t a e p e r d a h e h s ,t h g ir w y a l p d n a t e o p s a t s u j s a w t i t a h t r e h d l o t e h l it n u y h p a r g o i b o t u a n a e ti r
w well :“Hesaid
y h p a r g o i b o t u a n a e ti r w o t t a h
t —asl tierature—i salmosti mpossible. I said ti o d d ’ I n e h t t h g
ir ” . Angelou o tfen admti s tha t she canno t resis ta e g n e ll a h c e h t t o n s a w t i ,r e v e w o h ; e g n e ll a h
c o fw iritngautobiographytha t s i s e r t o n d l u o c u o l e g n
A t ,bu tthe challenge impiled in Loomis’ sremark y h p a r g o i b o t u a g n it ir w f o y tl u c if fi d e h t t u o b
a “asl tierature” (2009 :17 .) y
a s e
H st ha tAngelou’sr easont owrtieautobiographybecauseLoomis’ss tatemen t o t s e s u f e r e h S . e r u t a r e ti l s a y h p a r g o i b o t u a n a g n it ir w f o y ti li b i s s o p m i e h t t u o b a o t n i y r o t s e fi l r e h s e ti r w e h s , o S . e g n e ll a h c a s a t i s k o o l d n a n o i n i p o t a h t t p e c c a s e i h p a r g o i b o t u
a usingt echniquest owrtiel tierature . n A f o l l
A gelou’ s autobiographie s are considered a s grea t work s o f . e r u t a r e ti
l Thisi sstated by Carolyn Wedini n How t oWrtieabou tMayaAngelou t a h t n w o r e h n i t s e b d n a t s e d l o s i t a h w t a h t e s n e s e v i s a v r e p s ’ u o l e g n
A spi ir t
t s e g n o rt s e h t f o e n o s i g n i e b f o s s e n ll u f k c a l b , t s o l a m o r f s e v ir e d n a c ir f A n i s n o it a t s e fi n a
m -Ame ircan ltierature . Ithink tha tthi si spar to f r e h t e h w , s r e d a e r n a c ir e m A o t l a e p p a s u o m r o n e s ’ u o l e g n A f o t e r c e s e h t a k r a m e r r e h e s u a c e b , k c a l b r o e ti h
w blel tieraryvoicespeakst osomething n
i the universa lAmeircan .Mos tAmeircans ,o fwhateve rrace o rethnic d e r u d n e e b n a c , e l b ir r e t r e v e w o h , e c n e ir e p x e t a h t e s n e s e h t e r a h s , n i g ir o e b t o n n a c o s d n a e c n e ir e p x e d n o y e b s i f l e s t s e p e e d r i e h t e s u a c e b e y o rt s e
d d .(2011 :7)
e fi l r e h f o e s n e s e h t t e g m e h t s e k a m t a h t g n it ir w n i l li k s r e h e s u a c e b k o o b r e h
x
e pe irence .
, e m u l o v h tr u o f s ’ u o l e g n A t a h t s e e r g a e h t a h t s e t a t s m o o l B d l o r a
H The
n a m o W a f o t r a e
H i sworkofl tierature.I nBloom’ sModern C iritca lviews :Maya u
o l e g n
A ,hes ayst ha t A f o t r a e H e h
T Woman (1981) .Thi sbooki sailve.I tbreathe sasi tpliot ,s d
n a , s i x a t , s t o v i
p file sthe lucky reade rthrough a journey from San w
e N h g u o r h t o c s i c n a r
F York t oEgyp,t l anding i n Accra ,Wes tAf irca . tI s y
r a r e ti l o t s e k a w n o it o
m resonance one o fthe many under-represented s
c it e h t s e a g n i v l o v e e h t n i s n o i s n e c s
a o fAf ircan Ame ircan and related h
c i h w s n o it c u d o r p e v it a e r
c Hear tofAWomanr -epresents(2009 :9 .) 1 t
a h t s e t a t s e
H The Hear to fa woman invtie sthe reader sto join the journey o f e h t s w o h s o t e r u t a r e ti l f o y ti l a u q e h t s t n e s e r p k o o b e h T . s e c n e ir e p x e s ’ u o l e g n A
a e
b utfiu lexpeirence so fblackpeople . e
n i m a x e y d u t s s i h
T soneo fAngelou’ sautobiographiesenitlted TheHear t n
a m o W a f
o by MayaAngelou. A san Afircan Ame ircan woman ,he rstory deal s .
m s i c a r h ti
w He rbook’ s aim i sto show and illusrtate wha thappened to black e
l p o e
p int hes ociety .Shepresentst her eailsitci llusrtaitono fblackpeople’ swo lrd n
o it a u ti s e h t d n
a theyf ace . a m o W a f o t r a e H e h
T n i sa good book fort heresearch to understand t he f
A f o e l g g u rt
s ircan Ameircan people because i texplains wh o i tfeel sfo ran n
a c ir e m A n a c ir f
A ilvingi nt hewhties ocieites ,wha tkind sofr acia ldiscirminaiton d
n a e h s t a h
t he rpeople expeirence, t he resistanceo fblack peopleto racism and g
n it t e g n i y a w r i e h
t a bette requal l fie wtih whtiepeople .A sEva Lennox Brich s
e t a t
s w o h s t I . ) 6 3
1 thesrtuggleo fMaya Angelou ,an Afircan Ameircan woman who e
l p o e p r e h s t n e s e r p e
r to ifghtf orf reedomandj usitce. Therefore, t hi snoveli st he . e l p o e p a c ir e m A n a c ir f A f o e l g g u rt s e h t n o c i p o t e h t h c r a e s e r o t e l p m a x e t c e f r e p
.
B ProblemFormula iton .
1 Howi st hemaincharacte rdescirbedi nt heautobiography? t
a h W .
2 aret hepracitce so fracialdiscirminaiton expeirenced by MayaAngelou s
a seeni nt heautobiography? W
.
3 ha tareMaya Angelou’ sresistances agains tracial disc irminaiton a s seen i n e
h
t autobiography?
.
C Objec itve soft heResearch
n a , u o l e g n A a y a M f o e l g g u rt s e h t t u o b a d n if o t s i m i a h c r a e s e r s i h T
. n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r p e h t t s n i a g a , n a m o w n a c ir e m A n a c ir f
A Thi s
t e e s o t s i e v it c e j b o t s ri f e h T . s e v it c e j b o n i a m e e r h t s a h h c r a e s e
r hecharacteirsitc s
. u o l e g n A a y a M , r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f
o The second objecitve i sto explore the l
a i c a r f o s e c it c a r
p discirminaiton expe irenced by the majo rcharacter , Maya .
u o l e g n
A Thel as tobjecitveoft hisr esearchi stoshowMayaAngelou’sr esistance e
h t s
a responsetowardsr acia ldiscirminaiton.
.
D Deifni itono fTerms
e h t m o r f s e m o c e c n a t s i s e r d r o w e h
T word resist. According t o Webster’ s y
r a n o it c i D d l r o W w e
s n a e m t s i s e
R tostand against ,o rwtihstand, t ooppose, t o f end off ,and t o e
h t d n a t s h ti
w aciton of .Theothe rmeaningi st o opposeacitvely,t o ifght , . e l b a e e r g a s i d e b o t d n a , t c a r e t n u o c o t ,r o v a e d n e o t ,t s n i a g a k r o w r o , e u g r a
o t e c r o f e m o s f o n o it i s o p p o d n a , g n i s o p p o n a , g n it s i s e r a s n a e m e c n a t s i s e R
s r e h t
o (1976 :1541) . t
I showst hatr esis tmean sto r efuset o bechanged by something o rsomeoneand s
i e c n a t s i s e
r an aciton to stop t he progres so fsomething o rsomeone from doing .
g n i h t e m o s
n o d e s a
B Webster’ s New Dicitonary o f Synonyms , “Race i s usually i
s y h p t c n it s i d a g n i y l p m
i ca ltype wtih cetrain unchanging characteirsitc s(a sa a s i t i t a h t s n a e m t I . ) 8 5 6 : 4 8 9 1 ( ” )l l u k s f o e p a h s r o n i k s f o r o l o c r a l u c it r a p
. s ti a rt l a c i s y h p e v it c n it s i d n i a tr e c y b d e h s i u g n it s i d t a h t n a m u h f o y r o g e t a c
n
I African s in America , Richard Wo trh and Rober t Ashe r deifne s
a n o it a n i m ir c s i
d “Targeitng a paritcula rgroup o fpeople wtih law so raciton s 9
: 7 9 9 1 ( ” e c a r r i e h t f o e s u a c e b n e tf
o 2) .I tmeanst ha t tii san aciton o f rteaitng a ,
y lt n e r e f fi d p u o r g r o n o s r e p r a l u c it r a
p inaworsewayf romt hewayt o t rea tothe r e
l p o e
p .
o t g n i d r o c c
A Marvin Harir sand OrnaJohnson i n Cutlura lAnthropology ,
n o it i d E h t n e v e
S , racism refer sto “the beile ftha tthe cutlura land intellectua l
h t h ti w , r e t c a r a h c l a i c a r l a c i g o l o i b s ti o t d e k n il e r a n o it a l u p o p a f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c e
r e h t o o t r o ir e p u s y lt n e r e h n i e r a s e c a r e m o s t a h t n o it o
n ”( 2007 :216) .I tmeanst ha t
e n o s i e r e h t d n a e c a r ri e h t y b d e n i m r e t e d s i e l p o e p f o p u o r g n i a tr e c f o y ti l a u q e h t
s l e e f t a h t e c a
r thatt heyaresupe irort otheother tt ha resulitngt heunfai r rteatmen t
8 I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudie s
o t t s e r e t n i s ’ e l p o e p d e s u o r a n e tf o s a h s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o n o it a c il b u p e h T
g n i h t n o m m o c a s i t I . fl e s ti k r o w e h t r o r o h t u a e h t t u o b a s t n e m m o c r i e h t e v i g
e f fi d e v a h n a c k r o w e h t d a e r o h w e l p o e p e s u a c e
b ren teffects and i n lfuences tha t
n o i n i p o n i a tr e c e v i g o t m e h t e s u a
c s accordingt o t herit houghts .MayaAngelou’ s
n a m o W a f o t r a e H e h
T si alsooneoft hel tieraryworkst ha tarouse scommentst he
. k r o w r e h s t n e s e r p e h s y a w
e L a v E m o r f s e m o c t n e m m o c t s ri f e h
T nnox Brich who state sin Black
n a c i r e m
A Women’ sWriitng tt ha
r e h s a n o i s s e r p p o l a i c a r e k a t ll it s n a c , r e t a l fl a h a d n a y r u t n e c a , u o l e g n A
n a c ir e m A e ti h w n i e l p o e p r e h f o g n i c a l p e h t t u o b a h c u m s y a s , t c e j b u s
e c n a tr o p m i r a l u c it r a p e h t s e c r o f n i e r d n a , y t e i c o
s o f autobiographica l l a c it il o p d n a l a n o it a ri p s n i s a , g n it ir w k c a l b f o n o it i d a rt e h t n i t n e m e t a t s
) 7 9 : 4 9 9 1
( .
s ll e t a y a M . g n it ir w r e h r o f t c e j b u s r e h s a m s i c a r s e s u u o l e g n A a y a M t a h t s y a s e h S
a r f o s e c n e ir e p x e r i e h t d n a e l p o e p k c a l b o t d e n e p p a h t a h w t u o b
a cism .Shemake s
k r o w r e
h a contirbu iton fo rblack people w iritng a ssomething to insprie and
.r e d a e r e h t e c n e u lf n i
s e m o c t n e m m o c r e h t o n
A fromCoilnA .Palme rwho saysi n Encyclopedia
n a c ir f A f
o -Ame ircan ,SecondEdiiton tt ha
n a m o W a f o t r a e H e h
T (1981) rp esent samatureAngelou whowork swtih s t h g ir l i v i c n i e v it c A . X m l o c l a M d n a , .r J , g n i K r e h t u L n it r a M . r D . v e R e h t
it s ir h C n r e h t u o S e h t r o f r o t a n i d r o o c n r e h tr o n s a d e v r e s e h s , t n e m e v o
m an
) C L C S ( e c n e r e f n o C p i h s r e d a e
e h t t a h t s e t a t s e h
S TheHear to faWomantell sabou tMayaAngelouwhobecome s
s ’ e l p o e p k c a l b d n e f e d o t n o it a z i n a g r o k c a l b s n i o j d n a e v it c a y ll a c it il o p e r o m s s ’ n il o C . s t h g
ir tatemen ti srelated to the story ,in which Maya paritcipate sin
e h s e s u a c e b s e il l a r t s e t o r p n a c ir e m A n a c ir f
A isi nspried by MaritnLuthe rKing’ s
o t n e s o h c s i e h s r e t a l d n a C L C S r o f r e s i a r d n u f l u f s s e c c u s a s e c u d o r p e h S . h c e e p s . k r o Y w e N n i e c if f o s ’ C L C S f o r o t a n i d r o o c e h t e b n i s e t a c i d n i , r a l o h c s t s i n i m e f a , t e r u a L a ir a M . r D s i c it ir c r e h t o n A r u t a r e ti L g n it a r e b i
L e :Feminis tFicitoni nAmericathat
s ' u o l e g n A o t n i n e v o w n e e b s a h y ti t n e d i l a r u tl u c e l a m e f f o n o it a m r o f e h T A . s e v it a r r a
n ngelou ha spresented a role mode lfo rAfircan Ameircan r e h t u o h g u o r h t e g a m i s ' n a m o w k c a l B e h t g n it c u rt s n o c e r y b n e m o w s e i h p a r g o i b o t u
a ,andha sused he rmany r ole ,s i ncarnaitons ,and i denitite s . y r o t s i h l a n o s r e p d n a n o i s s e r p p o f o s r e y a l e l p it l u m y fi n g i s o
t Angelou' s
: 4 9 9 1 ( e m o c r e v o o t y ti li b a d n a h t g n e rt s s' l a u d i v i d n i e h t f o d e v l o v e r s e m e h t .) 7 9 a r r a n s ’ u o l e g n A n i t a h t s e t a t s t e r u a L . r
D itves ,she create sa role mode lo fan
n a c ir f
A -Ameircan woman ,who face sracia loppression from whtie sand deal s
e h h ti w s e it l u c if fi d h ti
w rskills .Relatedwtiht hebook ,MayaAngeloui st hemain
n a m o w t a e r g a f o e l p m a x e n a s w o h s t a h t y r o t s e h t f o r e t c a r a h
c whosucceed sand
l e d o m e l o r e l a m e f e v it i s o p a s i e h S . n o i s s e r p p o ’ s e ti h w e h t h g u o r h t s e v i v r u s . ti t s n i a g a t h g if d n a n o i s s e r p p o l a i c a r h ti w l a e d o t g n o rt s d n a h g u o t s i e h s e s u a c e b k r a l C e n e lr a
D Hineand Kathleen Thompson also give t hei ropinion i n A
n i h
S i Tn hg reado fHope .Theys ayt hat
l a c i h p a r g o i b o t u a s ’ u o l e g n A a y a M h g u o r h t d e u n it n o c s a h t a h t n o it i d a rt A t s n i a g a e lt t a b f o t r a p s a y r u t n e c h t n e e t e n i n y lr a e e h t n i n u g e b s a w s e ir e s f o y r o t s e u rt e h t e r e w d e s u s t s i n o it il o b a s n o p a e w g n o m A . y r e v a l
s slave s
e h
e g a d n o b n i d l e h o h w e s o h t r o f y h t a p m y s t i c il e d n a s s e n s u o i c s n o c c il b u p
) 8 1 1 : 8 9 9 1
( .
A a y a M t a h t s n a e m t
I ngelou uses he rexpeirence o faperson who d rieclty faces
c il b u p y b d a e r e b o t y r o t s a s a e fi l r e h e k a m o t m s i c a
r .Thepurposei st o t aket he
’ s r e d a e
r atteniton and to gain thei rsuppo tr .He rw iritng si et h weapon to ifgh t
m s i c a r .
r a e r e h t , n o i s u l c n o c n
I emany ciritcism sabou tMaya Angelou and one o f
s e i h p a r g o i b o t u a r e
h ,The Hear to fa Woman .Fou ro fthe c iritc sare menitoned
e r a y e h t , e v o b
a EvaLennoxBrich i n BlackAme ircanWomen’ sWriitng who say s
e s u a y a M t a h
t s cra ism a sthe subjec to fhe rw iritng a nd tha the rwork i san
, g n it ir w k c a l b r o f n o it u b ir t n o c t n a tr o p m
i Coiln A .Palme rin Encyclopedia o f
n a c i r f
A -American ,second ediiton sayst hatthebook i sabou tMayaAngelou who
s t h g ir s ’ e l p o e p k c a l b d n e f e d o t e v it c a y ll a c it il o p s a
w ,Dr .Ma ira Laure t in
e b i
L raitng Ltierature :Feminis tFicitoni n Americastatest ha tAngelou presents a
n a m o w n a c ir e m A n a c ir f A n a f o l e d o m e l o
r ,and l as ta reDalreneClark Hineand
n o s p m o h T n e e l h t a
K tha ts ayMayaAngelouuse she rwiritnga saweapont o ifgh t
. m s i c a r
l l
A o f those comment s are talking abou t the theme , the book , the
g n it ir w l a c i h p a r g o i b o t u
a ,and the autho rtha tare related to thi sresearch abou t
s ’ u o l e g n A a y a
M fou trh autobiographica lse ires .In thi sstudy, the w irte rdig s
n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r e h t t u o b a r e p e e
d tha tMayaAngelouexpeirenced .A sablack
e l p o e p k c a l b t a h w w o n k t s u m e h s , n a m o
w faceandhowt heyfeel .Thewrtie ralso
d a e l t a h t s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ u o l e g n A a y a M s e z y l a n
a rh e to her resistance toward s
m s i c a
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories
.
1 CharacterandCharacteriza iton
e h t f o t c e j b u s s i r e t c a r a h c e h T . y r o t s a n i r o t c a f t n a tr o p m i n a s i r e t c a r a h c A
. r e t c a r a h c e h t o t d e n e p p a h t a h w t u o b a s ll e t y r o t s e h t t a h t s n a e m h c i h w y r o t s
b A . H . M o t g n i d r o c c
A ram sandGeoffreyGal tHarpham( 2009 :42)i nt hebook A
s m r e T y r a r e ti L f o y r a s s o l
G statedt ha t
o h w , k r o w e v it a r r a n r o c it a m a r d a n i d e t n e s e r p s n o s r e p e h t e r a s r e t c a r a h C
d n a , l a n o it i s o p s i d , l a r o m h ti w d e w o d n e g n i e b s a r e d a e r y b d e t e r p r e t n i e r a
u q l a n o it o m
e ailite stha tare expressed in wha tthey say – the dialogue – o
d y e h t t a h w y b d n
a – theaciton .
s c it s ir e t c a r a h c h ti w k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t n i e l p o e p d e t a e r c r o h t u a e h t t a h t s n a e m t I
r e tt u e h t m o r f g n it a u l a v e y b s r e d a e r e h t y b d e s o p x e e b n a c t a h t s e it il a u q d n
a ance s
. s r e t c a r a h c e h t f o s r o i v a h e b d n a
e n o s e t a it n e r e f fi d t a h t y ti l a u q a s i tI . c it s ir e t c a r a h c e v a h t s u m r e t c a r a h c A
e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t y fi t n e d i o t s y a w e m o s e r a e r e h T . r e h t o n a h ti w n o s r e p
n i y h p r u M o t g n i d r o c c a y r o t s e h t n i r e t c a r a h
c Understanding Unseens : an
st n e d u t S s a e s r e v O r o f l e v o N h s il g n E e h t d n a y r t e o P h s il g n E o t n o it c u d o r t n I
2 7 9 1
( :161- 11 ). 7 The fris ti spersona ldescirpiton .The characteirsitcs o fthe
r e t c a r a h
c canbeseent hrough thei rappearanceandt heclothest heywear .Second
r a h c s
i actera sseenbyothers .Thecharacteirsitc scanbeidenitifedfromt heothe r
p m i , s n o i n i p o , w e i v ’ s r e t c a r a h
c ression and thought .The thrid i sspeech .The
s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c can beanalyzed through what t he person says .The fou trh i spas t
e fi
l .Theautho rcan giveu sacluet oeventst ha thavehelpedt o shapeaperson’ s
. r e t c a r a h
c The if tfh i sconversaiton o fothers .Thecharacteirsitcs oft hecharacte r
s r e v n o c e h t g n i e e s y b n w o n k e b n a c o s l
reacitons .The autho rdescirbe sthe character’ scharacteirsitc sby showing the
s ’ n o s r e
p face in vairou s stiuaiton s a s thei r response . The seventh i s driec t
t n e m m o
c .Thereade rcan know and i maginet hecharacteirsitcs of t heperson by
s ’ r o h t u a e h t g n i e e
s commen tabou tthe characters .The eighth i sthoughts .The
o s r e p t a h w f o e g d e l w o n k t c e ri d e v i g n a c r o h t u
a n i st hinking about .The ninth i s
manneirsm .The author desc irbe sthe character’ shab ti swhich may also tel lthe
g n i h t e m o s f o r e d a e
r aboutt hecharacte.rI nconclusion,fromtheappearance ,othe r
s ’ r e h t o , t s a p e h t m o r f t n e v e , r e t c a r a h c e h t m o r f s d r o w , w e i v f o t n i o p s ’ e l p o e p
s ’ r e t c a r a h c , t n e m m o c t c e ri d s ’ r e t c a r a h c , s e s n o p s e r s ’ r e t c a r a h c , n o it a s r e v n o c
o t d e z y l a n a e b n a c s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t ,r e n n a m s ’ r e t c a r a h c d n a , n o i n i p o
h w w o n
k a tkindo fpersont hecharacteri .s
.
2 TheRela itonbetweenLtieratureandSociety
s i e r u t a r e ti
L a media fo rwrtie rto expres sthei rminds .I ti sa human
s i tI . r a e y r o d o ir e p n i a tr e c n i s t n e v e r o g n i h t e m o s y a s o t e m it n i a tr e c n i n o it a e r c
e r a h s o t d e d n e t n
i somei deas o rissues to othe rpeople i n mfor s o finformaiton ,
, e c n e ir e p x
e o rknowledge.
e t a l e r y l e s o l c s i e r u t a r e ti
L d wtih society because i t shares human
. e m it n i a tr e c n i n a m u h o t n e p p a h t a h w s e b ir c s e d t i , s e c n e ir e p x
e According to
d n a k e ll e W e n e
R AusitnWarreni nTheoryo fLtierature(1956 :94)
i d e m s ti s a g n i s u , n o it u ti t s n i l a i c o s a s i e r u t a r e ti
L um language ,a socia l .
n o it a e r
c Muchoft hemos tcommon approach t ot her elaiton sofl tierature p
d e m u s s a s a , s t n e m u c o d l a i c o s s a s k r o w y d u t s e h t s i y t e i c o s d n
a icture so f
e b n a c e r u t c i p l a i c o s f o d n i k e m o s t a h t d e t b u o d e b t i n a c r o N . y ti l a e r l a i c o s
f o s e n il t u o e h t d l e i y o t e d a m e b n a c e r u t a r e ti L . e r u t a r e ti l m o r f d e t c a rt s b a
l t a h t s n a e m t
I tierature can be considered a sthe study o fsocia linformaiton
t i e s u a c e
b shows the history o f human beings .It record sthe socia lcondiiton,
d n a , s e g n a h c l a i c o
s socia l developmen.t Since author sare a lso members fo
, y t e i c o
s theycanbes tudieda sas ocia lbeing .Theauthor shavebeenciitzens, they
. s k r o w y r a r e ti l s a t i m r o f d n a y t e i c o s e h t n i n e p p a h t a h t s t n e v e d e c n e ir e p x e e v a h
ri e h t f o s e u s s i e h t w o h s s g n it ir w r i e h
T itme .
.
3 RaceandRacism
n i n o s n h o J a n r O d n a s ir r a H n i v r a M o t g n i d r o c c a , e c a
R Cutlura l
E h t n e v e S , y g o l o p o r h t n
A diiton ha stwo deifniitons ,“Biologica lrace sare ethnic
s e i c n e u q e r f e v it c n it s i d h ti w r e h t e g o t r u c c o s e n e g l a r e v e s h c i h w n i s n o it a l u p o p
e r a t u b s i s a b l a c i g o l o i b a e v a h o t d e m u s s a e r a s e c a r l a i c o S . s n o it a r e n e g y n a m r e v o
tl u c t c a f n
i urallyconsrtucted” (2007 :211). So ,biologicalr acei sagroupo fpeople
d n a , r o l o c e y e , n i k s e h t f o r o l o c e l p m a x e r o f ,s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e m a s e h t e r a h s o h w
n i e v il o h w e l p o e p f o p u o r g n i a tr e c a o t s r e f e r y ll a u s u t I . m r o f r i a
h a paritcula r
l a i c o s , d n a h r e h t o e h t n O . d lr o w e h t f o a e r
a race i sa disitnciton made by the
. s p u o r g r e h t o m o r f e l p o e p f o p u o r g e n o e t a it n e r e f fi d o t y t e i c o s
r e tt e b d n a t n e r e f fi d e r a y e h t t a h t l e e f d n a s n o it c n it s i d e k a m e l p o e p n e h W
s i e c i d u j e r p , tl u s e r e h t s A . s r e h t o e h t e t a m it s e r e d n u y ll a u s u y e h t , s r e h t o m o r f
formed.I nAfricansi nAmerica ,RichardWo trhandRober tAshe rdeifneprejudice
n a s i t i t a h t s n a e m t I . ) 2 9 : 7 9 9 1 ( ” e s u a c t u o h ti w d e m r o f n o i n i p o e v it a g e N “ s a
s i t I . e g d e l w o n k h g u o n e t u o h ti w e k a m y t e i c o s e h t t a h t t h g u o h t e l b a n o s a e r n u
n il e e f y b d e s u a c y ll a u s
e h t o t s d a e
l thought t ha tone race i ssupeiror ot the othe rand a saresul tracism
.s r a e p p a
n i g r e b n e h t o R . S a l u a P n o d e s a b m s i c a r f o n o it i n if e d e h
T Race ,Class ,and
s e t a t S d e ti n U e h t n i r e d n e
G si “Thebeilefi n t hei nheren tsupeirortiy o foner ace s
.) 4 3 5 : 8 9 9 1 ( ” e c n a n i m o d o t t h g ir e h t y b e r e h t d n a s r e h t o l l a r e v
o I tmean stha t
e c a r n i a tr e
c feel stha tthey have highe rstatu sthan other race .A sa resutl ,the
r o ir e p u
s race rteatsthei nfeirorr aceunfai lry.
.
4 TheHistorica lBackgroundo fRacsimi nAmericai nt he1900s
1 y lr a e e h t m o r
F 900s ,black people in the Untied State swere rteated
) s e ti h w e h t( p u o r g r o ir e p u s e h t e s u a c e b d e t a n i m ir c s i d e r e w y e h T . y ll a u q e n u
t s s A . s u t a t s r e w o l e v a h o t m e h t d e r e d i s n o
c atedbyElil sW .HawleyinTheGrea t
r e d r O n r e d o M a r o f h c r a e S e h t d n a r a
W tha t
, s e it i c n r e t s e w d n a n r e h tr o n o t n o it a r g i m d e u n it n o c e ti p s e d , 0 3 9 1 y B
d e n i a m e r d n a h t u o S e h t n i d e v il l li t s k c a l b s ’ a c ir e m A f o t n e c r e p 0 8 y lr a e n
s w a l y r o t a n i m ir c s i d f o t c e j b u
s andsocia lcode sopenlybased on claim so f e r u t a n y b e r e w , d e tr e s s a s e ti h w n r e h t u o s , s k c a l B . y c a m e r p u s e ti h w
r o e k il d li h c r e h ti e d n a , n o it i b m a n i g n i k c a l ,r o ir e f n i y ll a r o m d n a y ll a t n e m
s n o i s s a p r i e h t l o rt n o c o t y ti li b a n i ri e h t n i l a it s e
b (1992 :132).
e h
T whtie smadet he black sbecamet hevicitm o fdiscirminaiton .They madet he
l o rt n o c o t d e ir t d n a e l p o e p k c a l b t u o b a s e p y t o e r e t
s theblack sbymaking r ule sa s
. d e t n a w y e h t
e h t y b n e e s y lr a e l c s a w s k c a l b f o n o it a n i m ir c s i d f o n o i s n e t h g i h e h T
s e ti h w f o s n o it c
a tha tfel tdisgusted wtih blacks .They pu taclea rsegregaiton o f
. y t e i c o s e h t g n o m a k c a l b d n a e ti h
w I tcould beseeni npubilcf aciilites .Asi twa s
y b d e t a t
n o it a n i m i r c s i
D tha t“Restaurant ,s theaters ,hotel ,s r esrtooms ,stores ,buses , rtain ,s
,s l o o h c
s and othe rpub ilc faciilite swere deilneated based on whethe ryou were
. ) 5 3 : 7 0 0 2 ( k c a l b r o e ti h
w The pubilc faciilite swere separated for black sand
y ll a u s u e r e w s e it il i c a f ’ s k c a l b e h T . s e ti h
w int hebadshapewhliet hewhties ’were
. d o o g
n i n o it a g e r g e s s l o o h c s d n e o t e l u r e d a m t r u o C e m e r p u S e h t , n o it a c u d e n I
n o it a c u d E f o d r a o B . v n w o r
B in 1954 .Suppo tred by David Brody ,Jame sA .
d i a s o h w l i n e m u D n n y L d n a , a tt e r n e H
e h t h g u o h tl
A Brown v .Board o fEducaiton decision oultawed separate e r e h w s a e r a n i m e t s y s l a n o it a c u d e e h t e g n a h c o t g n i h t o n d i d t i , s l o o h c s
ll a e r e w s l o o h c
s -blacko rall-whtiebecauseofr esidenita lsegregaiton .No t f
o n o it a g e r g e s e d e h t d n e t x e o t n i g e b s e g d u j l a r e d e f d i d 3 7 9 1 l it n
u school s
.) 2 2 8 : 9 9 9 1 (
t o n d i d l li t s s l o o h c s y n a m e s u a c e b s s e l e s u s a w e l u r n o it a g e r g e s l o o h c s g n i d n e e h T
d e n i b m o c e m o s e r e w e r e h t h g u o h t n e v E . s t n e d u t s r i e h t x i m o t t n a
w -school sfo r
s i x e l li t s s t n e d u t s k c a l b e h t s d r a w o t n o it a n i m ir c s i d e h t ,s e ti h w d n a s k c a l
b t ed.
,t c a f n
I in 1896 ,segregaiton wa sforbidden by U.S .Supreme Cour tbu t
, y d o r B d i v a D s A . ti f o t c e f f e e h t l e e f t o n d l u o c e l p o e p k c a l b e h t ,s 0 0 9 1 e h t li t n u
n i d e t a t s l i n e m u D n n y L d n a , a tt e r n e H . A s e m a
J America ,A Concise History ,
2 e m u l o
v tha t
e h t e c n
O systemofl egal ,o rdej ure,s egregaitonhadf allen,t hecivli- irght s e
h t g n it a n i m il e f o k s a t t l u c if fi d e r o m e h t o t d e n r u t t n e m e v o
m de facto
d n o c e s s k c a l b e d a m t a h t , m o t s u c y b d e c r o f n e , n o it a g e r g e
s -clas sciitzen s )
2 2 8 : 9 9 9 1 ( n o it a n e h t t u o h g u o r h
t .
n a e m t
I tt hat t heruleo fno discirminaiton by t hel aw swa sno teffecitvebecause
t o n d l u o c s k c a l b e d a m t a h t y t e i c o s e h t f o d n i m e h t n i k c u t s y d a e rl a s a w m s i c a
r eb
f o f o o r p e h
T theconitnuedsegregaitoncouldbeseen i n housing .A sEzra
r e m l a
P statedinEverythingYouNeedt oKnowabou tDiscriminaiton tt ha
. s r u c c o l li t s n o it a n i m ir c s i d e r e h w s a e r a e h t f o e n o s i g n i s u o h r i a f n U
n i a tr e c o t g n i v o m m o r f d e t n e v e r p e r a e l p o e p n a c ir e m A n a c ir f A
m e h t ll e t t h g i m s t n e g a e t a t s e l a e R . s d o o h r o b h g i e
n nohouse so rapa trment s , e l b a li a v a e b y a m y e h t h t u rt n I . d o o h r o b h g i e n r a l u c it r a p a n i e l b a li a v a e r a
e l p o e p e ti h w o t y tr e p o r p e h t w o h s y l n o y a m s t n e g a e h t t u
b (1995 :31 .)
t
I meanst ha tblack peopleweref orbidden t o ilvesideby sidewtih whtiepeople .
h
T eblack peoplewould ber ejected t o ilvei n ahouseo rapa trmen twherei twa s
o s e l b a li a v a e c a l p a s a w e r e h t fi e il d l u o w s t n e g a e h T . s t n e d i s e r e ti h w f o a e r a e h t
.t i t n e r r o y u b t o n d l u o c e l p o e p k c a l b
s A . o o t s n o it a p u c c o n i d n u o f e b d l u o c n o it a g e r g e
S Paula S .Rothenberg
d i a
s in Race , Class , and Gende r in the Untied Sates that , “Black s are
d n a , s e i h c r a r e i h n o it a p u c c o d n a e m o c n i e h t f o d n e r e w o l e h t t a d e t n e s e r p e r r e v o
r e w o p c i m o n o c e d n a l a c it il o p f o s n o it i s o p n i d e t n e s e r p e r r e d n
u ” (1998 :260 .) tI
t a h t t n a e
m black people usually go tjob swtih low income because there wa sa
. s n o it a p u c c o n i a tr e c n i k c a l b g n ir i h e d a b r o f t a h t m e t s y
s A sar esul,ti twa sdfi ifcul t
e s i a r o t e l p o e p k c a l b r o
f thei r ilving condiiton. Thi swa ssuppo tred by David
H . A s e m a J , y d o r
B enretta ,and Lynn Dumen li in America ,A Concise History .
t d e t a t s y e h
T h , “at Job s rtadiitonally held by black were watiers , domesitc
s r o t c e ll o c e g a b r a g d n a , s r o t a r e p o r o t a v e l e , s t n a v r e
s ” 9(1 99 :280). The work t ha t
e l p o e p k c a l
b go twere t helow paying j ob ssuch a smenitoned above. Thosej ob s
. o d o t t n a w t ’ n d i d e l p o e p e ti h w t a h t k r o w e h t e r e
w I twasreally seldom fo rblack
n o it a p u c c o s u o i g it s e r p t e g o t e l p o e
.
5 TheResistanceo fAfricanAmericant oRacialDiscrimina iton
r f
A icanAme ircanpeoplehavebeendiscirminatedbyt hewhtiesf o ravery
o t e l p o e p n a c ir e m A n a c ir f A e h t s e k o v e t n e m t a e rt r i a f n u ’ s e ti h w e h T . e m it g n o l
. n o it i d n o c t s u j n u e h t t s n i a g a t h g
if The spiir to fblack sfo r ilberaitng themselve s
i h w f o y ti r o h t u a e h t m o r
f te sgrow sas t hey feel t hatt hey cannot j us tkeep slien t
n o it a n i m ir c s i d s i h t t a h t l e e f y e h T . e k a m s e ti h w e h t t a h t s e l u r e h t w o ll o f d n a
. tl o v e r y e h t y h w s i t a h t d n a d e p p o t s e b d l u o h s
e l p o e p k c a l
B resist r acism in many ways .Therir esistancecan bedivided
w t o t n
i o t ypes, theyarei ndividualandcollecitv eer sistance .A sAmalI .Madibbo
