L8– Integrated Water Resources

(1)

M odu le 3 – ( L8 - L1 1 ) : I n t e gr a t e d W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

I n t r odu ct ion t o I n t e gr a t e d Appr oa ch , I n t e gr a t e d W a t e r Re sou r ce s

M a n a ge m e n t , Con j u n ct ive Use of W a t e r Re sou r ce s, Ra in w a t e r

H a r ve st in g; Roof Ca t ch m e n t Syst e m .

8 I n t e gr a t e d W a t e r Re sou r ce s

M

t

1 1

1

8

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L8

L8 – I n t e gr a t e d

W a t e r Re sou r ce s

M

t

M a n a ge m e n t



Topics Cove r e d



Topics Cove r e d



I nt roduct ion t o int egrat ed approach,

I nt egrat ed wat er resources m anagem ent ,

I nt egrat ed wat ershed Managem ent

approach, Case st udy

Keywords:

I t

t d h

I t

t d



Keywords:

I nt egrat ed approach, I nt egrat ed

Wat er Resources m anagem ent , I WMA

(3)

I n t r odu ct ion t o I n t e gr a t e d Appr oa ch



I ssu e s:



I ssu e s:

– Resources under pressure

– Populat ion under wat er st ress

I

t

f

ll t i

– I m pact of pollut ion

– Wat er governance crisis



Ch a lle n ge s

– Securing w at er for people

– Securing wat er for food product ion

– Developing ot her j ob creat ing act ivit ies;

p

g

j

g

– Prot ect ing vit al ecosyst em s;

– Dealing w it h variabilit y of wat er in t im e and space

– Managing risks

Managing risks

– Creat ing popular aw areness and underst anding

– Forging t he polit ical will t o act ;

– Ensuring collaborat ion across sect ors and boundaries

3 3

Ensuring collaborat ion across sect ors and boundaries

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

(4)

I nt egrat ed Approach

www.valleyviewcampus.org



Nat ural syst em

- Crit ical im port ance for resource

availabilit y & qualit y

I nt egrat ion of freshwat er & coast al zone m anagem ent – I nt egrat ion of freshwat er & coast al zone m anagem ent – I nt egrat ion of land and wat er m anagem ent

– I nt egrat ion of surface & ground wat er m anagem ent I nt egrat ion of quant it y and qualit y in wat er resources

product ion & pollut ion & developm ent priorit ies et c.

– Mainst ream ing of wat er resources

– Macro- econom ic effect s of wat er developm ent s – I nfluencing econom ic sect or decisions

– I nt egrat ion of all st akeholders in planning & decision

4 4

– I nt egrat ing wat er and wast ewat er m anagem ent

(5)

I nt egrat ion of Land & Wat er Managem ent



Land use developm ent s & veget at ion cover ( crop select ion)

influence t he physical dist ribut ion and qualit y of w at er



Consider in overall planning & m anagem ent of w at er

resources

Prom ot ion of cat chm ent and river basin m anagem ent



Prom ot ion of cat chm ent and river basin m anagem ent –

Logical planning unit for I WRM



Gr e e n w a t e r :

Wat er direct ly used for biom ass product ion

d l

t i

t

i

t i

and lost in evapot ranspirat ion



Blu e w a t e r :

Wat er flowing in rivers and aquifers



Most ly w at er m anagem ent focus on t he blue w at er only



Managem ent of green w at er having significant pot ent ial for

w at er savings, increasing w at er use efficiency

5 5

www.cimic-coe.org

5

(6)

Hum an syst em int egrat ion

I n t e gr a t ion of a ll st a k e h olde r s in t h e pla n n in g a n d

de cision Pr oce ss

K

l

t

i bt i i

b l

d

&

t i

bl



Key elem ent in obt aining balanced & sust ainable

ut ilizat ion of resources



Generally st akeholders represent conflict ing int erest s

y

p

g

& t heir obj ect ives concerning wat er resources

m anagem ent m ay subst ant ially differ



Hence I WRM should develop operat ional t ools for



Hence I WRM should develop operat ional t ools for

conflict m anagem ent and resolut ion



Essent ial t o ident ify t he wat er resources m anagem ent

funct ions based on lowest level of im plem ent at ion



I n t hat process, relevant st ake holders should be

ident ified and m obilized

6 6

ident ified and m obilized

(7)

Efficiency, Social Equit y & Sust ainabilit y



Efficiency

in wat er use is core principle of I WRM:

w at er m ust be used wit h m axim um possible efficiency

– Econom ic efficiency



Social equit y:

Means all people m ust have access t o

f

d

l

w at er of adequat e quant it y and qualit y

– Part icipat ion

in

w at er

m anagem ent

by

all

st akeholders – Best w ay t o ensure equit y

st akeholders

Best w ay t o ensure equit y



Sust ainabilit y

: To achieve ecological sust ainabilit y

– Current wat er use should be m anaged in such a

h

d

ff

f

i

w ay t hat does not affect fut ure generat ions



I W RM

:

I nt egrat ion

of:

Efficiency,

Equit y

&

Sust ainabilit y

7 7

Sus a ab

y

(8)

8 8

I n t e gr a t e d

W a t e r Re sou r ce s M a n a ge m e n t



I W RM

- “ A process w hich prom ot es - coordinat ed developm ent

& t

f

t

l

d

&

l t d

t

& m anagem ent of w at er, land & relat ed resources, t o

m axim ize result ant econom ic & social w elfare in an equit able

m anner w it hout com prom ising t he sust ainabilit y of vit al

ecosyst em s " ( by

Global Wat er Part nership

GWP)

ecosyst em s. ( by

Global Wat er Part nership

GWP) .



involve applying

know ledge

from various disciplines as well as

insight s

from diverse

st akeholders

t o devise & im plem ent

efficient equit able and sust ainable solut ions t o

w at er &

efficient , equit able and sust ainable solut ions t o

w at er &

developm ent problem s.



A

com prehensive, part icipat ory planning & im plem ent at ion

t

l f

i

& d

l

i

t i

bl

W t

R

t ool for m anaging & developing

sust ainable

Wat er Resources



Open & flexible process – involve

st ake holders & decision

m akers

Ref: w w w.gw p.or g

(9)

I W RM Pr in ciple s

I W RM Pr in ciple s -- GW P

p

GW P



From Dublin St at em ent :

– Fresh wat er - a finit e & vulnerable resource

– Fresh wat er - a finit e & vulnerable resource,

essent ial t o sust ain life & developm ent .

– Wat er developm ent & m anagem ent - based on a

h

l

part icipat ory approach- users, planners & policy

m akers at all levels.

– Wom en play a cent ral part .

Wom en play a cent ral part .

– Wat er – public good wit h socio- econom ic value.

– Equit able

& efficient m anagem ent – sust ainable use.



I WRM: Feeding t he world, A world of cit ies, Deplet ed

resources, working t oget her across sect ors, social

change, Wat er is key t o developm ent .

9 9

c a ge,

a e

s

ey o de e op

e

(10)

I WRM

I WRM -- Concept s & Com ponent s

Concept s & Com ponent s

I WRM C

M l i l

H li

i



I WRM Concept s:

Mult iple uses, Holist ic m anagem ent ,

Mult iple perspect ive, Part icipat ory approach & Wom en

involvem ent .



I WRM Com ponent s:



Wat er allocat ion – t o m aj or users & uses

River basin planning

priorit ies



River basin planning – priorit ies



St ake holders part icipat ion – basis of decision m aking



Pollut ion cont rol - Managing pollut ion using pollut er pays

principles & appropriat e incent ives – m inim ize

environm ent al & social im pact s



Monit oring – im plem ent effect ive m onit oring syst em



Econom ic & financial m anagem ent – sust ainable benefit s



I nform at ion m anagem ent

10 10 Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

(11)

I WRM

I WRM –

– Planning

Planning



I WRM –

Basic Pillars:



En a blin g e n vir on m e n t

- suit able policies, st rat egies

& legislat ion for sust ainable I WRM



I nst it ut ional fram e work – pract ice t he policies,

st rat egies and legislat ion



Set t ing t he Managem ent I nst rum ent s for

im plem ent at ion



I W RM Pla n n in g Cycle :

St udy t he syst em - >



I W RM Pla n n in g Cycle :

St udy t he syst em >

Analyze gaps - > Building com m it m ent t o act ions - >

I m plem ent fram ework - > Monit or & evaluat e progress

> Est ablish st at us & goals > Build com m it m ent t o

- > Est ablish st at us & goals - > Build com m it m ent t o

reform process - > Cont inue

(12)

I WRM Procedure



Managing wat er at t he basin or wat ershed

- int egrat ing

land & w at er, upst ream & dow nst ream , groundw at er &

surface wat er & coast al resources

surface w at er, & coast al resources.



Opt im izing supply

– conduct assessm ent of surface &

groundw at er; analyze wat er balance; w at er conservat ion &

reuse



Managing dem and

– w at er efficient t echnologies



Providing equit able access

g

q

– effect ive w at er user’s

associat ion



Est ablishing policy

– eg. im plem ent at ion of t he pollut

er-pays principle, wat er qualit y norm s and st andards

pays principle, wat er qualit y norm s and st andards



I nt er- sect oral approach-

decision m aking,

im plem ent at ion & m anagem ent .

(13)

I WRM

I WRM -- Basis

Basis



Basic principles: wat er as social & econom ic good,

holist ic perspect ive, involvem ent of st akeholders

B l

i

ffi i

i

t l



Balancing econom ic efficiency, environm ent al

sust ainabilit y, social equit y



Aligning int erest s and act ivit ies t hat are t radit ionally

g

y

seen as unrelat ed or not well coordinat ed ( horizont ally

and vert ically)



Not j ust wat er - int egrat ing wat er in overall



Not j ust wat er - int egrat ing wat er in overall

sust ainable developm ent processes.



I WRM I ncorporat es:

I nt egrat ion, Equit y, and

Efficiency t o achieve Sust ainabilit y

(14)

H ow t o I m ple m e n t I W RM ?.



 The enabling environm ent : Nat ional/ provincial/ localThe enabling environm ent : Nat ional/ provincial/ local –

– From t op t o bot t om ; From com panies t o com m unit iesFrom t op t o bot t om ; From com panies t o com m unit ies



 The role of governm ent : enabler, cont roller, regulat or, service provider, The role of governm ent : enabler, cont roller, regulat or, service provider, im provem ent of public sect or, Gov. & privat e sect or, w at er m arket s, im provem ent of public sect or, Gov. & privat e sect or, w at er m arket s,



 Wat er legislat ion: fram ework, polit ical will t o enforce, requirem ent s.Wat er legislat ion: fram ework, polit ical will t o enforce, requirem ent s. 

 Cross sect oral & u/ s d/ s dialogue: allocat ion, coordinat ion & Cross sect oral & u/ s d/ s dialogue: allocat ion, coordinat ion & ll

im plem ent at ion. im plem ent at ion.

 Financing st ruct ures and invest m ent allocat ions for wat er resources

infrast ruct ure: public invest m ent s, privat e sect or, cost of wat er C t i it hi i t t i l i b i

 Co- operat ion w it hin int ernat ional river basins  The inst it ut ional roles: capacit y building.

 Managem ent inst rum ent s

W il bili d d d

 Wat er resources assessm ent : availabilit y and dem and  Com m unicat ion and inform at ion syst em s

 Wat er allocat ion and conflict resolut ion

14 14

 Regulat ory & econom ic inst rum ent s, Direct cont rol, Self regulat ion

(15)

I n t e gr a t e d W a t e r Re sou r ce s

M a n a ge m e n t

g



Maximum development of water resources from a basin based on

the quantitative information for planned beneficial use



I nvolves awareness of present status of development

socio-

I nvolves awareness of present status of development, socio

economic considerations and policy formulation



Flood routing

R

i

l ti



Reservoir regulation



River forecasting



Conjunctive use of water resources

IWRM is Prerequisite



Concentration of population irrespective of natural resources

situation – Migration to cities



I WRM involves Conjunctive use, deferred & maximum perennial

yield computation of gross additional reserves available in basins



I nvolves integration of scientific inputs into the local management

15 15

15

(16)

I WRM – Developm ent & Managem ent



Wat er

is a basic nat ural resource which nurt ures life.



Wat er for 3 Sect ors

:

Food

– irrigat ion;

People

–



Wat er for 3 Sect ors

:

Food

– irrigat ion;

People

–

drinking, sanit at ion;

Nat ure

- ecology



Due t o

variabilit y

of it s availabilit y in

t im e and space

,

d ‘

d

l

’

f

it needs ‘

developm ent

’ i.e. st orage for surface wat er

and pum page from groundwat er.



Developed ( D)

resource need

m anagem ent ( M)

. D &

M go hand in hand.



They have t o be

int egrat ed

– I WRDM:

I nt egrat ed

Wat er Resources Developm ent & Managem ent

.



Product has t o be sust ained.

(17)

I nt egrat ed Wat er Resources

Developm ent & Managem ent



I nt egrat ion of -

g



River basin resources- surface and groundw at er.



Dem ands - consum pt ive and non- consum pt ive,

and supplies.



Facilit ies - m ega t o m icro.



Hum an and eco- syst em s.



S&T and engineering w it h social, econom ic,

synergic needs

synergic needs.

(18)

I n t e gr a t e d W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

–

Wat er should be m anaged at low est appropriat e level.

–

– Wat er should be recognised & t reat ed as econom ic good.

Wat er should be recognised & t reat ed as econom ic good.



St rat egies:

–

– A long t erm , sust ainable fut ure for basin st ake holders. A long t erm , sust ainable fut ure for basin st ake holders. –

– Equit able access t o wat er resources for wat er users.Equit able access t o wat er resources for wat er users. –

– The applicat ion of principles of dem and m anagem ent for The applicat ion of principles of dem and m anagem ent for pppp pp pp gg efficient ut ilisat ion.

efficient ut ilisat ion. –

– Prevent ion of furt her environm ent al degradat ion ( short t erm ) & Prevent ion of furt her environm ent al degradat ion ( short t erm ) & rest orat ion of degraded resources ( long t erm ) .

rest orat ion of degraded resources ( long t erm ) .

(19)

I ntegrated Watershed Management Approach

rvation onomic, nservation, _ation _pation _gn, n

(20)

I W M A



The four engineering and m anagem ent t ools for effect ive

and sust ainable developm ent of wat er resources in sem i-

p

arid rural I ndia:

-– Appropriat e t echnologies

– Decent ralised developm ent syst emp y

– Cat chm ent based wat er resources planning – Managem ent inform at ion syst em



I n past t he effort s were m ore on t he soil conservat ion and



I n past t he effort s were m ore on t he soil conservat ion and

t aking m easures on t he land w here as w e used t o neglect

t he w elfare of t he land users.



For sust ainable w at ershed m anagem ent t here is need t o



For sust ainable w at ershed m anagem ent t here is need t o

int egrat e t he social and econom ic developm ent t oget her

wit h soil and wat er conservat ion

(21)

I nt egrat ed Wat ershed

Managem ent –Met hodology

I m port ant m easures used are:

• Soil and wat er conservat ion

• Wat er harvest ing for supplem ent ary irrigat ion

• Com m unit y part icipat ion.

• Wat er regulat ion.

g

• Considerat ion of scale.

• Joint forest m anagem ent .

g

Photos: Singh, Photos: Singh, 07. 2001 07. 2001

(22)

I

W

M

A

M

o

d

e

l

2

Ref:

Singh,

A.K., T

.I.

Eldho, D. Prinz

(23)

I W M A – M ode lin g t h r ou gh Adva n ce d

Te ch n ologie s

(24)

I W M A: Com m u n it y pa r t icipa t ion &

loca l ca pa cit y bu ildin g

p

y

g

Ret hinking developm ent focus on people and com m unit y

em powerm ent

.

Natural Resources

M i

Social Mapping

Mapping Mapping

Village Volunteers

Participatory Volunteers

Participatory Appraisal

Prioritising

I mplementation

24 24

g Options

(25)

Typica l I W M A: Com m u n it y Pa r t icipa t ion &

Loca l Ca pa cit y Bu ildin g

D e ve lopm e n t of n e w villa ge le ve l in st it u t ion s & loca l ca pa cit y bu ildin g

.

Ope r a t ion & m a in t e n a n ce of st r u ct u r e s, r e gu la t ion of fin a n cia l m a t t e r s, & con flict r e solu t ion

p

y

g

con flict r e solu t ion .

(26)

I WRM Case St udy: I nt egrat ed

Managem ent of Chilika Lagoon

 D e scr ipt ion : I nt egrat ed lagoon basin m anagem ent including int ervent ions in bot h coast al processes & River basin - for

i f d i d l i h h

rest orat ion of a det eriorat ed lagoon w it h an ecosyst em approach.

 Hydrologically, Chilika is influenced by 3 subsyst em s: i) Mahanadi

river delt a, ii) m inor rivers flowing in lagoon from West ern cat chm ent & iii) t idal out let t o t he Bay of Bengal

cat chm ent & iii) t idal out let t o t he Bay of Bengal

 Const ruct ion of m aj or hydraulic st ruct ures upst ream in t he

Mahanadi alt ered flow pat t ern & det eriorat ed Chilika.

 Long shore sedim ent t ransport along t he coast of Bay of Bengal  Long shore sedim ent t ransport along t he coast of Bay of Bengal

annually t end t o shift lagoon m out h opening t o t he sea every year -affect t he t idal exchange.

 Problem s: Less flow, Silt at ion, w eed growt h, decrease in salinit yg y

w w w.chilika.com

(27)

I WRM Case St udy: I nt egrat ed

Managem ent of Chilika Lagoon



Act ion Taken:

holist ic approach of int egrat ion of

coast al processes and lagoon basin in t he

p

g

m anagem ent planning.



Hydro- biological m onit oring of t he lagoon



Applicat ion of GI S and rem ot e sensing t ools



Applicat ion of GI S and rem ot e sensing t ools

-m onit oring and assess-m ent of t he lagoon.



Based on st udies - Locat ion of opening of t he inlet was

m oved closer t o t he cent ral part s of t he lagoon

m oved closer t o t he cent ral part s of t he lagoon –

art ificial m out h



Dredging of channel

- reduced lengt h of t he out flow

h

l b 18 k

channel by 18 km



Environm ent al im pact assessm ent – before & aft er

opening t he m out h

(28)

I WRM Case St udy: I nt egrat ed

Managem ent of Chilika Lagoon

g



Out com e-

Significant im provem ent of

t he ecological healt h of t he lagoon.

g



Significant im provem ent s of t he

salinit y gradient – less fluct uat ion



I m provem ent in fish generat ion &



I m provem ent in fish generat ion &

product ivit y.



Subst ant ial per capit a incom e of t he

fishing com m unit y



Typical case of m anagem ent

fram eworks of num erous im port ant

coast al wet lands in t he Asian region

coast al wet lands in t he Asian region.

w w w.chilika.com

(29)

Case st udy: I WRM

Case st udy: I WRM -- Chilika Lagoon

y

g

 I m plem ent at ion success of Chilika Developm ent Aut horit y ( CDA)

-relat ed t o t he non- bureaucrat ic organizat ional set up.

 Support ed by a Governing Body wit h polit ical backing com bines  Support ed by a Governing Body wit h polit ical backing com bines

st abilit y of a Gov. aut horit y wit h flexibilit y of privat e sect or

 CDA- Managem ent philosophy- pragm at ic & out com e- focused,

im plem ent ed by innovat ive leadership.p y p

 CDA - involved in local socio- econom ic act ivit ies in support of local com m unit ies.

 Backed by st rong out reach program m e wit h act ive part icipat ion of

local com m unit ies, NGOs & com m unit y based organizat ions.

 Hydrological int ervent ions - im proved it s fishery resources, wat er

qualit y & posit ive im pact on biodiversit y of t he lagoon.

b d f f h

 Cont ribut ed in increase of per capit a incom e of t he com m unit y

 I ncrease in product ivit y level - in wet land & wat ershed due t o good

environm ent al pract ices - povert y alleviat ion of t he com m unit y.

C it t i i t i d t d hi d t h

29 29

 Com m unit y part icipat ion and st ewardship m ade t he success.

(30)

Re fe r e n ce s



 GWP/ I NBO ( 2009) , Handbook for I WRM in BasinsGWP/ I NBO ( 2009) , Handbook for I WRM in Basins

 Raham an, M.M. & Varis, O. 2005. I nt egrat ed wat er resources

m anagem ent : evolut ion, prospect s and fut ure challenges.

S t i bilit S i P t i & P li 1( 1) 15 21

Sust ainabilit y: Science, Pract ice, & Policy 1( 1) : 15- 21.

 Raham an, M.M., Varis, O. & Kaj ander, T. 2004. EU Wat er Fram ew ork

Direct ive Vs. I nt egrat ed Wat er Resources Managem ent : The Seven Mism at ches

Mism at ches

 ht t p: / / www.gwp.org/ en/ The- Challenge/ What - is- I WRM/ Key- I WRM-concept s/

 ht t p: / / www.gwpt oolbox.org/ index.php?opt ion= com case&id= 219&I t em  ht t p: / / www.gwpt oolbox.org/ index.php?opt ion com _case&id 219&I t em

id= 45

 w w w .chilika.com

 Anupam K. Singh, Eldho T. I ., Diet er Prinz, ( 2002) , ‘I nt egrat ed upa S g , d o , et e , ( 00 ) , t eg at ed

wat ershed approach for com bat ing drought in sem i- arid region of I ndia: A case of Jhabua wat ershed’, J. of Wat er Science and Technology, Vol. 46( 6- 7) , 2002, pp. 85- 92.

(31)

Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.



I llu st r a t e t h e I n t e gr a t e d W a t e r

Re sou r ce s M a n a ge m e n t a ppr oa ch for

Ru r a l W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t pla n w it h

a ca se st u dy.

 For ca se st u die s Re f:  For ca se st u die s Re f:

ht t p: / / w w w .gw pt oolbox.org/ index.php?opt ion= com _case&id= 219&I t em id= 45



I dent ify t he problem s



I dent ify t he problem s.



I llust rat e how I WRM approach used t o solve problem s.



Discuss t he lesson learnt .

(32)

Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.

Q



Why int egrat ed approach is needed in w at er

& land m anagem ent ?

& land m anagem ent ?.



Discuss t he im port ance of efficiency, social

equit y & sust ainabilit y relevant t o I WRM

equit y & sust ainabilit y relevant t o I WRM.



Discuss im port ant com ponent s of I WRM.



I llust rat e I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent



I llust rat e I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent

Approach wit hin t he perspect ive of I WRM.

P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i IIT B b

(33)

Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.

g

Q



Discuss int egrat ed approach in t erm s of

“ nat ural syst em ” & “ hum an syst em ”

nat ural syst em & hum an syst em .



What are t he im port ant principles of I WRM?.

I llust rat e I WRM procedure



I llust rat e I WRM procedure.



Discuss how t o im plem ent I WRM.

Discuss role of m odern t echniques in I WMA



Discuss role of m odern t echniques in I WMA.

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Un solve d Pr oble m !.



For your Wat ershed area, prepare a m ast er

plan based on I WMA principles discussed.



I dent ify t he wat ershed problem s.



Check t he applicabilit y of m odern

t

h i

h

GI S

&

t

i

t

h i

h

GI S

&

t

i

t echniques such as GI S & rem ot e sensing.

–

– Carry out det ailed survey

Carry out det ailed survey

–

– Consider int egrat ed approach for land & wat er

Consider int egrat ed approach for land & wat er

–

– Consider opt ions for wat er harvest ing

Consider opt ions for wat er harvest ing

–

– I llust rat e t he st ake holders part icipat ion in I WMA

I llust rat e t he st ake holders part icipat ion in I WMA

S

t I WMA b

d

t h d l

S

t I WMA b

d

t h d l

–

(35)

Dr. T. I. Eldho

Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering,

p

g

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,

Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Email:

[email protected]

35 35

Email:

[email protected]

Phone: (022)

Phone: (022) –

– 25767339; Fax: 25767302

25767339; Fax: 25767302

http://www.