1
11 1
Scope of t h e Cou r se
To discuss various aspect s of wat ershed &
it t I t t d W t h d
it s m anagem ent – I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent Approach.
Wat ershed – ideal unit for m ult i- disciplinary
planning & m anagem ent of land & wat er resources – ensure cont inuous benefit s – sust ainable way
Wat ershed Managem ent ( WM) –
– Sust ainable Managem ent of ent ire land & resources.
2 2
Cou r se Obj e ct ive s
To discuss various aspect s of wat ershed
developm ent and m anagem ent – resources: t echnological, social, ecological,
environm ent al, sust ainable issues.
Focus - t echnical aspect s of WM;
perspect ives on land & w at er m anagem ent ;
l l
analyze com plex issues in wat er
m anagem ent and on specific knowledge on
i f WM
issues of WM.
3 3
Cou r se Obj e ct ive s..
j
Course will be very useful t o
– Undergraduat e & post - graduat e
Undergraduat e & post graduat e
st udent s,
T
h
NGO’
Fi ld E
i
– Teachers, NGO’s, Field Engineers
and Pract it ioners.
–
Num ber of field problem s w ill be
discussed t o illust rat e
discussed t o illust rat e
t he concept s clearly.
4 4
Cou r se M odu le s - 1 0 ( 4 0 L)
1) I nt roduct ion and Basic Concept s - 3
Cou r se M odu le s - 1 0 ( 4 0 L)
2) Sust ainable Wat ershed Approach &
Wat ershed Managem ent Pract ices - 4
g
3) I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent - 4
4) W t
h d M d li
7
4) Wat ershed Modeling - 7
5) Social Aspect s of Wat ershed
Managem ent
- 3
P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i IIT B b
5 5
Cou r se M odu le s – 1 0 ( 4 0 L)
Cou r se M odu le s – 1 0 ( 4 0 L)
6) Use of m odern t echniques in
wat ershed m anagem ent - 5
7) Managem ent of Wat er Qualit y 4
7) Managem ent of Wat er Qualit y - 4
8) St orm Wat er and Flood
Managem ent - 4
9) D
ht M
t 3
9) Drought Managem ent - 3
10) Wat er Conservat ion and Recycling
-3
6 6
)
y
g
Re fe r e n ce s
1) Allam , Gam al I brahim Y., Decision Support Syst em for
I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent, Colorado St at e Universit y, 1994.
2) Am Soc Of Agri Engr Hydrologic Modeling of Sm all 2) Am . Soc. Of Agri. Engr., Hydrologic Modeling of Sm all
Wat ersheds, Am . Soc. Agri. Eng., Michigan, 1982.
3) Am erican Soc. of Civil Engr., Wat ershed Managem ent,
Am erican Soc. of Civil Engineers, New York, 1975. g , ,
4) Black Pet er E., Wat ershed Hydrology, Prent ice Hall,
London, 1991.
5) Michael A.M., I rrigat ion Engineering, Vikas Pub.
h 1992
house, 1992.
6) Raj esh Raj ora, I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent,
Rawat Publicat ion, New Delhi, 1998.
7) Heat hcot e I W I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent
7) Heat hcot e, I .W., I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent
-Principles and Pract ice, Jown Wiley & Sons, London, 1998.
7 7
Re fe r e n ce s…
8) Murt y, J.V.S. Wat ershed Managem ent, New Age
I nt l., New Delhi 1998.
9) Gopal I yer, K., & Roy U.N., ( Eds.) , Wat ershed
Managem ent & Sust ainable Developm ent , Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, 2005., ,
10) Purandare, A.P., Jaisw al A.K., Wat ersheds
Developm ent in I ndia, NI RD, Hyderabad, 1995.
11) Vir Singh Raj Wat ershed Planning and 11) Vir Singh, Raj , Wat ershed Planning and
Managem ent, Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2000.
12) Paul A. Debarry., Wat ershed, Processes,
Assessm ent & Managem ent Wiley London 2004
Assessm ent & Managem ent, Wiley, London, 2004.
8 8
M odu le 1
( L1 L3 )
M odu le 1 – ( L1 - L3 )
I n t r odu ct ion a n d Ba sic Con ce pt s
Concept of wat ershed, int roduct ion t o
wat ershed m anagem ent different
wat ershed m anagem ent , different
st akeholders and t heir relat ive
im port ance, wat ershed m anagem ent
policies and decision m aking.
policies and decision m aking.
9 9
L1
L1 – I n t r odu ct ion t o W a t e r sh e d
M a n a ge m e n t
Topics Cove r e d Topics Cove r e d
Concept of Wat ershed; Wat ershed Approach; Concept of Wat ershed; Wat ershed Approach;
C t h d bl I t d t i t
C t h d bl I t d t i t
Com m on wat ershed problem s; I nt roduct ion t o Com m on wat ershed problem s; I nt roduct ion t o Wat ershed Managem ent ( WM)
Wat ershed Managem ent ( WM) -- WM necessit y & WM necessit y & principles; Case St udy
principles; Case St udy principles; Case St udy. principles; Case St udy.
Keywords:Keywords: Wat ershed m anagem ent , Concept s, Wat ershed m anagem ent , Concept s, Charact erist ics, Det eriorat ion, Necessit y, Principles. Charact erist ics, Det eriorat ion, Necessit y, Principles.
10 10
Con ce pt of W a t e r sh e d
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Condensation
Hydrosphere Hydrosphere –– in physical geography in physical geography
--describes com bined m ass of w at ers found on, describes com bined m ass of w at ers found on, under and above t he surface of t he planet under and above t he surface of t he planet under and above t he surface of t he planet . under and above t he surface of t he planet .
Hydrosphere consist s w at ers of land ( rivers Hydrosphere consist s w at ers of land ( rivers
and ot her w at er bodies, groundw at er syst em and ot her w at er bodies, groundw at er syst em and ot her w at er bodies, groundw at er syst em and ot her w at er bodies, groundw at er syst em et c.) , oceans & at m osphere surrounding t he et c.) , oceans & at m osphere surrounding t he land
land
Hydrological Cycle Hydrological Cycle -- Change in phase Change in phase
of w at er in t he
of w at er in t he hydrosphere.hydrosphere.
12 12
Con ce pt of W a t e r sh e d..
Con ce pt of W a t e r sh e d..
Wat ershed: Wat ershed: -- t opographically delineat ed area t opographically delineat ed area
p
An area from which runoff result ing from precipit at ion An area from which runoff result ing from precipit at ion
fl t i l i t i t t i l k
Shares boundaries wit h Shares boundaries wit h
Ridge
Shares boundaries wit h Shares boundaries wit h
neighboring wat ersheds
neighboring wat ersheds.. River
Ocean
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
W a t e r sh e d ch a r a ct e r ist ics
Size Shape Shape
Physiography Clim at e
Drainage Land use Veget at ion
Geology and Soils Hydrology
Hydrology
Hydrogeology Socioeconom ics
14 14
Photos: Singh, 07. 2001 Photos: Singh, 07. 2001
Siz e of W a t e r sh e d
Size
Size –– vary from few sq.m t o t housands of Sq.km .vary from few sq.m t o t housands of Sq.km . •• Main wat ershed, SubMain wat ershed, Sub-- wat ershed, Milli,, wat ershed, Milli--,,
wat ershed, Micro
wat ershed, Micro-- wat ershed, Miniwat ershed, Mini-- wat ershed et c.wat ershed et c.
15 15
Watershed Approach
Watershed Approach
Wat ershed approach Wat ershed approach -- appropriat e t o solve appropriat e t o solve
various resources problem s
various resources problem s -- for planning, for planning,
i l t t i & t
i l t t i & t
im plem ent at ion & m anagem ent im plem ent at ion & m anagem ent
Managing Land & Wat er Managing Land & Wat er -- wat ershed scale, gg gg wat ershed scale, ,,
appropriat e
appropriat e-- environm ent ally, financially & environm ent ally, financially & socially
socially
–
– Environm ent al scale Environm ent al scale -- w at ershed defined by nat ural wat ershed defined by nat ural hydrology
hydrology -- Resources becom es a focal point in Resources becom es a focal point in order t o underst and fact ors t hat cont ribut es t he
W a t e r sh e d Appr oa ch
Core of wat ershed approach Core of wat ershed approach -- bet t er underst anding bet t er underst anding
of environm ent al fact ors. of environm ent al fact ors. of environm ent al fact ors. of environm ent al fact ors.
Tasks such as m odeling, m onit oring & report ing Tasks such as m odeling, m onit oring & report ing
under wat ershed fram ework
under wat ershed fram ework -- saves t im e and saves t im e and
People’s part icipat ion People’s part icipat ion -- pillar of wat ershed approach pillar of wat ershed approach
--gives sense of ownership; great er public involvem ent gives sense of ownership; great er public involvem ent & ensures sust ainabilit y of int ervent ions planned.
& ensures sust ainabilit y of int ervent ions planned.
17 17
Watershed
Agricult ural land:Agricult ural land: -- fault y pract ices, fault y pract ices,
erosion, shift ing cult ivat ion et c. erosion, shift ing cult ivat ion et c.
Forest & grass lands:Forest & grass lands: -- t ree felling, t ree felling,
grazing, fire et c. grazing, fire et c.
Unscient ific m ining and quarryingUnscient ific m ining and quarrying
Bad road alignm ent and const ruct ionBad road alignm ent and const ruct ion
Ext ension of indust rial act ivit iesExt ension of indust rial act ivit ies
People apat hy:People apat hy: -- People part icipat ionPeople part icipat ion
18 18
Wat ershed Det eriorat ion
Wat ershed Det eriorat ion-- Consequences
Consequences
q
q
Low product ivit y Low product ivit y -- agricult ure, grasslands, agricult ure, grasslands,
f t
f t dd t it i i i bibi forest s
forest s -- reduct ion in biom assreduct ion in biom ass
Declinat ion of groundw at er levelDeclinat ion of groundw at er
level--causing increase in cost of irrigat ion causing increase in cost of irrigat ion causing increase in cost of irrigat ion causing increase in cost of irrigat ion
Silt at ion of reservoirs, lakes and channelsSilt at ion of reservoirs, lakes and channels
F eq ent floods and d o ght s F eq ent floods and d o ght s
Frequent floods and drought sFrequent floods and drought s
Erosion and denudat ion Erosion and denudat ion
W t lit & t it bl W t lit & t it bl
Wat er qualit y & quant it y problem sWat er qualit y & quant it y problem s
Povert y Povert y –– social problem ssocial problem s
19 19
http:/ / www.guardian.co.uk/ world/ gallery/ 2008/ aug/ 28/ india.india?picture= 337042017
Typica l W a t e r sh e d Pr oble m s
Typica l W a t e r sh e d Pr oble m s
Physical problem sPhysical problem s
–
– st eep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...st eep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...st eep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...st eep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...
Resource use problem sResource use problem s
–
– shift ing cult ivat ion, fire, shift ing cult ivat ion, fire, shift ing cult ivat ion, fire, shift ing cult ivat ion, fire, deforest at ion et c.
deforest at ion et c.
End problem sEnd problem s
End problem sEnd problem s
–
– reduced yield, flood, droughtreduced yield, flood, drought
SocioSocio-- econom ic and ot her problem seconom ic and ot her problem s
–
– povert y, m igrat ion et c.povert y, m igrat ion et c.
20 20
W a t e r sh e d Com plica t ion s
Eg: Changing cont our of land & use, pollut ion sources. Eg: Changing cont our of land & use, pollut ion sources.
Rem edies:
source; wast e m anagem ent , Reduce -- fert ilizers.fert ilizers.
Wat er relat ed issues: Surface & groundwat er Wat er relat ed issues: Surface & groundwat er
& l & l
quant it y & qualit y. quant it y & qualit y.
Rem edies:
Rem edies: change in cropping pat t ern, agricult ural change in cropping pat t ern, agricult ural wat er m anagem ent rainwat er harvest ing st opping wat er m anagem ent rainwat er harvest ing st opping wat er m anagem ent , rainwat er harvest ing, st opping wat er m anagem ent , rainwat er harvest ing, st opping point and non
point and non-- point sources of pollut ionpoint sources of pollut ion
21 21
Necessit y of Wat ershed Managem ent
Necessit y of Wat ershed Managem ent
y
y
g
g
For bet t er wat er & land m anagem ent
For st abilit y of land use in low er areas
For st abilit y of land use in low er areas
For arrest ing soil erosion, im proving soil m oist ure reducing floods & drought s
m oist ure, reducing floods & drought s
For developing wat er, land and biom ass resources wit h a focus on social and
resources wit h a focus on social and environm ent al aspect s
For j udicious use of nat ural resources -j act ive part icipat ion of st ake holders, in harm ony wit h t he ecosyst em
22 22
http:/ / watershed.kar.nic.i n/ Photo Gallery
Pr in ciple s of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t
Pr in ciple s of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t
Ut ilizes land according t o capabilit yUt ilizes land according t o capabilit y
Maint ain adequat e veget at ive cover for Maint ain adequat e veget at ive cover for
cont rol of soil erosion cont rol of soil erosion
resources in a sust ainable way resources in a sust ainable way
23 23
resources in a sust ainable way resources in a sust ainable way
Ca se st u dy: Uppe r La k e W M
Ca se st u dy: Uppe r La k e W M
( Re f: N a n di P.K. N a n di P.K. M a n a ge m e n t of Uppe r La k e W a t e r sh e d. M a n a ge m e n t of Uppe r La k e W a t e r sh e d. Fir st I n t e r a ge n cyFir st I n t e r a ge n cy
UpperUpper LakeLake ofof Bhopal,Bhopal, MP,MP, I ndiaI ndia
( Re f: N a n di P.K. N a n di P.K. M a n a ge m e n t of Uppe r La k e W a t e r sh e d. M a n a ge m e n t of Uppe r La k e W a t e r sh e d. Fir st I n t e r a ge n cyFir st I n t e r a ge n cy
Wat erWat er spreadspread areaarea 3131kmkm
Creat edCreat ed inin t het he 1111t ht h cent urycent ury ADAD
ByBy obst ruct ingobst ruct ing nat uralnat ural flowflow ofof
Kolans,
Kolans, aa rainrain-- fedfed t ribut aryt ribut ary ofof Bet w aBet wa river
river byby const ruct ingconst ruct ing anan eart heneart hen damdam river
river byby const ruct ingconst ruct ing anan eart heneart hen damdam
Upper Lake Wat ershed –Land Use
( 2003) - approxim at e ( ) pp
Built Up Area 21.0 km 2
Crop Land 219 3 km 2
Crop Land 219.3 km 2
Open Forest 5.4 km 2
Land w it h Scrub or 90.4 km 2 Wit hout Scrub
Barren Rocky/ St ony 8.6 km 2
Ot her Lakes/ Ponds 16.3 km 2
Tot al Wat ershed Area 361.00 km 2
25 25
Tot al Wat ershed Area 361.00 km 2
Som e in for m a t ion on Uppe r La k e
Som e in for m a t ion on Uppe r La k e
I m por t a n ce I m por t a n ce ::
–
– LifelineLifeline forfor farm ersfarm ers andand fisherm enfisherm en -- aboutabout 500500 fam iliesfam ilies –
Det eriorat ionDet eriorat ion ofof wat erwat er qualit yqualit y
Reduct ion of st orage capacit y of t he lakeReduct ion of st orage capacit y of t he lake
Growt h of invasive aquat ic plant sGrowt h of invasive aquat ic plant s
Som e Problem s - Upper Lake Area
pp
Ref:
w w w .ramsar.org
Flow of Sewage and Silt at ion in Upper
Lake from t he Adj oining Colonies Weed Grow t h in Upper Lake
27 27
Lake from t he Adj oining Colonies
I nt ervent ions
I nt ervent ions -- Upper Lake conservat ion
Upper Lake conservat ion
I nit iat ion I nit iat ion -- Minist ry of Envi. & Forest s, Gov. I ndia & Minist ry of Envi. & Forest s, Gov. I ndia &
St at e Gov. St at e Gov. Designat ed
Designat ed asas BhojBhoj Wet landWet land alongalong wit hwit h Low erLow er lakelake
Designat edDesignat ed asas BhojBhoj Wet landWet land alongalong wit hwit h Low erLow er lake
lake--locat ed
lake w as dem arcat ed for avoiding encroachm ent lake w as dem arcat ed for avoiding encroachm ent
Buffer Zone bet w een lake and hum an set t lem ent sBuffer Zone bet w een lake and hum an set t lem ent s
FTL
FTL-- Full Tank LevelFull Tank Level
28 28
Ref: w w w .ramsar.org
I n t e r ve n t ion s
across 28 inlet channels across 28 inlet channels across 28 inlet channels across 28 inlet channels
Developm ent of sewerageDevelopm ent of sewerage
Developm ent of sewerageDevelopm ent of sewerage
syst em for m anaging 35 MLD dom est ic sewage syst em for m anaging 35 MLD dom est ic sewage
Solid wast e m anagem ent Pract icesSolid wast e m anagem ent Pract ices
Solid wast e m anagem ent Pract icesSolid wast e m anagem ent Pract ices
Organic farm ing inst ead of inorganic fert ilizersOrganic farm ing inst ead of inorganic fert ilizers
29 29
St a k e h olde r Pa r t icipa t ion
St a k e h olde r Pa r t icipa t ion
Well Coordinat ed awareness program sWell Coordinat ed awareness program s
Reforest at ion of w at ershed area Reforest at ion of w at ershed area
t hrough part icipat ion of t hrough part icipat ion of farm ers
farm ers
Part icipat ion of polit ical, religious leaders, Part icipat ion of polit ical, religious leaders, Part icipat ion of polit ical, religious leaders, Part icipat ion of polit ical, religious leaders,
dist rict / cit y adm inist rat ion, local people, dist rict / cit y adm inist rat ion, local people, NGOs, schools / colleges
NGOs, schools / colleges NGOs, schools / colleges NGOs, schools / colleges
Prom ot ion of organic farm ing in t he w at ershed Prom ot ion of organic farm ing in t he w at ershed
t hrough part icipat ion of farm ers t hrough part icipat ion of farm ers
30 30
g p p
g p p
Re su lt s of I m ple m e n t a t ion s
Re su lt s of I m ple m e n t a t ion s
Reduced sedimentation due to Reduced sedimentation due to
construction of silt traps and construction of silt traps and construction of silt traps and construction of silt traps and plantation
plantation
General ambience of the area General ambience of the area
General ambience of the area General ambience of the area
improved due to buffer zone improved due to buffer zone
Ample job opportunities for the Ample job opportunities for the
local people local people
No significant deterioration of the No significant deterioration of the
water quality water quality
31 31
W M Ca se St u dy– Le sson s Le a r n e d
Necessit y of I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Approach
I t f t i t i
I m port ance of conservat ion pract ices –
necessit y of buffer zone
Overall environm ent al m anagem ent
Overall environm ent al m anagem ent
Necessit y of legal fram ew ork t o cont rol
ant hropogenic act ivit ies ant hropogenic act ivit ies
Necessit y of long t erm m anagem ent plans People’s part icipat ion success of t he proj ect People s part icipat ion- success of t he proj ect .
32 32
Tu t or ia l – Qu e st ion s?.
A) Discuss wat ershed concept wit hin
t he perspect ive of holist ic
t he perspect ive of holist ic
developm ent of an area.
B) I llust rat e im port ant wat ershed
B) I llust rat e im port ant wat ershed
charact erist ics.
C) Describe wat ershed det eriorat ion
C) Describe wat ershed det eriorat ion
and it s consequences.
D) Wh
h i
D) What are t he im port ant wat er
relat ed problem s in a wat ershed?.
33 33
Se lf Eva lu a t ion – Qu e st ion s?.
Q
A) What is a w at ershed?. What is t he
im port ance of wat ershed based approach in im port ance of wat ershed based approach in wat er m anagem ent ?.
B) Discuss wat ershed approach – planning B) Discuss wat ershed approach planning,
im plem ent at ion & m anagem ent .
C) What are t he im port ant principles of C) What are t he im port ant principles of
wat ershed m anagem ent ?.
D) Discuss wat ershed m anagem ent as a ) g
part of sust ainable developm ent .
34 34
Assign m e n t – Qu e st ion s?.
g
Q
A) Discuss t he wat er m anagem ent in a
w at ershed as a part of hydrologic cycle? w at ershed as a part of hydrologic cycle?.
B) What are t he t ypical w at ershed relat ed
problem s? problem s?.
C) Discuss t he necessit y of wat ershed
m anagem ent by considering various m anagem ent by considering various problem s in an arid zone wat ershed?.
D) Wit h t he help of a case st udy, show t he ) p y,
im port ance of people part icipat ion in Wat ershed Managem ent ?.
35 35
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
from t he int ervent ions of your plan. from t he int ervent ions of your plan.
36 36
Re fe r e n ce s
Prent ice Hall, London, 1991.
Nandi P.K. “Nandi P.K. “Managem ent of Upper Lake Managem ent of Upper Lake
Wat ershed” .
Wat ershed” . First I nt eragency Conference on First I nt eragency Conference on Research in t he Wat ersheds, Oct ober 27
Research in t he Wat ersheds, Oct ober 27-- 30, ,, 30, ,,
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in
38 38
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022)
Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302
http://www.
