LAPORAN LAPORAN
PRAKTIKUM OPERASI TEKNIK KIMIA PRAKTIKUM OPERASI TEKNIK KIMIA
DISUSUN OLEH : DISUSUN OLEH :
NAMA
NAMA :: ARKADIUS ARKADIUS ABANABAN NIM
NIM :: 011400114003710371 T
TEEMMAAN N KKEERRJJAA :: MMUUHHAAMMMMAAD D SSUUKKRROON N FF..HH NISA
NISA AKMALIA AKMALIA THORITHORI K
KEELLOOMMPPOOKK : : BB11
PPRROOGGRRAAM SM STTUUDDII :: DD--IIV V TTEEKKNNOOKKIIMMIIA A NNUUKKLLIIR R JJUURRUUSSAANN :: TTEEKKNNOOKKIIMMIIA A NNUUKKLLIIR R
ACARA :
ACARA : PRESSURE DROPPRESSURE DROP
PPEEMMBBIIMMBBIINNGG :: IIrr. . BBAANNGGUUN N AASSIITTOO!!MM..SS""
SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR
BADAN TENAGA NUKLIR NASIONAL BADAN TENAGA NUKLIR NASIONAL
YOGYAKARTA YOGYAKARTA
2015 2015
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[
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[
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−c2 .C. BAHAN DAN ALAT
1. B(($ :
;. A+(% : (. R($,'(*($ (+(% #r")(($ ). S%(%" ". P*'$/#%#r . V*'*/#%#r O%(+ #. T#r//#%#r 6. J($,'( r$, ,. G#+( &'&r . N#r("( ($(+*%*' D. CARA KERJA a. P#$#$%&($ (r,( C1 1. S*6(% 6** "(*r($ ($, *,&$('($ ##r%* '#r((%($! '#'#$%(+($! ($
&& (r* "(*r($ ($, *,&$('($ *%#$%&'($ %#r+#)* (&+&.
2. A+(% *r($,'(* ##r%* (( ,(/)(r ($ (*r *&/($'($ #*$,,(
%#r<(* >#r6+ (( %($,'* &/($.
3. H(r,( C1 *%#$%&'($ #$,($ /#/>(r*(* '#"#(%($ 6+&*( >8 #$,($
"(r( /#$,(%&r &&% #/)&'(($ 'r($ ;;@ ($ ;70 .
4. D#)*% (+*r($ *&'&r #%*( #+($, ('%& %#r%#$%& #$,($ /#$(/&$,
#<&/+( >+&/# 6+&*( (( ,#+( &'&r.
5. P#r)#(($ %*$,,* "(*r($ (( *( #$#r( *"(%(% (( #%*( '$** #)*% ($, )#r)#( ($ (( &&% #/)&'(($ 'r($ ($, )#r)#(. 6. D(%( ($, *#r+# '#/&*($ *"(%(%! #r")(($ *+('&'($ #)($(' %*,( '(+* &$%&' /(*$,-/(*$, >(r*(* &&% b. P#$#$%&($ H(r,( C; 1. H(r,( C;*%#$%&'($ #$,($ "(r( /#/>(r*(* ($<($, *( #($,'($ D ($ > *)&(% %#%(. 2. T*$,,* "(*r($ (( *( #$#r( *(/(%* &$%&' #%*( '$** ($<($, *( ($, *,&$('($. 3. P#r")($ *&+($,* #)($(' %*,( '(+* &$%&' /(*$,-/(*$, >(r*(* ($<($, *( ($, *,&$('($. 4. D*"(%(% (%( ($, *#r+#. ". P#$#$%&($ (r,( C3 1. H(r,( C3 *%#$%&'($ #$,($ "(r( /#/>(r*(* *(/#%#r *( D8 #($,'($ > ($ L *)&(% %#%(. ;. T*$,,* "(*r($ (( *( #$#r( *(/(%* &$%&' #%*( '$**. 3. D(%( ($, *#r+# *"(%(%. . P#$#$%&($ (r,( K
H(r,( K *%#$%&'($ #$,($ #r*%&$,($ #%#+( (r,( C1! C;! ($ C3
*'#%(&*.
E. DATA PENGAMATAN
1. Penentuan Densitas dan viskositas
Suhu air = 25oC
Massa piknometer kosong= 17.5938 gram Massa pikno a!uadest = "3.3"## gram
Massa pikno air = "3.37#7 gram
Massa a!uadest = 25.7528 gram
Massa air keran = 25.7829 gram
;. Pr#&r# r (( *( 1 P($<($, ($%(r /($/#%#r 5 40 "/ D*(/#%#r 5 1.@ "/ P($<($, *( %(*$+# 5 ;00 "/ S&&% 30 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 ;.@ ;.; ;4.1 ;1.3 7.4 1000 P#r")(($ II 3; ;.@ ; ;3 7. 1000 P#r")(($ III 33 ;.@ ;7.@ ;4.@ 7.7 1000 S&&% 4;0 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 4 4; 40.3 37 .@ 1000 P#r")(($ II 4 43. 41 37.@ . 1000 P#r")(($ III 47 4;. 40.1 37 . 1000 40 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % >+&/# P#r")(($ 1 @@ @0.3 47.1 43 1000 P#r")(($ II @4.@ 4. 47 43 .3 1000 P#r")(($ @4.@ @0.@ 4 44 .4 1000
$aktu a%ir &s' a!uade
st air kran
7.31 7.33
7.3# 7.58
III 540° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ I 0.@ @ @;.3 4.3 1000 P#r")(($ II 1 @7 @3.@ 4 .3 1000 P#r")(($ III 0 @.@ @3 4.@ .4 1000 00 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /+8 P#r")(($ 1 4.3 0 @ @; 1000 P#r")(($ II 4 @.@ @@ @1.@ .4 1000 P#r")(($ III 4 @ @ @1 . 1000 3. Pr#&r# r (( *( ; P($<($, ($%(r /($/#%#r 5 40 "/ D*(/#%#r 5 1.@@ "/ P($<($, *( %(*$+# 5 ;00 "/ S&&% 30 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 4; 40.@ [email protected] 31.@ . 1000 P#r")(($ II 43.@ 3 3;.@ ; 7 1000 P#r")(($ III 43 3 3@ 30 . 1000 S&&% 4;0 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 @7.@ @0.@ 43. 37.@ . 1000 P#r")(($ II @4.@ 47. 40. 3@ 7 1000 P#r")(($ III @@.@ 47 43 34 . 1000 40 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % >+&/# P#r")(($ 1 3.@ @ 4 4;.@ .@ 1000 P#r")(($ II ;.@ @@ 47.@ 41. . 1000 P#r")(($ III 3 @@.@ 47 4; . 1000
540° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ I .@ 1 @3 4. .@ 1000 P#r")(($ II 1 @3 4.@ .4 1000 P#r")(($ III . 1.@ @3 4 . 1000 00 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /+8 P#r")(($ 1 71. 3 @@ 4.@ .; 1000 P#r")(($ II 70 1.@ @3 4.@ .4 1000 P#r")(($ III 71 ; @3 47 .3 1000 4. Pr#&r# r (( *( 3 P($<($, ($%(r /($/#%#r 5 40 "/ D*(/#%#r 5 ;.13 "/ P($<($, *( %(*$+# 5 ;00 "/ S&&% 30 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 3 3. 3@ 3; 7.; 1000 P#r")(($ II 3 3.@ 34 33 7.0 1000 P#r")(($ III 37 3 34.@ 3;.@ 7.3 1000 S&&% 4;0 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 @3 @1.@ @0.@ 4.@ .; 1000 P#r")(($ II @;.@ @1.3 @1 4 .; 1000 P#r")(($ III @; @; @; 4 .3 1000
540° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ I 4.@ 3.1 ;. 1 @. 1000 P#r")(($ II 4 ; 1.@ 0 @. 1000 P#r")(($ III 4.@ 3 ; 1.@ @.@ 1000 00 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /+8 P#r")(($ 1 70 7.@ @. 1000 P#r")(($ II 71 .@ @.@ @.@ 1000 P#r")(($ III . 7 7 .@ @. 1000 @. Pr#&r# r (( *( 4 P($<($, ($%(r /($/#%#r 5 40 "/ D*(/#%#r 5 ;. "/ P($<($, *( %(*$+# 5 ;00 "/ S&&% 30 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 33.@ 33 33 31 7.14 1000 P#r")(($ II 3@.@ 34.@ 34.; 3; 7.; 1000 P#r")(($ III 34 33 3;. 31.@ 7.1@ 1000 S&&% 4;0 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 4 47.@ 47.; 4 . 1000 P#r")(($ II 47 44 43 4; .7 1000 P#r")(($ III 4 4@ 44 43 . 1000 40 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % >+&/# P#r")(($ 1 @; @1.@ @0 @0 .3 1000
P#r")(($ II @1. @1.@ @1 @0 .3 1000 P#r")(($ III @; @1 @0 @0 0 0 540° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ I @4.@ @4 @; @1.@ .17 1000 P#r")(($ II ; @3 @3 @1 @. 1000 P#r")(($ III 0 @;.@ @1 @1 @.@ 1000 . Pr#&r# r (( *( @ P($<($, ($%(r /($/#%#r 5 40 "/ D*(/#%#r 5 4.@ "/ P($<($, *( %(*$+# 5 ;00 "/ S&&% 30 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 41.; 40. 40. 40. 7.7 1000 P#r")(($ II 3 37. 37. 37.1 7. 1000 P#r")(($ III 3.; 3.7 37.7 37.; 7.; 1000 S&&% 4;0 H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ 1 @@ @4. @4.; @4 . 1000 P#r")(($ II @@.4 @@.1 @4.7 @4.; .; 1000 P#r")(($ III @@.3 @@ @4. @4.1 . 1000 40 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % >+&/# P#r")(($ 1 1.@ 1 0.7 0.; .7 1000 P#r")(($ II 1.; 1 0. 0.4 . 1000 P#r")(($ III 1.7 1.4 0. 0.; .4 1000
540° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /L8 P#r")(($ I 7 .@ .4 1000 P#r")(($ II 7.3 . .4 .1 .3 1000 P#r")(($ III 7.7 7.; .7 .4 .1 1000 00 ° H1 H; H3 H4 % V+&/# /+8 P#r")(($ 1 71.@ 71.1 70. .;4 1000 P#r")(($ II 71 70 70 70 .4 1000 P#r")(($ III 71.@ 70.@ 70 .@ .3 1000 . PERHITUNGAN 1. P#$#$%&($ #$*%( ($ >*'*%( M(( (&(#% 5 43.34 - 17.@38 ,r(/ 5 ;@.7;@ ,r(/ T(&(#% 5 ;@ ° C ρ (&(#% 5 0.7077 ,r"/3 (&(#% V+&/# *'$ V8 5 ρm 5 25.7258gram 0.997077gram/cm3 5 ;@.;3 "/3 M(( (*r 'r($ 5 43.373 17.@38 ,r(/ 5 ;@.73 ,r(/ (*r 'r($ 5 masaair kran volume piknometer 5 25.7839gram 25.8283cm3 5 0.;4; gram cm3 1lb 454gram (30,48cm)3 1ft 3
5 ;.; +)6%3 T (+*r r(%(-r(%( (&(#% ¿ 7.31s+7.36s+7.21s 3 =7.29s T (+*r r(%(-r(%( (*r 'r($5 7.33s+7.583 s+7.48s=7.46s (*r 'r($ 5
ρ air kran x t air kran
ρaquadest x t akuadest (&(#%
5 0.998242 gram cm3 x7.29s 0.997077 gram cm3 x7.46s 0.00; " 5 0.01; 0,000672lbm/ft.s 1cp 5 .13 10-@ +)/6%. ;. P#$#$%&($ (r,( C1 >(r*(* '#"#(%($8
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4;0! ($ 40 S!"!# 225$ D*(/#%#r *( 5 1.@ "/ 5 1.@ "/ 30,481ft cm 5 0.0@ 6% L&( #$(/($, 5 14 π D; 5 1 4 . 3!14 . 0.0@ 6%8; 5 ; 10-3 6%; D#)*% V+&/# r(%(-r(%( 5 1000mL +1000mL+1000mL 3 8 5 1000 /L ('%& r(%(-r(%( 5
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#'$ 5 7.@7 #'$1 5 t 5 1000mL 7.57s 5 13;.; "/3 1ft 30,48cm ¿ 3 5 4.7 10-36%3 K#"#(%($ L*$#(r >8 V 5 "! 5 4.7 x10 −3 ft 3/s 2 x10−3ft 2 5 ;.3@ 6% P#$&r&$($ T#'($($ −∆ P¿ ρ (*r 'r($ 5 ;.13 +)6%3 , 5 3;.174 6%; = 5 ;.3 "/ 5 ;.3 "/ 30,481ft cm 5 0.04 6% −∆ P¿ 5 ρ , = 5 ;.13 +)6%3 3;.174 6%; 0.04 6% 5 17.7 +)6%.; +, ρ. v . D μ 5 +,
[
62.26 lb ft 3 x2.35 ft s x0.05ft 6.13 x10−5lbm/f t . s]
5 @.07 L, −∆ P ρ . v2 5 +,[
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2.35 ft s)
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30 0.0047 ;.3@ 17.7 @.07 3.33
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(
6 +6.3+6.4 3)
#'$ 5 .;3 #'$ 1@. 1 5 t 5 1000mL 6.23s 5 10.43 "/3 1ft 30,48cm ¿ 3 1. 5 @.7 10-36%3 17. 1. K#"#(%($ L*$#(r >8 1. V 5 "! ;0. 5 5.7 x10 −3 ft 3/s 2 x10−3ft 2 ;1. 5 ;.@ 6% ;;. ;3. P#$&r&$($ T#'($($ −∆ P¿ ;4. ρ (*r 'r($ 5 ;.13 +)6%3 ;@. , 5 3;.174 6%; ;. = 5 3.33 "/ 5 3.33 "/ 30,481ft cm 5 0.11 6% ;7. −∆ P¿ 5 ρ , =;. 5 ;.13 +)6%3 3;.174 6%; 0.11 6% ;. 5 ;1.07 +)6%.; 30. 31. +, D L 5 +, 1.3123ft 0,05ft 3;. 5 1.43 33. 34. L, −∆ P ρ . v2 5 +,
[
219.07lb/f t . #2 62.26 lb ft 3 x(
2.85 ft s)
2]
3@. 5 3.;3 3. 37. D#$,($ "(r( ($, (/( &$%&' ($<($, *( ($, )#r)#( *#r+# (*+ #)(,(* )#r*'&%: 3. L 6%8 3. = 6%8 40. −∆ P +)6%.;8 41. +, D L 4;. L, −∆ P ρ. v2 43. 1.3 44. 0. 4@. ;1 . 07 4. 1 47. 3 4. ;. 4. 0. @0. ;7 . ;; @1. 1 @;. 3 @3. 3. @4. 0. @@. ; 4. 7 @. 1 @7. 3 @.@. 1."( 1.5( 1.#( 1.7( 1.8( 1.9( 2.(( 3.15 3.2( 3.25 3.3( 3.35 )&*' = (.25* 2.88 ,- = (.92
Log [L/D] vs log [
(.. /
)
]
inear &' Log [L/D] log [(.. /) ] 0. 1. D(r* #r(/(($: ;. L, −∆ P ρ. v2 5 +, K C;+, L D 3. M('( (r,( C; ((+( +# (r* #r(/(($ ,(r* '&r>( L, Q =P8>;8 > +, 4. @. . D(r* ,r(6*' *#r+# #r(/(($: 7. 5 0.;@0; ;.7 . /('( (r,( C; 5 0.;@0; .70. P#$#$%&($ (r,( C3 >(r*(* *(/#%#r *(8 71. P#r*%&$,($ *$* /#/('(* (%( *( 1! 4! ($ @ ($, /#r&('($ *( )(<(! ($ #$,($ )&'(($ '#r($ 4;0. 7;. P*( I 73. D*(/#%#r *( 5 1.@ "/ 74. 5 1.@ "/ 30,481ft cm 7@. 5 0.0@ 6% 7. L&( #$(/($, 5 1 4 π D; 77. 5 1 4 . 3!14 . 0.0@ 6%8; 7. 5 ; 10-3 6%; 7. 0. D#)*% 1. V+&/# r(%(-r(%( 5 1000mL +1000mL+1000mL 3 8 5 1000 /L ;. ('%& r(%(-r(%( 5
(
7.4 +7.6+7.7 3)
#'$ 5 7.@7 #'$ 3. 1 5 t 5 1000mL 7.57s 5 13;.; "/3 1ft 30,48cm ¿ 3 4. 5 4.7 10-36%3 @. . K#"#(%($ L*$#(r >8 7. V 5 "! . 5 5.66 x10 −3 ft 3/s 2 x10−3ft 2 . 5 ;.3 6% 0. 1. P#$&r&$($ T#'($($ −∆ P¿ ;. ρ (*r 'r($ 5 ;.13 +)6%3 3. , 5 3;.174 6%; 4. = 5 3.; "/ 5 3.; "/ 30,481ft cm 5 0.107@ 6% @. −∆ P¿ 5 ρ , = . 5 ;.13 +)6%3 3;.174 6%; 0.107@ 6% 7. 5 ;[email protected]4 +)6%.;. . 100. C1 5 -0.@7 101. ρ. v . D μ -"15
[
62.26 lb ft 3 x2.83 ft s x0.05ft 6.13 x10−5lbm/f t . s]
0.5967 10;. 5 1. 103 103. 104. 10@. C;5 0.;@0; 10. L D -C; 5[
6.5617 ft 0,05 ft]
−0.2502 107. 5 0.34 10. 10. −∆ P ρ. v2 5[
215.4164lb/f t . #2 62.26 lb ft 3 x(
2.83 ft s)
2]
5 0.433; 110. 0.0001@ %##+ ($ r&,% *r$8 111. Dε 5 0,00015 0,05 5 0.003 11;. 113. D#$,($ "(r( ($, (/( &$%&' *(/#%#r ($, )#r)#( *#r+# (*+ #)(,(* )#r*'&%: 114. D 6%8 11@. = 6%8 11. −∆ P +)6%.; 8 117. ρ. v . D μ -"1 11. L D -C; 11. −∆ P ρ. v2 1;0. ε D 1;1. 0.04 1;;. 0 1;3. ;1@ . 4 1 4 1;4. 1. 1;@. 0. 1;. 0. 1;7. 0 1;. 0.0 1;. 0 130. 73. 0 131. . 13;. 0. 133. 1. 134. 0; ; @ 13@. 0.14 13. 0 137. ;4. ; 7 7 13. . 13. 0. 140. 4. 141. 0 14;. D($ #r(/(($: 143. −∆ P ρ. v2 ρ. v . D μ -"1 L D -"; 5 K ε D "3 144. L, −∆ P ρ. v2 ρ. v . D μ -"1 L D -"; 5 +, ' C3+, ε D
14@. H(r,( C3 ((+( +# (r* #r(/(($ ,(r* +&r& (r* '&r>( &)&$,($ +,
−∆ P ρ. v2 ρ. v . D μ -"1 L D -";> +, ε D 14. 147. +, −∆ P ρ. v2 ρ. v . D μ -"1 L D -"; 8 14. +, Dε 8 14. ;.;74 1@0. -;.@1 1@1. ;.7 1@;. -;.7@@ 1@3. 3.0@ 1@4. -;.3 1@@.
1@. +3.2(( +3.((( +2.8(( +2.#(( +2."(( (.((( (.5(( 1.((( 1.5(( 2.((( 2.5(( 3.((( 3.5(( )&*' = + 1.#"* + 1.85 ,- = 1
Grafik log [(− ∆P )/ .v2)] [
(
(.. /
) ]-c1
[/
]-c2 vs. log
[/
inear &' log [(− ∆P )/ .v2)] [( (.. / ) ]-c1[/]-c2 log [/] 1@7. D(r* ,r(6*' *#r+# #r(/(($ : 1@. 5 -1.40@ 1.47 /('( C3 ((+( -1.40@ 1@. D(r* #r(/(($ ,(r* *(%(! *'#%(&* )(( +, K /#r&('($ *$%#r# $(! /('( L, K 5 1.47 10. K 5 10 1.47 11. K 5 1.4; 10-; 1;. H(*+ #r*%&$,($ '##+&r&($ *#r+# 13. C1 5 1.403 C3 5 -1.40@ 14. C ; 5 0.;@0; K 5 1.4; 10-3 1@. J(* #r(/(($ DAr" ((% *&&$: 1.
[
−∆ P ρ v2]
5 1.4; 10-; ρ. v . D μ 1.403 L D 0.;@0; ε D -1.40@17. 1. 1. 170. 171. G. PEMBAHASAN 1%2.
173. T&<&($ (r* #r")(($ Pr#&r# Dr ((+( /#$#$%&'($ )*+($,($ ($,'(% '#+/' %(' )#r*/#$* (( #r(/(($ D2Ar" #"(r( #r")(($ 174.
[
−∆ P ρ . v2]
5 K[
ρ . v . D μ]
c1[
L D]
c2[
ε D]
c3 17@. P#r")(($ *+('&'($ #$,($ /#$,,&$$('($ @ *( ($, /#/*+*'* ($<($, (/( (*%& ;00 "/ %#%(* )#r)#( )(($ ($ *(/#%#r$(. P#r")(($ *+('&'($ #$,($ /#/)&(% @ >(r*(* &&% )&'(($ '#r($ &$%&' /#$,#(&* )(,(*/($( #$,(r& #r)#(($ )&'(($ '#rr($ %#r(( r#&r# r. P(( ((r$( (+*r($ 6+&*( (+(/ *( ('($ /#$,(+(/* #r)#(($ %#'($($($ (%(& r#&r# r #*r*$, #$,($ ($<($,$( *( (%(&&$ *#)()'($ +# (($( ,##'($ 6+&*( #$,($ #r/&'(($ (+&r($ #*$,,( /#$#)()'($ %#r<(*$( '#*+($,($ #$#r,* ($ %&r&$$( %#'($($ (( (+*r($ 6+&*( (+(/ *(. P#$,&'&r($ %*$,,* (( /($/#%#r (( #%*( %*%*' (( *( ((% *,&$('($ &$%&' /#$,#%(&* #)#r(( )#(r %&r&$$( %#'($($ (( *(. S#+(*$ ,##'($ r#&r# r <&,( %#r<(* (()*+( (+*r($ /#+#(%* (/)&$,($ *(! )#+''($! '(%&! *6&r ($ #)(,(*$(. D(+(/ (+ ,##'($ #r)#(($ <#$* )(($ *( ('($ /#$#)()'($ )#($( '#'((r($ (( #r/&'(($ *( ($ (+ *$* ('($ )#r#$,(r& (( r#&r# r$(. S#/('*$ '((r #r/&'(($ ($, *+(+&* 6+&*( /('( ('($ #/('*$ )#(r ,(( ,##'($ ($,*(*+'($ ($ ('($ /#$#)()'($ #/('*$ )#(r &+( #$#r,* ($, *+($, ($ r#&r# r$( <&,( ('($ #/('*$ %*$,,*. 17. 177. D* ((+ #r")((($ %#r<(* '#<($,,(+($ (( #r)#(($ %*$,,* ($, *%&$<&'($ +# /($/#%#r (( r($,'(*($ (+(% #r")(($! #r)#(($ *$* %#r<(* (( H3 ($, %*$,,*$( /#+#)** H1 ($ H;. S#"(r( %#r*%* (()*+( &(%& 6+&*( /#+#(%* *( /('( ('($ %#r<(* %*$,,* ($, /#$&r&$ (r* H1 *$,,( H4 ($, *%&$<&''($ +# /($/#%#r (( r($,'(*($. T*$,,* ($, #/('*$ /#$&r&$ (r* H1 *$,,( H4 *$* /#$&$<&'( (($( #$#r,* ($, *+($, #+(/( 6+&*( /#$,(+*r ($ %#'($($ ($, ($, #/('*$ '#"*+ (( )(,*($ &<&$, *(. S#%#+( *+('&'($ #$,#"#'($ %#r$(%( #r)#(($ *$*
*#)()'($ +# (+*r($ (*r 'r($ ($, %*(' '$%($ ('*)(% (($( #r)#(($ ** (( )(,*($ %*%*' H3 ($ H4 #r%( )(,*($ &<&$, *( ($, %*(' r(%(.
H(+ *$* '(r#$( &+(* (*r 'r($ (r* ((+ ($, %*(' %()*+ #*$,,( /#$#)()'($ (*r ($, /#$,(+*r /#+(+&* *( ($,(% &+*% &$%&' /#/#$&* *( ($ /#$#)()'($ %*$,,* (*r (( /($/#%#r <&,( %*(' %()*+! #($,'($ (( )(,*($ &<&$, *( /#$#'(%* H4 *( *)&(% (,(' $(*' ($ (+ *$* (( ((+$( ((+( &$%&' /#/(%*'($ (*r ($, /#$,(+*r )#$(r-)#$(r /#/#$&* *(! %#%(* ($, %#r<(* ((+( %*$,,* ($, %#r&'&r (( H3 ($, )#r)#( (r* ($, +(*$! ('*)(% (($( (r& )(+*' (r* &<&$, *( ($, * $(*''($. S#%#+( *+('&'($ #r)(*'($ (( (/)&$,($ )&($,($ ($ *( *r((%'($ '# *$*$, ($ )#$(r-)#$(r +&r& )(r& *((%'($ (%( ($, #&(*. K#&+*%($ +(*$ ($, %#r<(* (+(/ #$,&'&r($ %*$,,* (( /($/#%#r ((+( #/)("(($ '(+( (( /($/#%#r '(r#$( (*r ($, ($,(% "#(% )#r&)( #r%( %*(' %()*+.
17.
17. P(( #r")(($ *$* &$%&' /#$#$%&'($ C1!C;! ($ C3 *+('&'($ >(r*(*
(( '#"#(%($! ($<($, ($ *(/#%#r *(. U$%&' /#$,*%&$, C1 *+('&'($ >(r*(* '#"#(%($ #$,($ /#$,(%&r )&'(($ '#r($ /#$<(* 30! 4;0! 40! @40! ($ 00. P(( #r")(($ *$* *+('&'($ >(r*(* &&% ($, )#(r '(r#$( (()*+( *+('&'($ (( >(r*(* &&% '#"*+ %*(' (( #r)#(($ (/( #'(+* ($, *((%'($ (( #r")(($. H(+ *$* '(r#$( '#"*+$( #6**#$* (r* (+(% ($, *,&$('($ (r%*$( #r)#(($ '#"*+ <&,( %*(' )#r#$,(r& (( (*+ ($, *((%'($ (( #r")(($. S#%#+( /#+('&'($ >(r*(* ($, +#)* )#(r (( )&'(($ '#r($ )(r& *((%'($ (*+ ($, #&(* (,(r
((% **%&$, r#&r# r$(. D#$,($ /#/)&(% ,r(6*' &)&$,($ L,
−∆ P ρ . v2
> +, ρ. v . D μ /('( *((%'($ $*+(* C1 & 1.403 ($, /#r&('($ +# (r*
,r(6*' %#r#)&%. P(( #$#$%&($ C; *+('&'($ #r")(($ #$,($ /#+('&'($ >(r*(* ($<($,. V(r*(* ($<($, ($, */('& **$* ((+( #+** <(r(' (r* H1 '# H;! H3! ($ H4. S#*$,,( L1 51!31 6% ! L; 5 ;!; 6% ($ L3 5 3!4 6%. D(r* ,r(6*' &)&$,($ +, L D > L, −∆ P ρ . v2 *((%'($ C2 & 0.;@0;. U$%&' #r")(($ '#*,(
0!04; 0!0@3 ($ 0!147. D(r* ,r(6*' &)&$,($ &)&$,($ +, −∆ P ρ. v2 ρ. v . D μ -"1 L D -"; > +, ε D *((%'($ C3 & -1.40@ ($ $*+(* K ((% *#r+# (r* $*+(* +, K ($, /#r&('($ *$%#r#% (r* ,r(6*' %#r#)&%! #*$,,( $*+(* K &1.4; 10-3. 1'0. S#*$,,( #r(/(($ D2 Ar" ((% *&&$ :
[
−∆ P ρ v2]
5 1.4; 10-3 ρ. v . D μ 1.403 L D 0.;@0; ε D -1.40 181. 182. 183. 18". 185. 18#. 187. 188. 189. 19(. 191. 192. 193. 19". 195. 19#. 197. 198. 199. 2((. 2(1. 2(2. 2(3. ;04. ;0@. ;0. ;07. ;0. ;0. ;10. ;11.H. KESIMPULAN 212. 1. B#r((r'($ #r")(($ ($, %#+( *+('&'($ *((%'($ $*+(* : C1 51.403 C; 50.2502 C3 5(1.6405 K 51.42 ) 10(2 S#*$,,( #r(/(($ D2 Ar" ((% *&&$ : 213.
[
−∆ P ρ v2]
= 1."2 * 1(+3 / ρ. v . D μ 0 1."(3 / L D 0 (.25(2 / ε D 0 +1.#"(5 ;14.;. Pr#&r# r )#r)($*$, +&r& #$,($ '#"#(%($ (+*r($ 6+&*(! ($<($, *(! ($ '#'((r($ *( %#%(* )#r)($*$, %#r)(+*' #$,($ *(/#%#r *(.
215.
;1.
I. DATAR PUSTAKA
21%.
;1. S&%! A,&! ''. ;00. P#%&$<&' Pr('%*'&/ O#r(* T#'$*' K*/*( I. ,('(r%(: STTN-BATAN. ;1. .,&$((r/(.(".*Ar%*'#+;040@@; *('# %($,,(+ : ;1 D##/)#r ;01@! &'&+ :11.4; (./8 ;;0. ;;1. ;;;. ;;3. ;;4. ;;@. ;;. ,('(r%(! ;1 D##/)#r ;10@ ;;7. A*%#$! Pr('%*'($! ;;. 229. Ir.B($,&$ (*%!M.S" Ar'(*& A)($