The effects of a
fl
atoxin and glucomannan on coagulation parameters
The effects of a
fl
atoxin and glucomannan on coagulation parameters
in rabbits
in rabbits
Nurcan Dönmez*, andNurcan Dönmez*, and Ercan KeskinErcan Keskin
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
DÖNMEZ, N., E. KESKIN
DÖNMEZ, N., E. KESKIN: The effects of aflThe effects of afl atoxin and glucomannan on coagulation atoxin and glucomannan on coagulation parameters in rabbits
parameters in rabbits. Vet. arhiv 79, 555-560, 2009.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of afl atoxin and glukomannan on some coagulation The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of afl atoxin and glukomannan on some coagulation parameters. In the study, 40 New Zealand rabbits were used and the rabbits were separated equally into four parameters. In the study, 40 New Zealand rabbits were used and the rabbits were separated equally into four groups as control (C), glucomannan (G), glucomannan + afl atoksin (AG) and afl atoxin (A). At the end of the (10 groups as control (C), glucomannan (G), glucomannan + afl atoksin (AG) and afl atoxin (A). At the end of the (10 week) experiment, APTT and PT values in group A were signifi cantly (P<0.05) shorter than those in the control week) experiment, APTT and PT values in group A were signifi cantly (P<0.05) shorter than those in the control group. Fibrinogen concentrations were higher in groups A and AG than in the control group, but there was no group. Fibrinogen concentrations were higher in groups A and AG than in the control group, but there was no signifi cant difference
signifi cant difference between the groups. The thrombocyte count was signibetween the groups. The thrombocyte count was signififi cantly (P<0.05) increased in group cantly (P<0.05) increased in group A compared with the other groups. In conclusion, in this study this afl atoxin dose did not cause coagulation A compared with the other groups. In conclusion, in this study this afl atoxin dose did not cause coagulation disorders as seen by shortness in PT and APTT levels. This might be explained by the fact that this dose disorders as seen by shortness in PT and APTT levels. This might be explained by the fact that this dose stimulated the coagulation mechanism due to the slight negatively effect which initiated coagulation response. stimulated the coagulation mechanism due to the slight negatively effect which initiated coagulation response.
Key words:
Key words: a aflfl atoxin, glucomannan, rabbit, coagulation parameters atoxin, glucomannan, rabbit, coagulation parameters
Introduction Introduction
One of the most important problem occurring as a result of unsuitable storage of food One of the most important problem occurring as a result of unsuitable storage of food and foodstuff is toxication caused by mycotoxins produced by mould (
and foodstuff is toxication caused by mycotoxins produced by mould (ÇELIKÇELIK et al., 2000a et al., 2000a). ). Afl atoxins are the mostly seen mycotoxins. Afl atoxin B1, which is produced by
Afl atoxins are the mostly seen mycotoxins. Afl atoxin B1, which is produced by Aspergillus Aspergillus fl avus
fl avus and and Aspergillus parasiticusAspergillus parasiticus, is the most harmful (, is the most harmful (ÇELIKÇELIK et al., 1996; et al., 1996; ERASLANERASLAN et al., et al., 2004;
2004; ABDEL-WAHABABDEL-WAHAB et al., 2002 et al., 2002). Susceptibility to the toxic effects of a). Susceptibility to the toxic effects of aflfl atoxin B1 varies atoxin B1 varies between species. Rabbits are amongst most sensitive animal species (
between species. Rabbits are amongst most sensitive animal species (BAKERBAKER and and GREENGREEN, , 1987
1987). A). Aflfl atoxicosis results in with anaemia ( atoxicosis results in with anaemia (KEÇECIKEÇECI et al., 1998 et al., 1998), inhibition of immune ), inhibition of immune function (
function (ÇELIKÇELIK et al., 2000b et al., 2000b), harmful effects in the liver and kidneys (), harmful effects in the liver and kidneys (JINDALJINDAL et al., et al., 1994
1994), mutagenesis, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis), mutagenesis, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis and haemorrhages (and haemorrhages (ŞŞEHUEHU et al et al.., 2005, 2005).).
Signifi cant changes in serum biochemical and haematological parameters are seen in Signifi cant changes in serum biochemical and haematological parameters are seen in afl atoxicosis cases and these can assist in the diagnosis of toxications (
afl atoxicosis cases and these can assist in the diagnosis of toxications (BASMACIOBASMACIOĞĞLULU *Corresponding author:
Dr. Nurcan Dönmez, Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey, E-mail: nurcandonmez@ Dr. Nurcan Dönmez, Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey, E-mail: nurcandonmez@ selcuk.edu.tr
et al., 2005
et al., 2005). Clinical bleeding and abnormal coagulation have been noted in animals ). Clinical bleeding and abnormal coagulation have been noted in animals intoxicated by afl atoxin B1 both experimentally and naturally.
intoxicated by afl atoxin B1 both experimentally and naturally. KEÇECIKEÇECI et al. (1995) et al. (1995) have have reported that afl atoxicosis caused a decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit values and reported that afl atoxicosis caused a decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit values and thrombocyte counts in broilers.
thrombocyte counts in broilers.
Removing AF from contaminated food and foodstuffs remains a major problem Removing AF from contaminated food and foodstuffs remains a major problem and there is a great demand for effective decontamination technology. Decontamination and there is a great demand for effective decontamination technology. Decontamination procedures have focused on degrading, destroying, inactivating or removing AF by procedures have focused on degrading, destroying, inactivating or removing AF by physical, chemical or biological methods (
physical, chemical or biological methods (OOĞĞUZUZ et al., 2000 et al., 2000). The bene). The benefifi cial effects of cial effects of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SCE)(SCE) have been attributed to mannan which is a cell wall have been attributed to mannan which is a cell wall
component (
component (DIAZDIAZ et al., 2002; et al., 2002; RAJURAJU and and DEVEGOWDA,DEVEGOWDA, 2000 2000). Esteri). Esterififi ed glucomannan (EG) ed glucomannan (EG) showed very high binding ability
showed very high binding ability (80-97%)(80-97%) with AFwith AF ((DIAZDIAZ et al., 2002; et al., 2002; BASMACIOBASMACIOĞĞLULU et al., 2005
et al., 2005). The studies performed with EG at different concentrations of AF showed ). The studies performed with EG at different concentrations of AF showed that EG partially or completely reversed the effect of AF on performance, biochemistry, that EG partially or completely reversed the effect of AF on performance, biochemistry, haematology and immune response (
haematology and immune response (RAJURAJU and and DEVEGOWDA,DEVEGOWDA, 2000; 2000; ARAVINDARAVIND et al., 2003; et al., 2003; SANTIN
SANTIN et al., 2003 et al., 2003).).
The aim of this study was to evaluate coagulation abnormality in rabbits intoxicated with The aim of this study was to evaluate coagulation abnormality in rabbits intoxicated with afl atoxin to determine the counteraction of glucomannan application to afl atoxicosis. afl atoxin to determine the counteraction of glucomannan application to afl atoxicosis.
Materials and methods Materials and methods
In the present study, 40 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were used. The rabbits In the present study, 40 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were used. The rabbits were divided into 4 equal groups where the weight of each group of animals was close to were divided into 4 equal groups where the weight of each group of animals was close to each other. All the rabbits were kept in individual cages during the experiment (10 weeks) each other. All the rabbits were kept in individual cages during the experiment (10 weeks) and were fed ad libitum as follows:
and were fed ad libitum as follows: Group 1 (C); fed with pellet food Group 1 (C); fed with pellet food
Group 2 (A); fed with pellet food containing 125 ppb afl atoxin Group 2 (A); fed with pellet food containing 125 ppb afl atoxin
Group 3 (AG); fed with pellet food containing 1000 ppm glucomannan + 125 ppb Group 3 (AG); fed with pellet food containing 1000 ppm glucomannan + 125 ppb
afl atoxin afl atoxin
Group 4 (G); fed with pellet food containing 1000 ppm glucomannan Group 4 (G); fed with pellet food containing 1000 ppm glucomannan During the experiment animals had free access to water.
During the experiment animals had free access to water.
At the end of the experiment;, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture into At the end of the experiment;, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture into citrated tubes to evaluate coagulation parameters. Thrombocyte counts were determined citrated tubes to evaluate coagulation parameters. Thrombocyte counts were determined by haemocytometer. PT (prothrombin time), APTT (partial thromboplastin time) and by haemocytometer. PT (prothrombin time), APTT (partial thromboplastin time) and
fi brinogen determination was determined by commercial kits (DiaMed, DiaFibrinogen
fi brinogen determination was determined by commercial kits (DiaMed, DiaFibrinogen B305100; DiaCelin Liquid Cephaloplastin B301100; DiaMed, DiaPlastin B300240) B305100; DiaCelin Liquid Cephaloplastin B301100; DiaMed, DiaPlastin B300240) using a coagulometer (DiaLab, Diaclot, C4Combi Coagulometer).
using a coagulometer (DiaLab, Diaclot, C4Combi Coagulometer).
Statistical differences among the groups were tested by Duncan’s multiple range test Statistical differences among the groups were tested by Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS for Windows, version 10.0. P<0.05 was considered signifi cant.
Results Results
Comparison of some coagulation parameters of the control and treatment groups is Comparison of some coagulation parameters of the control and treatment groups is shown in Table 1.
shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Coagulation parameters in control and afl atoxin and glucomannan groups. Table 1. Coagulation parameters in control and afl atoxin and glucomannan groups.
Parameters C G AG A
Thrombocyte (×105/mm3) 402.40 ± 0,43c 405 ± 0.10c 417.66 ± 0.33b 488.6 ± 0.28a
PT (s) 9.45 ± 0.47a 7.91 ± 0.21b 7.33 ± 0.48bc 6.51 ± 0.25c
APTT (s) 19.20 ± 0.60a 17.70 ± 0.79ab 16.56 ± 1.30ab 15.80 ± 0.61b
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) 426.5 ± 39.32 431.8 ± 79.45 455.8 ± 49.25 550.0 ± 59.72
APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: prothrombin time; a, b, c: P<0.05. APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: prothrombin time; a, b, c: P<0.05.
Discussion Discussion
The liver plays an important role in haemostasis. Hepatocytes synthesize large The liver plays an important role in haemostasis. Hepatocytes synthesize large numbers of coagulation factors. Assessment of coagulation status is important in animals numbers of coagulation factors. Assessment of coagulation status is important in animals suspected of having liver disease, because altered haemostasis can contribute to clinical suspected of having liver disease, because altered haemostasis can contribute to clinical signs and complicate invasive diagnostic procedures. The commonly used tests to assess signs and complicate invasive diagnostic procedures. The commonly used tests to assess coagulation status include determination of prothromin time (PT), activated partial coagulation status include determination of prothromin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) and fi brinogen (
thromboplastin (APTT) and fi brinogen (ÇAMÇAM et al., 2006 et al., 2006). For this reason the effects of ). For this reason the effects of afl atoxin which has mitogenic, hepatotoxic, hepatocarsinogenic and immunosupressif afl atoxin which has mitogenic, hepatotoxic, hepatocarsinogenic and immunosupressif effects (
effects (ÇELIKÇELIK et al., 2000a et al., 2000a), were used to determine some coagulation parameters in ), were used to determine some coagulation parameters in rabbits.
rabbits.
CLARK
CLARK et al. (1986) et al. (1986) reported that the coagulation defect in rabbits given AFB1 was reported that the coagulation defect in rabbits given AFB1 was characterized by prolonged PTs and APTTs and decreased activity of fi brinogen and characterized by prolonged PTs and APTTs and decreased activity of fi brinogen and increased platelet numbers. Additionally
increased platelet numbers. Additionally OSUNAOSUNA and and EDDSEDDS (1982) (1982) found signi found signififi cantly cantly increased PT and APTT in pigs fed afl atoxin. Also in another study, afl atoxicosis decreased increased PT and APTT in pigs fed afl atoxin. Also in another study, afl atoxicosis decreased factors V, VII and VIII activity, fi brinogen concentration, platelet number and detectable factors V, VII and VIII activity, fi brinogen concentration, platelet number and detectable plasma fi brin monomers (
plasma fi brin monomers (BAKERBAKER and and GREEN,GREEN, 1987 1987). ). ESPADAESPADA et al. (1997) et al. (1997) reported that reported that mycotoxicosis increased fi brinogen concentration and decreased PT values in broilers. mycotoxicosis increased fi brinogen concentration and decreased PT values in broilers. Additionally some researchers have found decreased thrombocyte count in afl atoxin Additionally some researchers have found decreased thrombocyte count in afl atoxin treatment groups (
treatment groups (KEÇECIKEÇECI et al., 1998; et al., 1998; OOĞĞUZUZ et al., 2000; et al., 2000; BASMACIOBASMACIOĞĞLULU et al., 2005 et al., 2005). ). In the present study, APTT and PT values in group A were signifi cantly (P<0.05) In the present study, APTT and PT values in group A were signifi cantly (P<0.05) shorter than those in the control group. Moreover, fi brinogen concentrations were higher shorter than those in the control group. Moreover, fi brinogen concentrations were higher in groups A and AG than in the control group, but there was no signifi cant difference in groups A and AG than in the control group, but there was no signifi cant difference between the groups. The thrombocyte count was also signifi cantly (P<0.05) increased in between the groups. The thrombocyte count was also signifi cantly (P<0.05) increased in
group A compared with the other groups. The decreased PT and APTT values observed group A compared with the other groups. The decreased PT and APTT values observed may be consistent with increased plasma fi brinogen concentration. At the same time the may be consistent with increased plasma fi brinogen concentration. At the same time the increase in thrombocyte and fi brinogen levels may demonstrate a regenerative response increase in thrombocyte and fi brinogen levels may demonstrate a regenerative response with a haemarogical tendency. These fi ndings agreed with the above reports that explain with a haemarogical tendency. These fi ndings agreed with the above reports that explain the suppressive effects of AF on coagulation. Single additions of glucomannan to AF the suppressive effects of AF on coagulation. Single additions of glucomannan to AF - free diets did not produce any negative changes compared to the control. This also - free diets did not produce any negative changes compared to the control. This also supported the notion that glucomannan was inert and non-toxic in terms of coagulation supported the notion that glucomannan was inert and non-toxic in terms of coagulation parameters. Our results showed the benefi cial effects of glucomannan in the detoxifi cation parameters. Our results showed the benefi cial effects of glucomannan in the detoxifi cation of AF. The levels of the AG group close to the other groups showed the benefi cial effects of AF. The levels of the AG group close to the other groups showed the benefi cial effects of glucomannan on afl atoxin.
of glucomannan on afl atoxin.
In conclusion, although the coagulation defects of afl atoxicosis are primarily due to In conclusion, although the coagulation defects of afl atoxicosis are primarily due to the diminished hepatic synthesis of coagulation and initiating intravascular coagulation the diminished hepatic synthesis of coagulation and initiating intravascular coagulation and consumption of coagulation factors (
and consumption of coagulation factors (BAKERBAKER and and GREEN,GREEN, 1987 1987), in this study this ), in this study this afl atoxin dose did not cause coagulation disorders as seen in shortness in PT and APTT afl atoxin dose did not cause coagulation disorders as seen in shortness in PT and APTT levels. This might be explained by the fact that this dose stimulated the coagulation levels. This might be explained by the fact that this dose stimulated the coagulation mechanism due to a slight negative effect which initiates the coagulation response. mechanism due to a slight negative effect which initiates the coagulation response. _______
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Selcuk University Research Fund (Project N
This study was supported by Selcuk University Research Fund (Project Noo 064 010 10). 064 010 10). References
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DÖNMEZ, N., E. KESKIN
DÖNMEZ, N., E. KESKIN: Učinci aflatoksina i glukomanana na pokazatelje
grušanja u kunića. Vet. arhiv 79, 555-560, 2009.
SAŽETAK
Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinke afl atoksina i glukomanana na neke pokazatelje grušanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 40 novozelandskih kunića podijeljenih u četiri jednake skupine: kontrolnu skupinu, skupinu koja je dobivala glukomanan, skupinu koja je dobivala istodobno afl atoksin i glukomanan te skupinu koja je dobivala samo afl atoksin. Na kraju pokusa koji je trajao 10 tjedana aktivirano parcijalno tromboplastinsko vrijeme (APTT) i protrombinsko vrijeme (PT) bilo je značajno kraće (P<0,05) u skupini koja je dobivala afl atoksin nego u životinja kontrolne skupine. Koncentracije fi brinogena bile su veće u kunića skupine koja je dobivala afl atoksin i skupine koja je dobivala istodobno afl atoksin i glukomanan nego u kontrolne skupine, ali nije bila ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika između skupina. Broj trombocita bio je značajno (P<0,05) veći u kunića skupine koja je dobivala afl atoksin u usporedbi s drugim skupinama. Zaključuje se da davane doze afl atoksina nisu uzrokovale poremećaje grušanja kako se vidi iz PT i APTT. To se može objasniti time da je davana doza potaknula mehanizam grušanja zbog blagoga negativnoga učinka koji je bio začetnik grušanja.
Ključne riječi: afl atoksin, glukomanan, kunić, pokazatelji grušanja
Received: 19 June 2008 Accepted: 2 November 2009
