The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging ofExport Quality of Mangosteens Transportation.

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The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

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The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging of Export Quality of

Mangosteens' Transportation

Ni Luh Yulianti and Gede Arda

Jurusan Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Udayana Email : yulianti_ardana@yahoo.co.id

Abstract

The aim of this study was to formulate the packaging technology which able to reduce the damage on mangosteens fruit after transportation. This study was conducted using the factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first factor was packaging capacity (K), the second factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the third one was the packaging types (T). The first factor was designed by implementing two level of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2). The second factor was designed using two kinds of fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly separation (P2) and the third one was designed using two kinds of packaging types that was RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board (T2). Each treatments were replicated twice. The quality parameters which were measured were physical damage, weight loss percentage, and respiration rate. The results showed that 5 kilograms of mangosteen which was package using fcc fruits arrangement pattern and fullflap type (K1P1T1) was the most effective way to reduce physical damage and weight loss of mangosteen during transportation process.

Keywords: mangosteen, packaging, physical damage, transportation

Introduction

Government’s policy to increase the competitive ability of horticultural commodities in international market had encouraged the horticultural farmers and stakeholders to enhance their products quality and increase its price. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L ) was one of horticultural commodity having high price and it is very potential to be developed as a exported commodity. Among region in Indonesia, Bali was one of province which produce mangosteen with good quality. According to production data 2011 based on province (BPS, 2011), suggest that among 33 provinces in Indonesia, Bali is on 7 position with 39.511 tons of production. However, its high number of production has not accompanied by high number of export volume

yet. This was showed on indonesis’s mangosteen export value on 2011 in which, out of all

mangosteen export, only 10.71% of indonesia mangosteen production which could penetrate exported market with volume of 12.600 tons including Bali (BPS,2011). Refusal on mangsoteen

coming from indonesia in marketing countries are caused by the fruit’s condition which was

asserted as improper quality by consumers, for examples, its undergoing physical damage ranging from hardening, memar, or damage on its shells to damage on its crown causing incomplete condition. As a consequence, the product could only sale on local market with low price which led to profit loss to local producers.

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A17 - 2 transportation process especially land transportation and the 10% were caused by long term storage Hetzroni et. al. 2000 ; Arazuri et al, 2007; Tim Penulis PS, 2003). The good transportation packaging was demanding accordance of packaging kinds and packaged

commodity’s characteristics. The kinds of packaging which was usually used for transporting mangosteen fruits was plastic container of 8-10 kg in capacity. Based on information collected from farmers and mangosteen exporters, physical damage that was frequently occurred causing by using this kind of packaging as high as 20-30% (Yulianti et al., 2009). In addition, proper packaging was the packaging that could deflate the impact during transportation. A corrugated board was a packaging material which had high damping properties at low price and accepted by export destination countries because of its recycling ability and environmentally friendly compared to other materials. The study suggest that application of corrugated board able to reduce the damage on packaged product to 3.7% (Yulianti, 2007). Thompson et al., (2006) said that pear that was packaged using corrugated board and transported as far as 4.500 km experienced low degree of damage compared to other kinds of material. Lewis et al., (2007) reported that apple packaged using corrugated board underwent bruise area smaller than other kinds of packaging material at various level of drop. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study to formulate the technological bundle of packaging that has an ability to reduce the level of damage of mangosteen during transportation process considering the capacity of packaging, fruits arrangement of mangosteen inside the packaging and types of packaging that is applied.

Materials And Methods

Materials and instruments

The materials that were used in this study were mangosteen with index of maturity 2, first class of quality which had 6.0 cm – 6.5 cm in diameter, corrugated board and net foam. The instrument test were digital balance ((Kris Chef Model Ek9250, China), glass jar, gas analyzer TA. XTplus, England).

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Methods

This study was conducted using the factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first factor was packaging capacity (K), the second factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the third one was the packaging types (T). The first factor was designed by implementing two level of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2). The second factor was designed using two kinds of fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly separation (P2) and the third one was designed using two kinds of packaging types that was RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board (T2). Each treatments were replicated twice. Data was analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and if there was any influence of treatment on observed parameters then further analysis would be conducted by Duncan Test (Steel and Torrie, 1993).

Observed Parameters

The observed parameters that were measured after transportation process were percentage of fruits that underwent sinking on its shell, weight loss, and CO2 production rate during storage.

All parameters except physical damage were measured and observed every day until fruits were asserted as not acceptable to consume.

Results And Discussion

Physical Damage

Physical condition of mangosteen after transportation is one of important factors that is considered by consumers when they consume the fruit. Defect damage on fruit when it is being consumed is the cause of refusal of mangosteen in export destination countries. The study found that physical damage on fruit were sunk shell and crown damage. The sunk shell was indicated

by some are of shell was pressed by other fruit’s shell result in a concave shape. This was one of

the physical damage caused by transportation. The percentage of sunk shell was obtain by

counting the ration between the sum of sunk shell and total sum of observed shell’s surface.

According to counting results it was found that the lowest percentage, that was 0.35%, was occurred on K1P1T1 treatment; that is mangosteen that were packaged at 5 kg of capacity with fcc

pattern in fullplap type of packaging. In contrast, the highest percentage of sunk shell was shown by K2P2T2; mangosteen that were packaged at 8 kg of capacity with separation in fullplap type of

packaging, that is 2.58%. however, if the treatment K2P2T2 was compared to control

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A17 - 4 Tabel 1. Mean of percentage of sunk shell after transportation

Treatment Sunk shell (%)

control 4.73

capacity 8 kg,separation, fullflap (K2P2T2) 2.58

capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2) 1.35

capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1) 0.98

capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2) 0.87

capacity 8 kg, sekat, rsc (K2P2T1) 0.68

capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1) 0.38

capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1) 0.38

capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2) 0.35

Percentage of physical damage was counted by calculate the ration between sum of damage fruit in a pack and total sum of all fruit packed in that pack. A sample was asserted as damage fruit if it was observed one of this kinds of damage: sunk shell, detach any part of its crown, broken stalk and crack on the shell (Picture 1). The study results showed that the lowest physical damage, that is 2.5%, was found on K1P1T2 treatment that is mangosteen that was packed 5 kg in capacity with fcc pattern in the fullplap type pack. The highest percentage of damage was showed by control of 10.93%. The low percentage on K1P1T2 indicated smaller number of fruit lesser force that work on fruits. In addition, the utility of net foam on fruit that were arranged with fcc pattern was able to protect fruits’ shell from friction and impact which occurred during transportation. Arrangement of fruits with fcc pattern give fruits more advantages because this pattern increase the density of fruit in a pack, therefore arrangement is more compact and void left inside the pack which allow fruit experience friction become smaller. Application fcc pattern to arrange the fruits in a corrugated board result in 34% higher than randomized arrangement (Yulianti, 2007). Maximum percentage of density of fruit that are arrenged with randomized arrangement is 50% (Peleg, 1985).

Gambar 2. Physical damage (a) detached crown; (b) sunk shell

Weight loss

Economically, weight loss of agricultural commodity result in loss in profit especially for the commodities that are sold based on its weight such as mangosteen. Weight loss indicates the

level of damage that occurred after transportation. Based on ANOVA to each treatment’s data

were found that interaction among treatments (capacity, arrangement and packaging type) significantly influenced the weight loss during storage. The lowest percentage of weight loss was found on treatment K1P1T2 that is 0.183%, in contrast, the highest percentage of weight loss was

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A17 - 5 The low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 was the consequence of low level

of damage. In contrast, high percentage of weight loss was the consequence of high level of damage occurred on K2P2T1. Possibly, the low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 are

caused by force that was exist in fruits arrangement was low and was dispersed evenly. The advantages of using fcc pattern are fruits are arranged more tidy, the fruits number per pack is the same, and the number of fruits per pack can be determined in advance (Sutrisno, 2008 dan Yulianti, 2007). Moreover, packing the fruit in lower or equal to 5 kg in capacity will reduce fruit load and damage during transportation. (Osman, 2006).

The utility of fullplap type packaging is one of the supporting factors that give the good advantage because this type have an ability to support the product against the load that exist when the pack are stacked.

Tabel 2. Mean of percentage of weight loss

Treatment Weight loss mean (%) Notation*

capacity 8 kg, separation, rsc (K2P2T1) 0.259 a

capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2) 0.250 a

capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2) 0.248 a

capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1) 0.242 a

capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1) 0.238 a

capacity 8 kg, separation, fullflap (K2P2T2) 0.231 a

capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1) 0.223 a

capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2) 0.183 b

*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at DMRT 5%.

The percentages of weight change during observation are depicted on Picture 3. The graph shows that percentage of weight loss increase day by day. The graph points out that control shows the highest percentage of weight loss among others. This phenomena has proved the employing plastic container 8 kg in capacity as mangosteen packaging is not sufficient to decrease the weight loss during transportation. The 8 kg plastic container is container that is generally used by mangosteen farmers or exporter to transport their product. The high percentage of weight loss on control are caused by higher level of mechanical damage occurs on mangosteen packed using this kind of packaging. The higher level of mechanical damage experienced by mangosteen come from container properties itself which are not able to redeem the impact during transportation. The low damping properties of plastic container bring on mechanical damage such as wound or scratch on mangosteen’s shell dan it will influence the weight loss during transportation. Water loss from product potentially occur through open part of

fresh product’s surface tissues that are influenced by internal factor such as wound on product’s

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A17 - 6 Picture 3. Percentage of weight loss

Respiration Rate

Respiration rate is a good indicator to know shelf life of fruits after fruit are harvested. High respiration usually indicate short shelf life (Pantastico, 1997). According to ANOVA it was found that interaction between capacity and arrangement pattern significantly influenced the production rate of CO2. In addtion, K1P1 (5 kg in capacity, fcc) showed the lowest production

rate of CO2 that is 52.594 ml/kg.hr, and it also significantly different compared to other

treatments.

Another phenomena illustrated that interaction between capacity and packaging types showed significant influence to production rate of CO2 during storage. Advanced analysis (table 3) showed that the lowest production rate of CO2 was indicated by K1T2(5 kg in capacity, fullplap) and the highest one was showed by K2t1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc). In conclusion, employment of fullplap corrugated board with 5 kg in capacity had an ability to reduce the production rate of CO2 of packed mangosteen.

The low production rate of CO2 on K1T2 indicated that level of damage occurred was

low as well. In one hand, application lower load on fullplap type packaging through lower capacity result in maximum protection to mangosteen against friction, impact, and pressure/load. On the other hand high production rate of CO2 on K2T1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc) indicated the high

level of damage on mangosteen. High level of damage lead to respiration process as an influence of ethylen gas production (Pantastico, 1997).

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A17 - 7 Tabel 3. Mean of percentage of production rate of CO2 on interaction between capacity

and types of packaging

Treatment Rate (ml/kg.hr)

Notati on*

capacity 8 kg, rsc (K2T1) 78.264 a

capacity 8 kg, fullflap (K2T2) 75.832 a

capacity 5 kg, rsc (K1T1) 75.104 a

capacity 5 kg, fullflap (K1T2) 52.594 b

*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at DMRT 5%.

Conclusion

Application fullplap type corrugated board of 5 kg in capacity with face centered cubic pattern is able to significantly reduce physical damage and weight loss during transportation process of mangosteen.

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