xiv ABSTRACT
PURI, ANINDITA DEWANGGA. Directive Speech Acts Showing Leadership Style Used by Miranda Priestly inThe Devil Wears Prada Movie. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.
Communication is an important aspect in our daily activities as human beings. A successful communication cannot be separated from the tool of communication that is language. Through the using of language, people can express what they want to say. Leadership style is one phenomenon which can be analyzed through the language of someone. In this research, the writer tries to analyze how the directives speech acts show the leadership style used by Miranda Priestly using pragmatics approach. Through this analysis, it will be found the types, the forms, the patterns of the directives speech acts, and the leadership style employed by Miranda to her subordinates.
In order to understand the important points in the end of this study, the writer provides two problem formulations. The first problem is, the writer wants to identify the types of the directives speech acts employed by Miranda Priestly to her subordinates in The Devil Wears Prada movie. The second problem formulation and the last thing of the study is, analyze how Miranda’s directives speech acts show her leadership style toward her subordinates.
In this research, the writer applies documents or text analysis in the process of analysis. By observing all of the speech acts from the character Miranda Priestly, the writer collected only the directives speech acts as the data. Some reliable sources and theories were also used in order to develop the analysis process of this study. All of the data in this research were classified into some categories. To make a better understanding, the writer has classified the data based on some types (command, request, prohibition, and question) with the form of the sentence and its explanation. Next, the writer also provides the analysis about the leadership style based on the data finding.
xv ABSTRAK
PURI, ANINDITA DEWANGGA. Directive Speech Acts Showing Leadership Style Used by Miranda Priestly inThe Devil Wears Prada Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Komunikasi adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam aktivitas sehari-hari di dalam hidup manusia. Komunikasi yang sukses tidak bisa dipisahkan dari alat komunikasi yang dinamakan bahasa. Melalui penggunaan bahasa, manusia dapat mengekspresikan apa yang ingin mereka katakan. Di dalam penelitian ini, penulis mencoba untuk menganalisis gaya kepemimpinan yang diaplikasikan oleh Miranda Priestly menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Melalui analisis ini, akan ditemukan tipe, bentuk, pola tindak tutur direktif, dan gaya kepemimpinan yang diaplikasikan Miranda terhadap bawahannya.
Untuk mendapatkan poin-poin penting dalam penelitian, penulis menyertakan dua permasalahan. Pertama, penulis ingin mengidentifikasi tipe tindak tutur direktif yang diaplikasikan Miranda terhadap bawahannya di dalam film berjudul The Devil Wears Prada. Permasalahan kedua yang merupakan inti dari penelitian ini, adalah menganalisis bagaimana tindak tutur direktif dapat menunjukkan gaya kepemimpinan yang diaplikasikan oleh Miranda Priestly terhadap bawahannya.
Di dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengaplikasikan metode analisis dokumen dan teks didalam proses analisis. Dengan mengamati semua tindak tutur dari karakter seorang Miranda Priestly, penulis dapat mengumpulkan tindak tutur direktif sebagai data. Penggunaan beberapa sumber yang terpercaya juga digunakan untuk mengembangkan proses analisis. Di dalam penemuan data, penulis mengklasifikasikan data ke dalam beberapa kategori. Penulis membagi data berdasarkan tipe, bentuk kalimat, beserta penjelasan dari analisis tersebut. Selanjutnya, penulis menyertakan analisis tentang gaya kepemimpinan yang ditemukan di dalam data.
DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS SHOWING LEADERSHIP
STYLE USED BY MIRANDA PRIESTLY IN
THE DEVIL
WEARS PRADA
MOVIE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANINDITA DEWANGGA PURI Student Number: 104214048
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS SHOWING LEADERSHIP
STYLE USED BY MIRANDA PRIESTLY IN
THE DEVIL
WEARS PRADA
MOVIE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANINDITA DEWANGGA PURI Student Number: 104214048
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
iii
ASarjana SastraUndergraduate Thesis
DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS SHOWING LEADERSHIP
STYLE USED BY MIRANDA PRIESTLY IN
THE DEVIL
WEARS PRADA
MOVIE
By
ANINDITA DEWANGGA PURI Student Number: 104214048
Approved by
Adventina Putranti, S.S, M.Hum. March 12, 2015 Advisor
iv
ASarjana SastraUndergraduate Thesis
DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS SHOWING LEADERSHIP
STYLE USED BY MIRANDA PRIESTLY IN
THE DEVIL
WEARS PRADA
MOVIE
By
ANINDITA DEWANGGA PURI Student Number: 104214048
Defended before the Board of Examiners On March 23, 2015
And Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name Signature
Chairman : Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A.
Secretary : Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. Member 1 : Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc.
Member 2 : Adventina Putranti, S.S, M.Hum. Member 3 : Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A.
Yogyakarta, March 31, 2015 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University
Dean
v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, March 31, 2015
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Anindita Dewangga Puri
Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214048
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS SHOWING LEADERSHIP
STYLE USED BY MIRANDA PRIESTLY IN
THE DEVIL
WEARS PRADA
MOVIE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademistanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 12 Maret 2015
Yang menyatakan,
Anindita Dewangga Puri
vii
“DEVELOP A PASSION FOR LEARNING.
IF YOU DO, YOU WILL NEVER CEASE TO GROW.”
Anthony J.D. Angelo
“NOTHING IS SWEETER THAN THE TOGETHERNESS WE SHARE.”
J.CO Coffee
“TIME FLIES AND NEVER RETURNS,
MEMORY STAYS AND NEVER DEPARTS.”
viii
For
Those who believe in MAGIC,
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dominus Vobiscum! Be my highest gratitude to my Savior, Jesus Christ
for His mercy, love, protection, and all blessings during years I spent finishing my study. Foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved father Agus Purwanto (†), my mother A.M. Tantri Proboraras, and my sister Riska Devitafor the support, patience, love throughout my life.
I sincerely express my profound gratitude to my thesis advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S, M.Hum. for her patience, guidance, motivation, and also support so that I can finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also thank my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for the detail corrections and valuable input and Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc. for being a helpful examiner. My extended gratitude also goes to alllecturers in English Letters Departmentfor the help in finishing my study, andMbak Ninikwho has been patient in helping me with the administrative procedures and services.
Special thanks for all of myB classmates 2010, especiallyDaniel, Vania, Yanistra, Rama, Nia, Hans, Widiafor the time in giving some suggestion when I was stuck in doing my thesis, sharing knowledge randomly. I also thank my friends in Beswan Djarum 28 DSO Yogyakarta, GLP 2013, ICCIP 2014 and SEALS 2014 for the impressive experience. To my friends Rosalina, Galih, Rebecca, Edo, Brian, Yohan, Riyadhi also are my thanks for our friendship since 8 years ago. Thank for their support, care, and love.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH... vi
MOTTO PAGE ... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
ABSTRAK... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study... 1
B. Problem Formulation... 3
C. Objective of the Study... 4
D. Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ... 7
B. Review of Related Theories ... 9
1. Pragmatics ... 9
2. Speech Acts ... 10
3. Directives Speech Act ... 12
4. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts ... 16
5. Theory of Politeness ... 17
6. Components of Speech ... 19
7. Leadership Style ... 22
C. Theoretical Framework ... 27
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 28
A. Object of the Study... 28
B. Approach of the Study... 29
C. Method of the Study ... 29
1. Data Collection... 30
2. Data Analysis ... 32
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 34
A. Types of Directives Speech Acts Used by Miranda Priestly... 34
1. Command ... 35
a. Imperatives ... 35
xi
2. Request ... 38
a. Declaratives... 38
b. Interrogatives... 40
3. Prohibition ... 42
a. Imperatives ... 43
b. Declaratives... 43
4. Question... 44
a. Interrogatives... 44
B. Directive Speech Acts ShowingMiranda Priestly’s Leadership Style... 46
1. Autocratic Style ... 47
a. Policy Decisions... 48
b. Planning... 50
c. Task Assignment ... 53
d. Direction by Leader... 57
2. Democratic Style ... 60
a. Policy Decisions... 60
b. Planning... 61
c. Task Assignment ... 61
d. Direction by Leader... 63
3. Laissez-Faire Style ... 63
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 69
xii
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AS : The Autocratic Style
C : Command
Dec : Declaratives
Dir : Direction by Leader DS : The Democratic Style Imp : Imperatives
Int : Interrogatives
LS : The Laissez-Faire Style P : Prohibition
Plan : Planning Pol : Policy Decision Q : Question R : Request
xiv ABSTRACT
PURI, ANINDITA DEWANGGA. Directive Speech Acts Showing Leadership Style Used by Miranda Priestly inThe Devil Wears Prada Movie. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.
Communication is an important aspect in our daily activities as human beings. A successful communication cannot be separated from the tool of communication that is language. Through the using of language, people can express what they want to say. Leadership style is one phenomenon which can be analyzed through the language of someone. In this research, the writer tries to analyze how the directives speech acts show the leadership style used by Miranda Priestly using pragmatics approach. Through this analysis, it will be found the types, the forms, the patterns of the directives speech acts, and the leadership style employed by Miranda to her subordinates.
In order to understand the important points in the end of this study, the writer provides two problem formulations. The first problem is, the writer wants to identify the types of the directives speech acts employed by Miranda Priestly to her subordinates in The Devil Wears Prada movie. The second problem formulation and the last thing of the study is, analyze how Miranda’s directives
speech acts show her leadership style toward her subordinates.
In this research, the writer applies documents or text analysis in the process of analysis. By observing all of the speech acts from the character Miranda Priestly, the writer collected only the directives speech acts as the data. Some reliable sources and theories were also used in order to develop the analysis process of this study. All of the data in this research were classified into some categories. To make a better understanding, the writer has classified the data based on some types (command, request, prohibition, and question) with the form of the sentence and its explanation. Next, the writer also provides the analysis about the leadership style based on the data finding.
xv ABSTRAK
PURI, ANINDITA DEWANGGA. Directive Speech Acts Showing Leadership Style Used by Miranda Priestly inThe Devil Wears Prada Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Komunikasi adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam aktivitas sehari-hari di dalam hidup manusia. Komunikasi yang sukses tidak bisa dipisahkan dari alat komunikasi yang dinamakan bahasa. Melalui penggunaan bahasa, manusia dapat mengekspresikan apa yang ingin mereka katakan. Di dalam penelitian ini, penulis mencoba untuk menganalisis gaya kepemimpinan yang diaplikasikan oleh Miranda Priestly menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Melalui analisis ini, akan ditemukan tipe, bentuk, pola tindak tutur direktif, dan gaya kepemimpinan yang diaplikasikan Miranda terhadap bawahannya.
Untuk mendapatkan poin-poin penting dalam penelitian, penulis menyertakan dua permasalahan. Pertama, penulis ingin mengidentifikasi tipe tindak tutur direktif yang diaplikasikan Miranda terhadap bawahannya di dalam film berjudul The Devil Wears Prada. Permasalahan kedua yang merupakan inti dari penelitian ini, adalah menganalisis bagaimana tindak tutur direktif dapat menunjukkan gaya kepemimpinan yang diaplikasikan oleh Miranda Priestly terhadap bawahannya.
Di dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengaplikasikan metode analisis dokumen dan teks didalam proses analisis. Dengan mengamati semua tindak tutur dari karakter seorang Miranda Priestly, penulis dapat mengumpulkan tindak tutur direktif sebagai data. Penggunaan beberapa sumber yang terpercaya juga digunakan untuk mengembangkan proses analisis. Di dalam penemuan data, penulis mengklasifikasikan data ke dalam beberapa kategori. Penulis membagi data berdasarkan tipe, bentuk kalimat, beserta penjelasan dari analisis tersebut. Selanjutnya, penulis menyertakan analisis tentang gaya kepemimpinan yang ditemukan di dalam data.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Communication is an important aspect in our daily activities as human beings. People need communication to do conversation, to share their ideas, opinions, and so many things with other people. To achieve the goal of communication, there must be speaker and hearer. Beebe states that:
Communication is the process of acting on information. Someone does or says something, and others think or do something in response to the action or the words as they understand them. (2009:2)
From that statement above, it can be concluded that everybody in this world will always deal with communication in their relationship with other people. A successful communication cannot be separated from the tool of communication that is language. According to Finegan language can be defined as follows:
A language is a set of elements and system for combining them into patterned expressions that can be used to accomplish specific tasks in specific contexts. Utterances report news, greet relatives, invite friends to lunch, request the time of day, make wisecracks, poke fun, argue for a course of action, make inquiries, express admiration, propose marriage, create fictional world, and so on in an endless list. (2004:11)
every day, for example between a leader and employees, between father and his son.
In conducting this research, the writer takes an example of communication between a leader and subordinates in a workplace. People know that in an organization or a workplace, there is always a leader and subordinates. Leader leads his or her subordinates to achieve their organizational goals. How the way a leader leads an organization cannot be separated from what we called leadership. In his book, Daft (2005:5) defines leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes.
According toLewin and Lippitt in Herbert’s book, there are three kinds of leadership style based on the distinctive behavior pattern associated with the leader. First is The Autocratic Style in which the leader becomes the major source
in the group’s activities. Second is the Democratic Style in which the leader shares his influence with the group. Third is The Laissez-Faire Style in which a leader is not really a leader at all (1976:379).
In this research, the writer tries to analyze how directives speech acts can show a leadership style using Pragmatics approach. The writer takes The Devil
Wears Prada Movie as the object of this research. In the movie, Andrea has to
published regularly so they need to meet the deadline. The writer finds that there is culture grows up inside that workplace. Miranda becomes the central person who organizes all of the activities inRunwayFashion Magazine. The subordinates also have to adapt with precise and fast work in order to achieve their business goal.
Because of her characteristics in running Runway, Miranda Priestly becomes the focus of this analysis. As the editor in chief of Runway, Miranda has unique leadership style in driving her company. Usually, Miranda uses directives and explicit forms in commenting and responding her subordinates. Sometimes she instructs her subordinates to do something which is impossible to do. Dealing with Miranda means that you have to obey with all the rules.
This research aims to determine Miranda’s leadership style through
Pragmatics study. To reach that aim, the writer uses speech act theory. Searle (1974:16) also supports this theory since he states briefly that all linguistics communication involves linguistic acts, and speech acts are the basic or minimal
units of linguistic communication. The writer tries to analyze how Miranda’s
B. Problem Formulation
The writer formulates two problems into two questions. Therefore, the writer states the problems as:
1. What types of the directives speech acts are employed by Miranda Priestly to her subordinates in the movie entitledThe Devil Wears Prada?
2. What leadership styles are shown by Miranda Priestly’s directive speech acts
inThe Devil Wears PradaMovie?
C. Objectives of the Study
The object of the study in this undergraduate thesis is a character named Miranda Priestly in a movie entitled The Devil Wears Prada. The character is analyzed based on the theory of directive speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, politeness strategy, components of speech, and the leadership style.
To achieve the aim of this study, the writer identifies the types of
Miranda’s utterances using theory of directive speech acts. After understanding her type of directive speech acts, the data will be analyzed using direct and indirect speech acts, politeness strategy, components of speech, and leadership style theory to determine how the directive speech acts show her leadership style.
D. Definition of Terms
pragmatics as the study of the relation between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. Another definition of pragmatics is also given by Yule (1996:4). He states briefly that pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
The discussion about speech acts is also important in this research since the approach of this research is using pragmatics approach. Austin (1965:3) in his
work How to Do Things with Words defines speech act as the actions performed
in saying something. Here, there are three types of act when utterance is produce: a locutionary act, an illocutionary act, and a perlocutionary act. Those three types of speech act will be discussed in the next chapter.
Besides, the writer limits the research into directive speech act in her research. Directive speech act is described by Huang (2007:107) as a speech act that attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. This description also has the same point with what Yule (1996:54) states before. He says that directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something.
Finally, the last aim of this research is to find out how the directive speech
acts represent Miranda Priestly’s leadership style. Based on Lewin in Herbert’s
book (1976:379), there are three kinds of leadership style as the effects of different styles on group member behavior. They are differentiated as follows: 1. The Autocratic Style is leadership style in which the leader makes all decisions that relate to the group and is the major source of influence in the
2. The Democratic Style is leadership style in which the leader shares his or her influence with the group.
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer provides three parts that will be discussed. The first part is review of related studies, which included other related studies previously. Second part is review of related theories which provide some theories in doing this research. Third part is theoretical framework which explains the contribution between the theories and the reviews to solve the problem formulation.
A. Review of Related Studies
This research consists of two previous studies. One of them is discussing the analysis about female authoritarian style of leadership, and the other is discussing the analysis of directive speech acts.
The first undergraduate thesis entitledThe Devil Leader-Miranda Priestly:
Analysis of Female Authoritarian Style of Leadership written by Jennifer Yin Gee
a leader should have a good balance between transactional and relational behavior when doing leadership in creating a productive workplace atmosphere.
Related to the Lui’s research which analyzes female authoritarian style of
leadership in the character of Miranda Priestly, the writer uses different ways in doing this research through linguistics. The writer analyses how the directive speech acts show Miranda Priestly’s leadership style in The Devil Wears Prada Movie.
The second research is derived from Ita Watiningsih. Based on the findings, Watiningsih finds that there are four types of directives speech acts employed by the characters in the movie Oliver Twist. Those types are advices, requests, commands, and questions. Besides, the writer also finds three politeness strategies which are applied in her research, they are: bald-on record, negative politeness, and positive politeness. Lastly, Watiningsih finds the reasons why the characters utter that type of directives speech act; they are to show that the speaker intends to take care of the hearer, to respect the hearer, to show anger
expression, to show the hearer’s duty, to show the emergency, and to find the
reasons for uttering certain expressions.
In conducting this research, the writer focusesto analyze Miranda’s speech
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one of linguistics branches which study on the meanings of utterance. Levinson (1983:21) defines pragmatics as the study of the relation between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. Another definition of pragmatics is also given by Yule (1996:3-4). He states briefly that pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
This study is covering four areas. First, pragmatics is “the study of speaker
meaning”. It means that pragmatics concern with the analysis of what people
mean by their utterances rather than what the utterances might mean lexically. Second, Pragmatics is“the study ofcontextual meaning”. It means that pragmatics
requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what
circumstances. Third, pragmatics is “the study of how more gets communicated than is said”. It means that through pragmatics, the peoplecan explore how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. The last,
pragmatics is “the study of the expression of relative distance”. It means that the meaning of the utterances is also influenced by the closeness between the speaker and the listener.
about people’s intended meaning, their assumption, purposes, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak.
2. Speech Acts
Austin (1965:95) defines speech act as the actions performed in by saying something. In Levinson’s book (1983:236), Austin states that there are three basic senses which relate to the utterance uttered by a person. First is locutionary act which produces meaningful linguistics expression. Second is illocutionary act. This kind of act is the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its performative paraphrase). Third is perlocutionary act which is bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence.
From those three kinds of act performance, illocutionary acts is the act which is most discussed among the linguists because when someone utters a sentence with a certain sense and reference, they will perform a certain illocutionary act. Related to this theory, Searle in Huang’s book (2007:106-108) classifies five basic categories of speech acts that one can perform in speaking as shown in the following:
a. Declaratives
i. Priest: “I now pronounce you husband and wife.” (Yule, 1996:53)
ii. Referee: “You’re out!” (Yule, 1996:53)
b. Representatives
According to Searlein Huang’s book, this type of speech act commits the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition. Moreover, Yule (1996:53) also states that representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not.
Examples:
i. The earth is flat. (Yule, 1996:53)
ii. Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. (Yule, 1996:53) c. Expressives
Searle in Huang’s book (2007:107) describes expressives as speech act which have the function of expressingthe speaker’s psychological attitude or state in the speaker such as joy, sorrow, and likes or dislikes. The examples of this speech act are:
i. I’m really sorry! (Yule, 1996:53) ii. Congratulations! (Yule, 1996:53) d. Directives
Directive speech act attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. These cases include advices, commands, orders, questions, and requests. This Searle’s statement is also supported by Alston (2000:97) who says that directive speech act are typically intended to “direct”, or “influence” the
behavior of the addressee. The examples of directive speech acts are as follows: i. Turn the TV down. (Huang, 2007:107)
This category of speech act becomes the focus of this research. The writer tries to analyze the directive speech acts used by Miranda Priestly in order to know the leadership style of Miranda. All about directives speech acts theory will be discussed after this classification of speech acts.
e. Commissives
Commissives is defined by Searle in Huang’s book (2007:107) as the speech acts that commit the speaker to some future course of action. They express
the speaker’s intention to do something. It indicates the speaker will do something
in the future. These are the examples of commisives: i. I’ll be back in five minutes. (Huang, 2007:107) ii. We will not do that. (Yule, 1996:54)
3. Directive Speech Act
Searle in Huang’s book defines directives as that kind of speech act that represent attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something (2007:107). This kind of speech act expresses the desire of the speaker for the hearer to do something or to do certain action. This definition is also supported by Yule. He states that directives are speech acts which the speaker uses to get someone else to do something (1996:54). Based on its function, directive is differentiated into some types as follows:
a. Command
are also used to instruct somebody to do something. It tends to be demanding, means that the order must be fulfilled.
Example: Speak to the boss today. (Quirk, 1972:386) b. Request
A request is the way of ordering something from the hearer. Request is not like command, it is generally less demanding.The example is ‘could you lend me a pen, please?’(Yule, 1996:54)
In some cases, a speaker tends to use hints to produces a request. Searle in
Cole’s book (1975:59) states that sometimes a speaker may utter the sentence I
want you to do it by way of requesting the hearer to do something. Here, the
utterance is incidentally meant as a statement, but actually it is also meant primarily as a request made by way of making a statement.
c. Prohibition
Prohibition means to prevent the hearer from doing something.
Example: Don’t touch that. (Yule, 1996:54)
d. Question
Searle (1974:11) classifies question as a kind of directives speech act since they are attempts by speaker to get hearer to answer that question. It means that a question is also performing a speech act.
you been to Paris? Second are wh-questions such as what is your name? and the third is the alternative question such aswould you like steak or chicken?
When people perform directives, sometimes they may say in declarative, imperative, or interrogative. Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984:98) divides the directives speech acts into three major classifications based on their form: a. Imperatives
Imperative form is the most frequently occurring realizations of directive expression in direct speech act. Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984:98) states that the imperative sentence tends to occur as realizations of directives in address to subordinates. It can be concluded that imperative sentence usually exist and uses by the speaker who has higher authority than the hearer. Holmes in Richards & Schmidt (1984: 98-102) also mentions that there are six structural variants of imperative sentences:
i. Base form of Verb
e.g.:‘Speak up’, ‘don’t shout out’, ‘have a look at the picture’
ii. You + Imperative
e.g.:‘You look here’, ‘you go on with your work’, ‘you just see the picture’
iii. Present Participle form of Verb
e.g.:‘Just listening’, ‘looking at me’, ‘looking this way’
iv. Verb-ellipsis
e.g.:‘Hands up’, ‘now this one’, ‘everybody on the mat’
v. Imperative + Modifier
vi. Let + First Person Pronoun
e.g.:‘Let’s finish there’, ‘let’s see who can sit down quickly’
b. Interrogatives
There are two major interrogative sentences that can be identified based on Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984:103-104), first is modals and second is
non-modal interrogative directives.
i. Modals
e.g.:‘Would you open the window?’, ‘can you read what it says for me?’
ii. Non-modal Interrogative Directives
e.g.:‘Have you tried it?’, ‘Who can I see sitting quietly?
c. Declaratives
Holmes in Richards & Schmidt (1984:105-106) also states that declarative directives are divided into two contrasting categories according to their relative explicitness and the amount of inference required interpreting the directive intent, they are:
i. Embedded Agent
This category can be identified by the fact that the agent and usually the required activity are expressed explicitly in an embedded or subordinate clause. In
many cases, the clause such as ‘I want’ or ‘I’d like’ are categorized as declarative
directives, e.g.: ‘I’d like everyone sitting on the mat’; ‘I want you to draw a
this form occurs in families, when solicitude on the part of the hearer could be assumed.
ii. Hints
Hints require addressees to infer what is required from their knowledge of the rules for appropriate behavior in the context, for example: ‘Kelly’s hand is up!’ and ‘I’m not going to do it by myself.’
4. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
a. Direct Speech Act
A speech act is said to be direct one when there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function (Yule, 1996:55). When the structural form of an utterance is in accordance with its function, we can identify it as a direct speech act. Yule gives the following utterances as follows:
a. You wear a seatbelt. (declarative) b. Do you wear a seatbelt? (interrogative) c. Wear a seatbelt! (imperative)
b. Indirect Speech Act
Yule (1996:55) states briefly that whenever there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function in a sentence, we have an indirect speech act. Another expert, Huang (2007:110) defines indirect speech act as a kind of speech act with no direct relationship between a sentence type and an illocutionary force. In conclusion, by using indirect speech act, the hearer cannot try to understand the
speaker’s intended meaning literally. The hearer will be lost in getting the
meaning of the speaker if he tries to get it literally.
Moreover, Searle in Cole’s book (1975:59) also says that one important in
indirect speech act is that in which the speaker utters a sentence, means what he says, but also means something more. As an example, a speaker may utter the sentenceI want you to do itby way of requesting the hearer to do something. The utterance is incidentally meant as a statement, but it is also meant primarily as a request, a request made by way of making a statement.
5. Theory of Politeness
Politeness is the theory that will be used in this research. According to Yule (1996:60), politeness in interaction is the means which is employed to show
a. Bald on-Record
Bald on-record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to the
hearer’s face. Brown and Levinson states that the speaker mostly uses bald on-record strategy when he wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum
efficiency toward the hearer’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987:95). By using bald
on-record, the speaker utters something directly, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way.
Someone may employ this strategy in emergency situation, unequal power relationship and task oriented activities such as in military order or surgery. In this strategy, the speaker tends to use explicit expression so that the message can be delivered quickly, for example give me a pen (Yule, 1996:63). This example means that the speaker directly ask the hearer to lend him a pen.
b. Positive Politeness
Positive politeness provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the
hearer’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987:101). This strategy makes the hearer
feels good about himself and his possessions. It is intended to avoid the conflict and also to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer by expressing friendliness.
Furthermore, Yule also states that positive politeness is an appeal to solidarity with another (1996:132). This kind of politeness shows the speaker’s
c. Negative Politeness
Negative politeness attempt to a person negative face’s need, which
appeals to the hearer’s desire not to be impeded or put upon and to be left free to
act as they want (Brown and Levinson, 1987:129). It expresses respect and consideration. Yule also states that negative politeness means an attempt to
demonstrate awareness of another’s rights not to be imposed on (Yule, 1996:132).
This is the common strategy which is applied in question, for example could you
lend me a pen?Here the speaker tends to express his uncertainty of his request.
d. Off Record
The last politeness strategy outlined by Brown and Levinson is off-record strategy. It is considered as an attempt by the speaker to remove them from any imposition whatsoever. By using off record strategy, the speaker wants to damage
another’s face without any responsibility of doing it (Brown and Levinson,
1987:211). For the better understanding, the writer gives the example of off record as follows:
Example: Uh, I forgot my pen. (Yule, 1996:63)
6. Components of Speech
In completing the research, the writer also uses the components of speech
from Hymes’ theory. That research points out that according to Hymes in
Wardhaugh’s book (2010:259-261), several speech components are also crucial in
factors which are involved in speaking. All of them are known as “SPEAKING”
as an acronym for the various components of speech. a. Situation
The situation consists of setting and scene (S) that describe the conversation which occurs. The setting refers to time and place or the concrete physical circumstances in which a speech takes place. The scene refers to the abstract psychological setting or cultural definition of an occasion as formal or informal, serious or festive.
b. Participants
Participants (P) are persons or individuals involving in a speech event. The participants consist of speaker-listener, addresser-addressee, or sender-receiver. Speaker, addresser, and sender mean the person who delivers a message. Meanwhile, listener, addressee, and receiver mean the person to whom the message is delivered.
c. Ends
Ends (E) mean the purpose of an event. It can be divided into outcomes (the purpose from the event from social/cultural point of view) and goals (the purpose of the individual participant). Outcomes that enter into the definition of speech event can be described as the purpose of speech based on the cultural point of view, e.g. trade, marriage contract, interview, etc. The goal of a speech is a purpose of each participant during communication.
d. Act Sequence
message content (what is said). Both message form and message content involve communicative skills that vary from one culture to another. According to Hymes, this is one aspect of speaking in which linguists have long shown an interest. e. Key
Key (K) refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a speech is conveyed, whether it is mock or serious, perfunctory or painstaking. In addition, key also refers to the feeling, atmosphere, and attitude.
f. Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities (I) refers to the choice of channel. Hymes describes channel as the way in which a message travels from one person to another. The most commonly the uses of channels are oral and written, but message can also be transmitted by such mean of telegraph, smoke signals, semaphore, etc. Whereas, form of speech according to Hymes, deals with language and their subdivisions such as dialects, codes, varieties, register.
g. Norms
Norms (N) refer to the rules used within a conversation and interaction. There are two kinds of norm namely norm of interaction and norm of interpretation. Both of them are determined by cultural aspect of a certain community. Norm of interaction refers to a set of non-linguistic rules which govern when, and how often speech occurs, while norm of interpretation tries to understand what is being conveyed beyond the actual words used.
h. Genre
proverb, riddle, curse, prayer, oration, lecture, commercial, form letter, editorial, etc. Genre often coincides with speech events, but may occur in more than one different event.
7. Leadership Style
Leadership effectiveness really depends on good communication skills. A good communication needs a language. It means that language and leadership has a good relationship. Baldoni in his book states that:
A leader can use words to accomplish much. Words by themselves are bits of information. Words backed by the leader’s character, conviction, and personal example have the power to communicate: to inform, to exhort, to cheer, to heal, or to inspire. (2003:XIV)
From the statement above, it can be concluded that language is an important thing for a leader to communicate to his subordinates. By using language, the leader can control the organization easily. It can be seen from Daft
and Wiginton observation in Mayfield’s review (1998:236), they states that verbal
language is a tool for managerial control. Likewise, how a leader uses a language also can reveal the style of leadership that is used, whether that leader is categorized as authoritarian or not.
The first studies in leadership behaviors were conducted by Kurt Lewin and his associates at the University of Iowa. Lewin in Herbert’s book (1976:379)
a. The Autocratic Style (The Authoritarian Style)
Daft (2005:54) defines the autocratic style as a leadership in which a leader tends to centralize authority and derive power from position, control of rewards, and coercion. In addition, the autocratic leader makes all decisions that relate to the group and is the major source of influence in the group activities. Those explanations are also supported by Zeuschner (1992:203) who states that the dominance of one person and the acceptance of that dominance by others is the characteristic of authoritarian leadership.
In this autocratic style, the group members are dependent on the leader
because of the leader’s control over the group and its resources. In Herbert’s book
(1976:379), Lewin also gives some characteristics of the autocratic style. The leader controls the future (giving one-step-at-a-time instruction), information (giving only orders, not sharing his knowledge), work (making all task and team assignment), member satisfactions (allowing no initiative or judgment to be used and using personal terms in criticism and praise), and relationship (each member
is dependent on the leader for instructions and training, must get the leaders’
decision each time anything new comes up). This style of leadership provides clear expectation for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and also how it should be done.
b. The Democratic Style
Democratic is a leadership style in which a leader delegates authority to
others, encourages participation, relies on subordinates’ knowledge for
2005:54). In contrast, the democratic style is very different from the autocratic style. In this style, the leader shares his influence with the group. The decisions are made by the leader only after full discussion and participation by members. Here, the leader gains additional information from group members, as well as a greater commitment to the decision than would occur under autocratic conditions
(Lewin in Herbert’s book, 1976:379).
Lewin finds that this is the most effective leadership among all. Here, a leader has jobs to offer guidance to group members and also to allow the members in giving input to the group. As a conclusion, the democratic style encourages group members to participate in decision-making process.
c. The Laissez-Faire Style
The Laissez-Faire style is characterized by a let-it-happen or hands-off style of leadership. The Laissez-Faire itself means “let them alone”. Here, the
leader is not really a leader at all. The position of the leader in this style is only as a figurehead who exerts no influence and makes no contribution to the goal of the group. No direction is given (Lewin in Herbert’s book,1976:379).
According to Ralph White and Ronald Lippitt in Herbert’s book
(1976:381), the major behavior differences among the autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire styles can be determined through 4 functions as follows:
i. Policy Decisions
Macdonald (2006:108) defines policy as a statement that expresses the intended standards of practice and behavior of an organization, including behavior. In addition, policy decisions defined as those decisions that define the basic principles of the organization and determine how it will develop and function in the future (www.sociocracy.info/policy-decisions/).
ii. Planning
Macdonald (2006:151) states that performance planning is used to make clear what is to be accomplished this year (in one year, two years, three or five years). Through the planning, it clarifies what a leader or a manager is expected to do.
iii. Task Assignment
According to Macdonald in his book (2006:116), task is defined as an assignment to carry out work within limits that include the context, purpose, quantity and quality of output expected, the resources available and the time by which the objective is to be reached. Task assignment aims to make very clear what is to be done.
iv. Direction by leader
in organization. To summarize the major behavior among the leadership styles, the writer adds a table which is adapted from Ralph White and Ronald Lippitt (1976:381).
Table 1. Comparison of Leadership Styles
Function Autocratic Democratic Laissez-Faire
Policy Decisions at a time; future steps always “fact-minded” in
his praise or criticism; tries to be a regular group member in spirit without doing too much of the work.
C. Theoretical Framework
The aim of this study is to find out how Miranda’s directive speech acts show her leadership style in The Devil Wears Prada Movie. Some applicable theories are used in this research to support the process of the data analysis.
The first thing in this research, the writer uses Searle’s idea about the
classification of speech acts, especially in directive speech act. The second part, in order to solve the first problem about the types of directive speech act employed
by Miranda to her subordinates, the writer uses Searle’s statement to identify the types of directive speech acts. Besides, Holmes’ theory about the form of the directive speech act is also applied in this research. Through those theories, the writer could understand the types and the forms of the directive speech acts in eachMiranda’s utterances.
28 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this research is a character named Miranda Priestly in an American comedy-drama movie entitledThe Devil Wears Prada. This movie was published in 2006 based on Lauren Weisbeger’s novel, and produced by Wendy Finerman Production. This movie tells about graduated student named Andrea Sachs who gets a job inRunway. Her position as an assistant is described as a job that “a million girls would kill for”. Runway is the fashion bible for all fashion people in New York. In the movie, Andrea has to survive working under pressure
atRunway. She has a devil boss named Miranda Priestly who manage and control
the whole fashion industry. As the editor in chief, Miranda wants all the works done precisely becauseRunwayis published regularly.
In that movie, the term The Devil refers to Miranda Priestly as a ruthless, demanding and determined editor-in-chief of Runwayfashion magazine.Prada is a high quality brand name. Therefore,The Devil Wears Prada is described as the ruthless editor-in-chief who dressed in a high quality brand or a prominent figure in a high-fashion magazine in New York.
This research is done to find out how the directive speech acts show
Miranda’s leadership style toward her subordinates. With only focusing on
on its types, forms, and were analyzed using direct and indirect speech acts, politeness strategies, components of speech, leadership style theory in order to
understand how Miranda’sdirectives speech acts show her leadership style.
B. Approach of the Study
In conducting this research, the writer analyses all of the utterances from Miranda Priestly to find out her directive speech acts. Because the topic covers the issue of directive speech acts, the writer decided to use pragmatics as the approach. Huang in his book also states briefly that,
Utterance-meaning, or speaker meaning (as it is often called), then, is definable as what a speaker intends to convey by making an utterance. The study of utterance-meaning normally falls under pragmatics. (2007:11) That is the reason why pragmatics is very helpful in solving the problem of this research, it is because pragmatics allows human into the analysis. Through this approach, the speaker agrees that pragmatics can analyze the utterance-meaning, the contextual-utterance-meaning, and how the utterances are uttered from the speaker into the listener.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
The collected data had been taken from all of the directive speech acts of Miranda Priestly in The Devil Wears Prada movie. The writer only chose
Miranda’s utterances to her subordinates which were contained the directive speech acts. The way the writer collected the data used the purposive way. The data itself was limited only for Miranda’s directive speech acts throughout the whole movie applied to her subordinates inThe Devil Wears Pradamovie.
The first step to get the data, the writer watched The Devil Wears Prada movie for several times in order to understand the whole story. After that, the writer found the transcript of the movie entitled The Devil Wears Pradafrom the
internet and compared it with the movie. The writer also underlined Miranda’s
dialogues into the form of dialog list. The second step was identifying the listed
dialogues which contain of Miranda’s directives speech acts which are applied to
her subordinates as the data of the research. By using Searle’s speech acts theory, the writer identified Miranda’s utterances from the listed dialogues which were included into directive speech acts.
The last step in collecting the data was giving codes on each type. The coding of the data in this research was as follows:
a. The number of the data.
i. Command is abbreviated into C. ii. Request is abbreviated into R. iii. Prohibition is abbreviated into P. iv. Question is abbreviated into Q.
c. The forms of the directive utterances employed by Miranda to her subordinates are classified based on Holmes’ theory (1984). Those forms in this research are abbreviated as follows:
i. Imperatives is abbreviates into Imp. ii. Interrogatives is abbreviated into Int. iii. Declaratives is abbreviated into Dec.
To make the data easier to analyze the second problem formulation, the writer marked the data with code based on the leadership style theory. The writer limited the code into the function of major behavior as a leader and the leadership style which appeared from the directives speech acts.
d. The functions of major behavior as a leader based on White and Lippitt in
Herbert’s book (1976:381). They are policy decisions, planning, task assignments, and direction by leader. Those functions are abbreviated as follows:
i. Policy Decision is abbreviates into Pol. ii. Planning is abbreviated into Plan. iii. Task Assignment is abbreviated into Ta. iv. Direction by leader is abbreviated into Dir.
e. The leadership styles employed by Miranda to her subordinates are classified
styles are abbreviated as follows:
i. The Autocratic Style is abbreviated into AS. ii. The Democratic Style is abbreviated into DS. iii. The Laissez-Faire Style is abbreviated into LS.
To make the coding data clearer, an example will be presented: 1/C/Imp/Ta/AS
It means the data is number 1. C means that the type of that directive utterance is command. Imp means that the speaker uses imperatives form in uttering a command. Ta means that the function of that command is to give task assignment. AS means that the leadership style employed by the speaker is the autocratic style.
2. Data Analysis
There are some steps to analyze this research. The process of analysis
began by determining Miranda Priestly’s utterances which were categorized as
speech acts used Searle’s theory. To answer the first problem formulation, the
writer examined those speech act utterances used Searle’s theory to determine the
data which were included into directive speech acts and also its types. Next,
Holmes’ theory also used to find out the form which appeared in that directive speech acts. After that, the writer labeled the finding data into code based on the number of data, the types of data, and the forms of data.
Miranda was talking to her subordinates. By using the politeness strategy, the writer could find the politeness strategies which were used by Miranda as a leader
inRunwayFashion Magazine. Next were the components of speech. By using this
theory, the writer could analyze the context such as the setting, participants, the meaning of the message, and the condition both of the speaker and listener in doing conversation. Then, those characteristics would be linked to Lewin’s and Lippitt’s theory of leadership style. Finally, it could be seen that Miranda’s
34 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
This is the chapter where all of the data are processed. The writer divides this chapter into two subchapters. The first subchapter contains the analysis of
Miranda’s directive speech acts which have been found inThe Devil Wears Prada movie. To make it appropriate with the first question in the problem formulation, the writer puts the examples of the directive speech acts and discusses types of the directive speech acts which appear in Miranda’s utterances. The second subchapter contains the analysis of Miranda’s directive speech acts using direct and indirect speech acts, politeness strategy, and components of speech. The result of them will be used to findout how Miranda’s directivespeech acts represent her leadership style. From the data that have been analyzed, the writer takes a conclusionabout Miranda’s leadership style.
A. Types of Directive Speech Acts Used by Miranda Priestly
In answering the first problem, the writer conducts data processing as the first step. This first problem is done by applying speech act theory and the directive speech act theory. In the data finding from The Devil Wears Prada
Movie, the writer finds total 266 Miranda’s utterances. 111 data are included into
Table 2. Types of Directive Speech Acts Used by Miranda Priestly
Types Form Number of Occurence
Command Imperatives 40
Declaratives 8
Request Declaratives 25
Interrogatives 10
Prohibition Imperatives 5
Declaratives 1
Question Interrogatives 22
Total 111
Based on the data finding, there are four types of directive speech acts employed by Miranda Priestly; they are commands, requests, prohibitions, and questions. Each type is analyzed below:
1. Command
In this research, after collecting and explaining data in the table, the writer finds 48 data are commands employed from Miranda Priestly to her subordinates. By using Holmes’directive speech act theory, Miranda employs imperatives and declarative form in uttering a command. To see the different kinds of command which are used by Miranda to her subordinate, the writer provides some examples which have been classified based on the form of those sentences.
a. Imperatives
The data analysis provides that there are 40 commands using imperative forms. The writer finds that there are 3 structural variants of imperatives which can be identified from the data finding; they are base form of verb,
you+imperative,andverb-ellipsis.
The writer chooses the data code 1/C/Imp/Ta/AS as the example. In that data, Miranda says“Tell Simone I will not approve that girl that she sent me for the Brazilian layout” to Emily.That utterance is classified as a command because it has function to instruct somebody to do something. Miranda instructs Emily to tell Simone that Miranda will not approve the girl that Simone sent to her for Brazilian layout because Simone sent dirty, tired and paunchy girl. The form of that utterance is imperatives with the structural variantbase form of verb, with the
verb ‘tell’ as the basic verb of her utterance to start her command.
Next is the second example from Miranda’s directive speech acts which shows a command in imperative form using structural variant you+imperative. The data code 65/C/Imp/Ta/AS represents a command using structural variant
ou+imperative. By saying“youdeal with it” to Nigel, Miranda gives a command
because it has function to instruct somebody to do something. From that utterance above, Miranda instructs Nigel to take care of the problem about the design models which are shown by James Colt. The form of that utterance is imperatives with the structural variant you+imperative. Miranda uses subject ‘you’ continued with ‘deal with it’ to show her command.
is calling for her. The form of that utterance is imperatives with the structural variant verb-ellipsis because the speaker omits the verb which shows the imperatives sentence.
b. Declaratives
In this form, the writer finds that there are 8 commands using declarative forms. It also provides that there is only one structural variant of declaratives which can be identified from the data finding; that ishints.
The writer takes an example from Miranda’s directive speech acts which shows a command in declarative form using structural variant hints. The writer chooses the data code12/C/Dec/Ta/ASas the example.
After Miranda gives some lists of commands to Emily, then she utters “That’s all”. It means that Emily must go and do her job. By saying ‘that’s all’, Miranda shows her command because this utterance has function to instruct Emily to go from Miranda’s office and do her job. The form of that utterance is declaratives since the speaker uses hint which requires addressees to infer what is required from their knowledge of the rules for appropriate behavior in the context. In this case, although Miranda only says “that’s all”, Emily has understood the
meaning of that word. It is because Emily has knowledge that if Miranda is saying
2. Request
In this research, the writer finds 35 data are requests employed from Miranda Priestly to her subordinates after collecting and explaining the data. According toHolmes’ directive speech act theory, Miranda employs declaratives and interrogative form in uttering a request. Here, the writer provides some data which have been classified based on the form of the sentence.
a. Declaratives
The data analysis provides that there are 35 requests using imperative forms. The writer finds that there are 2 structural variants of imperatives which can be identified from the data finding; they areembedded agentandhints.
The first example is the data from Miranda’s directive speech acts which shows a request in declarative form using structural variant embedded agent. The writer chooses the data code 9/R/Dec/Ta/AS as the example. From the data, a request speech act is uttered by Miranda to Emily by saying “Also I need to see all the things that Nigel has pulled for Gwyneth's second cover try. I wonder if she’s lost any of that weight yet”. That utterance above happens in Runway fashion magazine when Miranda just arrived at her office. That sentence is incidentally meant as a statement, but it is also meant primarily as a request, a request made by way of making a statement.
It is categorized as request because this utterance has function to request Emily to prepare all the things that Nigel has pulled for Gwyneth’s second cover
transactional work setting, where a superior uses need statement ‘I need to see’to the subordinate. In this case, Miranda as a superior uses need statement toward
Emily to prepare all the things that Nigel has pulled for Gwyneth’s second cover
try.
The second example is the data from Miranda’s directive speech acts which shows a request in declarative form using structural variant embedded
agent. A request speech act is uttered by Miranda to Andrea in the data code
75/R/Dec/Ta/ASby saying “AndI would like my steak here ...in 15 minutes”. That utterance above happens in Miranda’s office. It is incidentally meant as a statement, but it is also meant primarily as a request, a request made by way of making a statement.
That utterance is categorized as request because it has function to request Andrea to buy steak as fast as she can because the steak must be ready in
Miranda’s office in 15 minutes. The form of that utterance is declaratives. This declarative form occurs in the transactional work setting, where a superior uses need statement ‘I would like’ to the subordinate. In this case, Miranda as a superior uses need statement toward Andrea to buy steak as fast as she can.
incidentally meant as a statement, but it is also meant primarily as a request, a request made by way of making a statement. The primary meaning of that sentence is Miranda wants her breakfast ready in her office in the morning, but in
fact Miranda’s breakfast is not ready in her office yet.
That utterance has function to request Andrea to prepare Miranda’s
breakfast in her office. The form of that utterance is declaratives since the speaker
useshintswhich require addressees to infer what is required from their knowledge
of the rules for appropriate behavior in the context. In this case, although Miranda only says “I don’t see my breakfast here. Are my eggs here? Where are my
eggs?”, Andrea has understood the meaning of that word. It is because Andrea has knowledge that by saying that utterance, Miranda wants Andrea to prepare
Miranda’s breakfast in her room.
b. Interrogatives
After collecting and analyzing the data, there are 10 requests using
non-modal interrogative directiveforms. The writer also finds that there are 2 variants
of interrogatives which can be identified from the data finding; they are wh-question andyes/no-question.
happens in Runway office in the morning. It is incidentally meant as a question, but it is also meant primarily as a request.
That utterance has function to request Andrea to give Miranda the piece of paper which Miranda had in her hand yesterday morning. The form of that utterance is interrogatives uses wh-question. Miranda indirectly requests Andrea to give Miranda the piece of paper that Miranda had in her hand yesterday morning through a question.
The second example is the data from Miranda’s directive speech acts which shows a request in interrogative form using structural variant wh-question. From the data code 49/R/Int/Dir/AS, a request speech act is uttered by Miranda to Andrea by saying “Where is everyone? Why is no one working?” That utterance happens in Runway office. That utterance is incidentally meant as a question, but it is also meant primarily as a request.
Miranda’sutterance above is categorized as request because it requests all the subordinates in Runway to work fast and precisely like what Miranda wants. The form of that utterance is interrogatives. Miranda indirectly requests all the subordinates in Runway to work fast like what Miranda wants through a rhetoric question. The form of that utterance is non-modal interrogative declarativesuses wh-question.
