Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
Novella Dara Adista
Reg. Number A03213042
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
Novella Dara Adista
Reg. Number A03213042
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Adista, N. D. 2017.
Perseus’ Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts in
Clash of the Titans Movie. English Department, Faculty of Arts And
Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The advisor: Murni Fidiyanti, M. A.
Key words: leadership style, speech acts, directive acts.
This thesis examines leadership style through directive acts which focus
on Perseus as the main character in Clash of the Titans movie. The types of
directive acts is analyzed by using Searle’s theory. Then, Holmes theory applied
for analyzing the form of directive acts. After knowing the types and form of the
directive acts, the writer examines the leadership style through the directive acts
by using the theory from Lewin and Lippitt. As the research design, the writer
chooses qualitative content analysis and descriptive research design to be used in
this research. The instrument of the research is definitely the writer herself. The
human instrument is
applied since the collection and identification of Perseus’
utterances based on the types, forms of directive acts and style of leadership are
managed by the writer.
INTISARI
Adista, N. D. 2017.
Perseus’ Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts in
Clash of the Titans Movie. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora.
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Murni Fidiyanti, M. A.
Kata kunci: gaya kepemimpinan, tindak tutur, tindakan direktif.
Skripsi ini meneliti gaya kepemimpinan melalui tindakan direktif yang
berfokus pada Perseus sebagai karakter utama dalam film Clash of the Titans.
Jenis tindakan direktif dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori Searle. Kemudian,
teori Holmes diaplikasikan dengan menganalisis bentuk tindakan direktif. Setelah
mengetahui jenis dan bentuk tindakan direktif, penulis meneliti gaya
kepemimpinan melalui tindakan direktif dengan menggunakan teori dari Lewin
dan Lippitt. Sebagai bentuk penelitian, penulis memilih analisis isi kualitatif dan
desain penelitian deskriptif untuk digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Instrumen
penelitian dengan pasti penulisnya sendiri. Instrumen manusia diterapkan karena
pengumpulan dan identifikasi ucapan Perseus berdasarkan jenis dan bentuk
tindakan direktif dan gaya kepemimpinan dikelola oleh penulis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page...i
Inside Title Page...ii
Declaration Page...iii
Motto...iv
Dedication Page...v
Thesis Advisor’s A
pproval Page...vi
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page
...vii
Acknowledgement...viii
Table of Contents...x
List of Appendices...xiii
Abstract...xiv
Intisari...xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study...1
1.2
Research Problems...4
1.3
Research Objectives...4
1.4
Significance of the Study...5
1.5
Scope and Limitation
s………
...5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1
Speech Act...7
2.1.1
Locutionary Act...7
2.1.2
Illocutionary Act...8
2.1.3
Perlocutionary Act...9
2.2
Classification of Illocutionary Act
‘
...10
2.2.1
Assertives...10
2.2.2
Directives...10
2.2.3
Commissives...11
2.2.4
Expressives...11
2.2.5
Declarations...11
2.3
Directive Acts...12
2.4
Form of Directive Acts...13
2.5
Leadership Style...15
2.6
Previous Study...17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Research Design...19
3.2
Data and Data Sources...20
3.3
Research Instruments...20
3.4
Techniques of Data Collection...21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Findings...27
4.1.1 Types and Forms of Directive Acts...27
4.1.1.1 Command...29
4.1.1.2 Request...36
4.1.1.3
Prohibition...41
4.1.1.4
Asking...45
4.1.2
P
erseus’ Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts
...49
4.1.2.1 The Autocratic Style...51
4.1.2.2 The Democratic Style...57
4.1.2.3 Laissez Faire Style...60
4.2
Discuss
ion………
...61
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclu
sion………
...65
5.2 Suggestio
n…….………
...67
REFERENCES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about some important points of Perseus’
Leadership Style Shown Through Directive Acts In Clash of The Titans
Movie. Those are background of study, research problem, research objectives,
significance of the research, scope and limitation and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of Study
Leadership style is a big tool as the weapon and one of factor that
have been considered as fundamental for organizational success (Chaudhry &
Javed, 2012:258). A capable leader provides direction for the organization and
lead followers towards achieving desired goals. The concept of leadership
encompasses a wide range of different interpretations regarding the
characteristics of the leader, his behavior, and his impact on followers and their
activities. Leaders are categorized by different criteria and one of them is the
style of leadership (Bosiok & Sad, 2013:64).
The earliest studies of leadership styles (defined as the manner by
which individuals in a position of authority influenced group activity) were
conducted by Lewin and colleagues in the late 1930s (Lewin et al, 1939). In
these research there was little concern about personal characteristics and
attributes; the focus was on how leaders influenced followers and directed
researchers sought the most effective style of leadership and concluded that the
democratic style leads to higher member satisfaction and involvement.
Besides, leadership style has become one of the significant impacts on
various social-macro areas such as at state corporations (Koech and
Namusonge, 2012), hotel (Arzi, 2014), public sector organizations (Voon et al.
2012), police office (Huberts et al, 2007), council development area (Obiwuru
et al, 2011), university (Ng’ethe, 2012), firm performance (Puni, 2014),
organizational politics performance (Gadot, 2006), schools (Dereli, 2003; Jay,
2014; Bhatti et al, 2012), and bank (Ojokuku et al, 2012).
Moreover, others current studies of leadership style not only
developed on social-macro areas but also on social-micro areas such as in
parenting and teaching scope (Dreikurs, Cassel, & Ferguson, 2004; Dreikurs,
Grunwald, & Pepper, 1999; Grunwald & McAbee, 1999). These studies
emphasizing how parents’ and teachers’ leadership styles affect the personality
development and interpersonal patterns of children and youths. Dreikurs (1995)
considered leadership styles to be crucial for understanding parenting because
of the effects these leadership styles had on the social climate and group
dynamics of the whole family and on the personality development of all the
children.
In fact, some of those studies are conducted in commonplace. Thus,
the writer chooses the different place to enrich the previous researches on
leadership style by conduct this research in war situations. The writer chooses
protagonist and also as a major character in Clash of the Titans Movie. Perseus
is one the most famous of all Greek heroes and he's still popular today. He is
illustrated as a demigod man who brave, daring, and handsome, defeating all
the villains in his way. The transcript of a British-American historical fantasy
adventure movie entitled Clash of the Titans by Louis Letterier is the data
sources which is investigated in this study. Some researches of this movie were
conducted in the term of written text: essay (Romy, 2015) and journal (Winn,
2011). Both of the researchers were just reviewing what about Clash of the
Titans movie is. Therefore, this research is significantly needed because the
writer finds that the other writers are not interested to do research on leadership
style in a movie.
The writer espouses the data of leadership style shown by Perseus in
Clash of the Titans movie by examining the types of leadership style through
directive acts which uttered by Perseus. Since, other researches above
repeatedly talk about the impact or and effect of leadership style shown
through the behaviour or characteristics of a leader. Thus, this research is a
new package which relates leadership style and directive acts. Because when
people apply style of leadership is not only through his/her behaviour but also
through language use. Some studies of directive acts related to Linguistics in
language use, are produced in: journal (Oktoberia, 2012), language (Racova &
Horecky, 2016), movie (Kusumawati, 2014). Several studies are also
specifically done in politeness strategy topics (Trisnawati, 2011), (Navratilova,
All in all, to make an unbiased research, the writer analyzes the types
and forms of directive acts by using Searle
’s and Holme
s
’
theory and the writer
wants to explore more of leadership style by using Lewin and Lippitt
’s theory.
Hence, this study is an important analysis, since there are several types of
leadership style through directive acts which uttered by Perseus.
1.2 Research Problem
The writer formulates the problems by making the research question
below:
1.
What are types and forms of directive acts performed by Perseus in
Clash
of the Titans movie?
2.
How is the leadership style
shown through Perseus’ directive acts in
Clash
of the Titans movie?
1.3 Research Objectives
The goals of this research are:
1.
To identify the types and forms of directive acts performed by Perseus in
Clash of the Titans movie.
2.
To describe
the leadership style that shown through Perseus’ directive acts
in Clash of the Titans movie.
1.4 Significance of the Research
In conducting this research, the writer hopes that this research gives
knowledge about the style of leadership that show through directive acts in
Clash of the Titans movie. In addition, this study can be easily valuable for
anyone who watches this movie. They can easily understand Perseus’
leadership style. This research is also hoped to be useful as reference for
everyone who want to conduct further research about leadership style.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research is conducted in two major analysis, directive acts and
leadership style, but the writer creates just one focus because they are related
each other. The d
irective acts are analyzed by taking Perseus’ directive
utterances. The types of directive acts are analyzed by us
ing Searle’s theory,
while the forms of directive acts are analyzed by Holmes theory. The
le
adership style are analyzed by seeing first the types and forms of Perseus’
directive utterances, from those the writer can determine what the style of
leadership perseus is. The leadership styles are analyzed by using Lewin and
Lippitt’s theory when the w
riter classifies the styles.
1.6 Definition of the Key Term
-
Directives are statements that attempt to make the other person’s actions
fit
the proposition contented. They are try to get the listener to do something
(requesting, prohibiting, asking and commanding) (Liu, 2011:1803).
- Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,
- Perseus is a protagonist and also as a major character in Clash of the Titans
Movie. (
clash-of-the-titans.wikia.com/wiki/Perseus)
- Clash of the Titans movie is a 2010 British-American historical fantasy
adventure film directed by Louis Leterrier and released on April 2, 2010.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This framework consists of some needed theories. The writer analyzes
Perseus‟
directive acts and leadership style. Since this research integrates two
theories in order to make unusually analysis. Those theories are Speech Act,
Classification of Illocutionary Act, Directive acts, Form of Directive Acts, and
Leadership Style.
2.1 Speech Act
In the past three decades,
speech act theory
has become an important
branch of the contemporary theory of language mainly to the influence of J.R
Searle (1969) and H.P Grice (1957) whose ideas on meaning and communication
have stimulated research in philosophy and in human and cognitive sciences.
Speech acts is the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using
language in the context, the meaning of which is inferred by hearer (Fromkin,
2003:78). There are some terms to represent the action of speech acts such as
stating, requesting, informing, or promising.
2.1.1
Locutionary Act
Locutionary act is the aspect of language which has been the traditional
concern of linguistics (Stubbs 1983:152). The locutionary act is the act of saying
locutionary act is the act simply uttering a sentence from a language; it is a
description of what the speaker says. It is the act of using a referring expressions
and a predicating expression. It is the acts of saying something in which each
word in the sentences is uttered exactly the same as its meaning in the ordinary.
Austin (1962:407) states that the content of locutionary act (what is said) is not
always determined by what is meant by the sentences being uttered. In order to
make the understanding about locutionary act, observe the following example.
For example, that a bartender utters the words,
“
The bar will be closed in
ten minutes
”
, reported by means of direct quotation. He is thereby performing the
locutionary act of saying that the bar (i.e., the one he is tending) will be closed in
ten minutes (from the utterance), and what is said is reported by indirect quotation
(notice that what the bartender is saying, the content of his locutionary act, is not
fully determined by the words he is using, for they do not specify the bar in
question or the time of the utterance). When the bartender does not utter it to a
definite hearer, the utterance has no sense. However, the utterance is absolutely
right because everyone can get the meaning easily.
2.1.2 Illocutionary Act
Illocutionary act is performed in saying something, and includes acts such
as betting, promising, denying, stating, promising, apologizing, threatening,
predicting, ordering and requesting, and ordering (Liu, 2011). Some of the verbs
used to label illocutionary acts can themselves be used performatively. Coulthard
The most significant level of action in a speech acts the illocutionary act
because the force, which has been desired by the speakers, determines this act.
Illocutionary act can be the real description of interaction condition. For example
the bartender says, “The bar will be closed in five minutes”. In saying this, the
bartender is performing the illocutionary act of inf
orming the patrons of the bar‟s
imminent closing and perhaps also the act of urging them to order a last drink.
Whereas the result of the illocutionary acts is the understanding on the part of the
audience.
2.1.2
Perlocutionary Act
The bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the
sentence, such effects being special to the circumstance of utterance (Sadock,
1974:69).
Therefore, perlocutionary act is hearer‟s behavioral
response to the
meaning of utterance. It can be a physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a
mental or emotional response of some kind. As Austin (1962:109) states that
perlocutionary act would include such effects as persuading, embarrassing,
intimidating, boring, irritating, or inspiring the hearer.
For instance a bartender utters the words, „The bar will be closed in five
minutes‟. Perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a
further effect. The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of
causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to
want and to order one last drink. He is performing all these speech acts, at all
2.2
Classification of Illocutionary Act
From Searle (1976:105) view, there are only five illocutionary points that
speakers can achieve on propositions in an utterance, namely: the
assertive,
directive, commissive, expressive and declaration illocutionary points.
2.2.1
Assertives are statements that may be judged true or false because they
aim to describe a state of affairs in the world (stating, reporting, concluding,
telling, asserting, and hypothesizing).
Example:
“Jones is a disreputable businessman.”
The sentence is a form of a statement. The speaker can state the sentence based on
the fact or just gives his or her own opinion about a person. It can be his or her
subjective opinion.
2.2.2
Directives are statements that attempt to make the other person‟s ac
tions
fit the proposition contented. They are tries to get the listener to do something
(requesting, ordering, and command, asking) (Liu, 2011:1803).
Example:
“
Close the door
”
.
The speaker in this case “sister” gives command to the hearer
which is
symbolized by “h
er brother
” to close the door.
2.2.3
Commissives are defined by Searle (1976:107) as the speech acts that
commit the speaker to some future course of act. They show the intention of
speaker to do something. It indicates the speaker will do something in the future.
“I promise I‟ll be there tomorrow.”
This could be a threat or a promise, depending on whether his presence
tomorrow is a disadvantage or an advantage to the listener. Contrast the
sentence above with:
“If you don‟t behave, I promise you there‟s going to be trouble.”
This sentence says it‟s a “promise,” but it‟s a “threat.”
2.2.4
Expressives are statements that express the „„sincerity condition of the
speech act‟‟. The
y express the attitude of speaker to a certain state of affairs
detailed in the proposition contented (thanking, apologizing, congratulating).
Example:
“I really sorry.”
“I am very grateful.”
“Congratulation for your wedding celebration.”
2.2.5
Declarations are statements that bring about correspondence between the
proposition contented and the world (declaring, naming) (Liu, 2011: 1803).
Example: “Now, I pronounce both of you as husband and wife.”
The sentence declared by a priest on a wedding‟s bestowal of blessing.
2.3 Directive Acts
Directives are statements that try to make the other person‟s actio
ns fit the
proposition contented. They are tries to get the hearer to do something such as
(2011)
in the directive‟s types,
the speaker wants to reach a future situation in
which the world will match with his words. Based on its function, directive acts is
differentiated into some types as follows:
a.
Command
Command is sentences which generally have no obvious grammatical
focus, and whose verb is in the imperative mood (Quirk, 1972: 386). The function
of command is used to instruct somebody to do something. It tends to be
demanding, means that the command must be fulfilled.
Example: Chiro! Stop running!
The speaker command Chiro (his dog) to stop running.
b.
Request
Request is not like command, it is generally less demanding. Searle (1976:
59) states that sometimes a speaker may utter the sentence
I want you to do it by
way of requesting the hearer to do something. The utterances are parenthetically
intended as a statement, but actually it is also meant primarily as a request made
by way of making statement.
c. Prohibition
Prohibition here means to prevent the hearer from doing something.
Prohibitive performatives include: enjoin, forbid, prohibit, proscribe, restrict
The speaker prohibited hearer to follow him climbing the Ferris wheel to get a
good vantage point to find the flag of another team.
d.
Question/Asking
According to Quirk (1972: 386), question is primarily used to express
lack of info on a detailed point, and commonly to request the hearer to supply this
information verbally. Question can be divided into three classes based on the type
of answer they expert.
1.
Yes or no question such as “Have you been to Paris?”
2.
Wh-
questions such as “What is your name?”
3.
The alternative questions such as “Would you like steak or chicken?”
2.4 Form of directive acts
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divides the directive acts into
three major classifications based on their form:
a. Imperatives
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) states that the imperative
sentence tends to occur as realizations of directive in address to subordinate.
Usually uses by speaker who has higher authority than the hearer. There are six
structural variants of imperative sentence:
a)
Base form the Verb
e.g.: „Speak Up‟, „don‟t shout out‟, „has a look at the picture‟
b)
You+Imperative
c)
Present Participle form of Verb
e.g.: „Just listening‟, „looking at me‟, „looking this way‟
d)
Verb+Ellipsis
e.g.: „Hands up‟, „now this one‟, „everybody on the mat‟
e)
Imperative+Modifier
e.g.: „Children looking this flower please‟, „put your finger
on your ear
everyone‟
f)
Let+First person pronoun
e.g: „Let‟s finish there‟, „let‟s see who can sit down rapidly‟
b. Interrogatives
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided interrogatives into
two forms. First is a modal and second is non-modal interrogative directive.
a)
Modals
e.g: „Would you open the door?‟, „Can you read that announcement
for me?‟
b)
Non-modal interrogative directive
e.g:
„Have you tried it?‟, „Who can I see sitting quietly?‟
c. Declaratives
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided declarative into two
contrasting categories according to their relative explicitness and the amount of
inference required interpreting the directive intent, they are:
a)
Embedded Agent
e.g: „I‟d like everyone sitting on the mat‟, „I want you to draw a picture‟
Hints require addresses to infer what is required from their knowledge of
the rules for appropriate behavior
in the context, for example: „That‟s all‟
.
2.5
Leadership Style
Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,
implementing plans, and motivating people (Ojokuku et al, 2012: 202). In 1939, a
group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin set out to identify different
styles of leadership. While further research has identified more specific types of
leadership, this early study was very influential and established three major
leadership styles. Lewin (1979: 379) divides as The Autocratic style, The
Democratic and The Laissez-Fair leader style.
a.
The Autocratic Style
Authoritarian
leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear
expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should
be done (Cherry, 2012:39). There is also a clear division between the leader and
the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no
input from the rest of the group. The writer thoughts that decision-making was
less creative under authoritarian leadership. Because this style usually viewed as
controlling, bossy, and dictatorial.
Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little
time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable
member of the group, useful when there is no essential for input on the decision
group of people. Some projects require strong leadership in order to get things
accomplished quickly and efficiently. Those explanation also supported by
Herbert (1976:379) who states that the leader controls the future (giving one step
at a time instruction), information (giving only orders, not sharing his knowledge),
work (making all task and team assignment), member satisfactions (allowing no
initiative or judgement to be used and using personal terms in criticism and
praise), and relationship (each member is dependent on the leader anything new
comes up).
b.
The Democratic Style
Lewin (1979: 382) found that democratic leadership, also known as
participative leadership, is generally the most effective leadership style.
Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in
the group and allow input from other group members (Ojokuku et al, 2012:204).
Participative leaders encourage group members to participate, but retain the final
say over the decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process
and are more motivated and creative.
c.
The Laissez-Faire
The laissez-faire style
also known as delegative leadership is a type of
leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to
make
their own the decisions (the leader minimizes his/her
involvement in decision making
)
in making their own choices and where there is no necessity for a central
coordination.
2.6 Previous Study
In this part, the writer presents some review of previous studies which
related with this research
.
The first previous study was conducted by Voon et al
(2011) entitled “
The Influence of Leadership Styles on E
mployees‟
Job
Satisfaction in Public Sector O
rganizations in Malaysia”.
The research tried to
find out how the influence of the two types of leadership styles on Malaysian
executives worker in public sectors voluntarily was. They were transactional and
transformational style. The data was collected through survey questionnaires from
targeted employees. The results showed that transformational leadership style had
a stronger relationship with job satisfaction. This implies that transformational
leadership was deemed suitable for managing government organizations.
The second previous study was cond
ucted by Puni et al (2014) entitled “The
Effect of Leadership Style on Firm Performance in Ghana”
This research examines the
effect of leadership on financial performance of two Ghanaian banks. Multiple
Regression test was used to test the hypothesis in the study. The result showed
that, none of the leadership styles significantly predicted financial performance of
the two banks. but the democratic leadership style was found to account for more
variance in financial performance than autocratic and laissez faire style. The result
of their research shows there is no lot of difference. Based on those previous
studies explained above, the writer decides to be different with them by conduct
related because style of leadership can be seen from any ways, one of the ways is
from directive acts. Since leadership style not only shown through behaviour but
also shown through language use. Then, the finding is quite interesting, since the
leadership styles are analyzed by seeing first the types and forms of directive acts,
from those the writer can determine what the style of leadership is. By any
consideration above, the writer uses the two theories to examine Clash of the
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This framework consists of some needed theories. The writer analyzes
Perseus‟
directive acts and leadership style. Since this research integrates two
theories in order to make unusually analysis. Those theories are Speech Act,
Classification of Illocutionary Act, Directive acts, Form of Directive Acts, and
Leadership Style.
2.1 Speech Act
In the past three decades,
speech act theory
has become an important
branch of the contemporary theory of language mainly to the influence of J.R
Searle (1969) and H.P Grice (1957) whose ideas on meaning and communication
have stimulated research in philosophy and in human and cognitive sciences.
Speech acts is the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using
language in the context, the meaning of which is inferred by hearer (Fromkin,
2003:78). There are some terms to represent the action of speech acts such as
stating, requesting, informing, or promising.
2.1.1
Locutionary Act
Locutionary act is the aspect of language which has been the traditional
concern of linguistics (Stubbs 1983:152). The locutionary act is the act of saying
locutionary act is the act simply uttering a sentence from a language; it is a
description of what the speaker says. It is the act of using a referring expressions
and a predicating expression. It is the acts of saying something in which each
word in the sentences is uttered exactly the same as its meaning in the ordinary.
Austin (1962:407) states that the content of locutionary act (what is said) is not
always determined by what is meant by the sentences being uttered. In order to
make the understanding about locutionary act, observe the following example.
For example, that a bartender utters the words,
“
The bar will be closed in
ten minutes
”
, reported by means of direct quotation. He is thereby performing the
locutionary act of saying that the bar (i.e., the one he is tending) will be closed in
ten minutes (from the utterance), and what is said is reported by indirect quotation
(notice that what the bartender is saying, the content of his locutionary act, is not
fully determined by the words he is using, for they do not specify the bar in
question or the time of the utterance). When the bartender does not utter it to a
definite hearer, the utterance has no sense. However, the utterance is absolutely
right because everyone can get the meaning easily.
2.1.2 Illocutionary Act
Illocutionary act is performed in saying something, and includes acts such
as betting, promising, denying, stating, promising, apologizing, threatening,
predicting, ordering and requesting, and ordering (Liu, 2011). Some of the verbs
used to label illocutionary acts can themselves be used performatively. Coulthard
The most significant level of action in a speech acts the illocutionary act
because the force, which has been desired by the speakers, determines this act.
Illocutionary act can be the real description of interaction condition. For example
the bartender says, “The bar will be closed in five minutes”. In saying this, the
bartender is performing the illocutionary act of inf
orming the patrons of the bar‟s
imminent closing and perhaps also the act of urging them to order a last drink.
Whereas the result of the illocutionary acts is the understanding on the part of the
audience.
2.1.2
Perlocutionary Act
The bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the
sentence, such effects being special to the circumstance of utterance (Sadock,
1974:69).
Therefore, perlocutionary act is hearer‟s behavioral
response to the
meaning of utterance. It can be a physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a
mental or emotional response of some kind. As Austin (1962:109) states that
perlocutionary act would include such effects as persuading, embarrassing,
intimidating, boring, irritating, or inspiring the hearer.
For instance a bartender utters the words, „The bar will be closed in five
minutes‟. Perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a
further effect. The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of
causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to
want and to order one last drink. He is performing all these speech acts, at all
2.2
Classification of Illocutionary Act
From Searle (1976:105) view, there are only five illocutionary points that
speakers can achieve on propositions in an utterance, namely: the
assertive,
directive, commissive, expressive and declaration illocutionary points.
2.2.1
Assertives are statements that may be judged true or false because they
aim to describe a state of affairs in the world (stating, reporting, concluding,
telling, asserting, and hypothesizing).
Example:
“Jones is a disreputable businessman.”
The sentence is a form of a statement. The speaker can state the sentence based on
the fact or just gives his or her own opinion about a person. It can be his or her
subjective opinion.
2.2.2
Directives are statements that attempt to make the other person‟s ac
tions
fit the proposition contented. They are tries to get the listener to do something
(requesting, ordering, and command, asking) (Liu, 2011:1803).
Example:
“
Close the door
”
.
The speaker in this case “sister” gives command to the hearer
which is
symbolized by “h
er brother
” to close the door.
2.2.3
Commissives are defined by Searle (1976:107) as the speech acts that
commit the speaker to some future course of act. They show the intention of
speaker to do something. It indicates the speaker will do something in the future.
“I promise I‟ll be there tomorrow.”
This could be a threat or a promise, depending on whether his presence
tomorrow is a disadvantage or an advantage to the listener. Contrast the
sentence above with:
“If you don‟t behave, I promise you there‟s going to be trouble.”
This sentence says it‟s a “promise,” but it‟s a “threat.”
2.2.4
Expressives are statements that express the „„sincerity condition of the
speech act‟‟. The
y express the attitude of speaker to a certain state of affairs
detailed in the proposition contented (thanking, apologizing, congratulating).
Example:
“I really sorry.”
“I am very grateful.”
“Congratulation for your wedding celebration.”
2.2.5
Declarations are statements that bring about correspondence between the
proposition contented and the world (declaring, naming) (Liu, 2011: 1803).
Example: “Now, I pronounce both of you as husband and wife.”
The sentence declared by a priest on a wedding‟s bestowal of blessing.
2.3 Directive Acts
Directives are statements that try to make the other person‟s actio
ns fit the
proposition contented. They are tries to get the hearer to do something such as
(2011)
in the directive‟s types,
the speaker wants to reach a future situation in
which the world will match with his words. Based on its function, directive acts is
differentiated into some types as follows:
a.
Command
Command is sentences which generally have no obvious grammatical
focus, and whose verb is in the imperative mood (Quirk, 1972: 386). The function
of command is used to instruct somebody to do something. It tends to be
demanding, means that the command must be fulfilled.
Example: Chiro! Stop running!
The speaker command Chiro (his dog) to stop running.
b.
Request
Request is not like command, it is generally less demanding. Searle (1976:
59) states that sometimes a speaker may utter the sentence
I want you to do it by
way of requesting the hearer to do something. The utterances are parenthetically
intended as a statement, but actually it is also meant primarily as a request made
by way of making statement.
c. Prohibition
Prohibition here means to prevent the hearer from doing something.
Prohibitive performatives include: enjoin, forbid, prohibit, proscribe, restrict
The speaker prohibited hearer to follow him climbing the Ferris wheel to get a
good vantage point to find the flag of another team.
d.
Question/Asking
According to Quirk (1972: 386), question is primarily used to express
lack of info on a detailed point, and commonly to request the hearer to supply this
information verbally. Question can be divided into three classes based on the type
of answer they expert.
1.
Yes or no question such as “Have you been to Paris?”
2.
Wh-
questions such as “What is your name?”
3.
The alternative questions such as “Would you like steak or chicken?”
2.4 Form of directive acts
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divides the directive acts into
three major classifications based on their form:
a. Imperatives
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) states that the imperative
sentence tends to occur as realizations of directive in address to subordinate.
Usually uses by speaker who has higher authority than the hearer. There are six
structural variants of imperative sentence:
a)
Base form the Verb
e.g.: „Speak Up‟, „don‟t shout out‟, „has a look at the picture‟
b)
You+Imperative
c)
Present Participle form of Verb
e.g.: „Just listening‟, „looking at me‟, „looking this way‟
d)
Verb+Ellipsis
e.g.: „Hands up‟, „now this one‟, „everybody on the mat‟
e)
Imperative+Modifier
e.g.: „Children looking this flower please‟, „put your finger
on your ear
everyone‟
f)
Let+First person pronoun
e.g: „Let‟s finish there‟, „let‟s see who can sit down rapidly‟
b. Interrogatives
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided interrogatives into
two forms. First is a modal and second is non-modal interrogative directive.
a)
Modals
e.g: „Would you open the door?‟, „Can you read that announcement
for me?‟
b)
Non-modal interrogative directive
e.g:
„Have you tried it?‟, „Who can I see sitting quietly?‟
c. Declaratives
Holmes in Richards and Schmidt (1984: 98) divided declarative into two
contrasting categories according to their relative explicitness and the amount of
inference required interpreting the directive intent, they are:
a)
Embedded Agent
e.g: „I‟d like everyone sitting on the mat‟, „I want you to draw a picture‟
Hints require addresses to infer what is required from their knowledge of
the rules for appropriate behavior
in the context, for example: „That‟s all‟
.
2.5
Leadership Style
Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,
implementing plans, and motivating people (Ojokuku et al, 2012: 202). In 1939, a
group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin set out to identify different
styles of leadership. While further research has identified more specific types of
leadership, this early study was very influential and established three major
leadership styles. Lewin (1979: 379) divides as The Autocratic style, The
Democratic and The Laissez-Fair leader style.
a.
The Autocratic Style
Authoritarian
leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear
expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should
be done (Cherry, 2012:39). There is also a clear division between the leader and
the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no
input from the rest of the group. The writer thoughts that decision-making was
less creative under authoritarian leadership. Because this style usually viewed as
controlling, bossy, and dictatorial.
Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little
time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable
member of the group, useful when there is no essential for input on the decision
group of people. Some projects require strong leadership in order to get things
accomplished quickly and efficiently. Those explanation also supported by
Herbert (1976:379) who states that the leader controls the future (giving one step
at a time instruction), information (giving only orders, not sharing his knowledge),
work (making all task and team assignment), member satisfactions (allowing no
initiative or judgement to be used and using personal terms in criticism and
praise), and relationship (each member is dependent on the leader anything new
comes up).
b.
The Democratic Style
Lewin (1979: 382) found that democratic leadership, also known as
participative leadership, is generally the most effective leadership style.
Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in
the group and allow input from other group members (Ojokuku et al, 2012:204).
Participative leaders encourage group members to participate, but retain the final
say over the decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process
and are more motivated and creative.
c.
The Laissez-Faire
The laissez-faire style
also known as delegative leadership is a type of
leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to
make
their own the decisions (the leader minimizes his/her
involvement in decision making
)
in making their own choices and where there is no necessity for a central
coordination.
2.6 Previous Study
In this part, the writer presents some review of previous studies which
related with this research
.
The first previous study was conducted by Voon et al
(2011) entitled “
The Influence of Leadership Styles on E
mployees‟
Job
Satisfaction in Public Sector O
rganizations in Malaysia”.
The research tried to
find out how the influence of the two types of leadership styles on Malaysian
executives worker in public sectors voluntarily was. They were transactional and
transformational style. The data was collected through survey questionnaires from
targeted employees. The results showed that transformational leadership style had
a stronger relationship with job satisfaction. This implies that transformational
leadership was deemed suitable for managing government organizations.
The second previous study was cond
ucted by Puni et al (2014) entitled “The
Effect of Leadership Style on Firm Performance in Ghana”
This research examines the
effect of leadership on financial performance of two Ghanaian banks. Multiple
Regression test was used to test the hypothesis in the study. The result showed
that, none of the leadership styles significantly predicted financial performance of
the two banks. but the democratic leadership style was found to account for more
variance in financial performance than autocratic and laissez faire style. The result
of their research shows there is no lot of difference. Based on those previous
studies explained above, the writer decides to be different with them by conduct
related because style of leadership can be seen from any ways, one of the ways is
from directive acts. Since leadership style not only shown through behaviour but
also shown through language use. Then, the finding is quite interesting, since the
leadership styles are analyzed by seeing first the types and forms of directive acts,
from those the writer can determine what the style of leadership is. By any
consideration above, the writer uses the two theories to examine Clash of the
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the writer explained the procedures how this research
conducted. In order to get the systematic order to conduct this research, the writer
divided this chapter into several parts. Those are Research Design, Data and Data
Sources, Research Instruments, Techniques of Data Collection and Techniques of
Data Analysis.
3.1
Research Design
The writer used qualitative content analysis in conducting this research.
Trace (2001: 1) defined qualitative content analysis as an overall approach, a
method, and an analytic strategy that entails the systematic examination of forms
of communication to document patterns objectively. Content analysis is generally
applied to narrative texts such as political speeches, transcribed interviews, movie
transcript and published literature, and seeks to elucidate, through close
examination of the content and language of these texts, what could be learned
about authors’ or respondents’ understanding of phenomena and terminology, a
s
well as their beliefs. In using content analysis as a method, the objective was to
get at aspects of meaning by examining the data qualitatively. In effect the method
used to examine how authors or respondents view and understand certain issues.
Content analysis was the suitable design to be used in this research. The writer
analyzed the data in order to find out and produce how leadership style used by
Additionally, the writer also used descriptive research design in analyzing
the data. According to Bigman (1998: 91), descriptive research was the best
methods for collecting information to demonstrate relationships and describe the
world as it exists. This approach used to describe how the situation or the world
when Perseus utters his directive acts which was showing his style of leadership.
3.2
Data and Data Sources
The data source of this research was taken from a movie.
Clash of the
Titans movie is a 2010 British-American historical fantasy adventure film directed
by Louis Leterrier and released on April 2, 2010. The writer downloaded this
movie from http://indexmovie.me/get/clash-titans-2010/ on August 19, 2015.
Furthermore, data which used are transcription of Perseus utterances which
contains directive acts. Meanwhile, the data for leadership styles were taken from
directive acts utterances which showing each style of leadership.
3.3 Research Instruments
The research instrument of this study was the writer herself. As Atieno
(2009: 14) states that the qualitative researcher was the primary instrument for
data collection and analysis. Data were mediated through this human instrument,
rather than through inventories, questionnaires, or machines. This instrument was
applied since the collection and identification of Perseus’ utterances based on the
types and forms of directive acts were managed by the writer. Also, the utterances
of Perseus’ directive acts that showing the style of leadership were co
llected and
3.4 Techniques of Data Collection
1.
The writer started conducting this research by downloading Clash of the
Titans
movie.
The
writer
donwloaded
the
movie
from
http://indexmovie.me/get/clash-titans-2010/ on August 19, 2015.
2.
The writer watched Clash of the Titans movie for several times in order to
got understanding of the whole story.
3.
The writer looked for the transcript of the movie from the internet and
matched it with the movie for making the writer easier.
4.
The writer gave underline
to Perseus’s utterances from transcript which
contain the types and forms of directive acts and also gave underline the
directive acts that was showing the leadership style. The example of
underlinig the data:
3.5
Techniques of Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer did several steps to analyze the data.
1.
Identifying the data
-
Types and Forms of directive acts
The writer identified
Perseus’ utterances which categorized into
looked
into the directive acts using Searle’s theor
y to determine the
data which was included into directive acts and their types; there
were command, asking, prohibition and request. The next process
was to find out the form which appears in that directive acts based
on Holmes’ theory. Each of them has its own code.
Each code
represented each types and forms of directive acts as presented in the
table below:
Types of Directive acts
Abbreviated (Code)
Command
Co
Asking
Ask
Prohibition
Pr
Request
Rq
Forms of Dirctive Acts
Abbreviated (Code)
Imperatives
Imp
Declaratives
Dec
Meanwhile, the data identification coded as the example below:
-
Types of Leadership
The second step was to answer the second research problem. The
writer identified the leadership style of Perseus through his
directives acts using theory by Lewin’s
and
Lippitt’s. Each of them
had their own code.
Each code represented each types of leadership as presented in the
table below:
Styles of Leadership
Abbreviated (Code)
Autocratic Style
AS
Democratic Style
DS
Meanwhile, the data identification was coded as the example below:
2.
Classifying the data
The second step was classifying the identified data by making table.
There were two tables. The first table was for the types of directive
acts and its form.
The table as presented below:
Table. 1
Types
Form
Number of
Occurrence
Command
Declaratives
1
Request
Imp/Dec/Int
……
Prohibition
Imp/Dec/Int
……
Question
Imp/Dec/Int
……
The second table was for types of leadership style which seen after the
[image:47.595.138.528.135.613.2]Table. 2
Types-Form
Types of Leadership Style
Autocratic
Style
Democratic
Style
Laissez-Faire
Style
Question-Intterogatives
…
…
…
Command-Declaratives
X
…
…
Request-Declaratives
…
…
…
Prohibition-Imperatives
…
…
…
Request-Intterogatives
…
…
…
Command-Imperatives
…
…
…
Number of
Occurance
[image:48.595.142.506.126.668.2]3.
Analyzing the data
The last step was analyze the leadership style through directive acts.
From the table above, the writer was able to know how
Perseus’
leadership style shown through directive acts in Clash of the Titans
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter depicts the results of the research analysis which is
mentioned as Findings. Afterward, there is also the discussion of the research
findings.
4.1
Findings
This chapter where all of the data are processed. The writer divides this
chapter into two points. The first point contains the findings of this research by
answering the first research question that is what are the types and forms of
directive acts performed by Perseus in Clash of the Titans movie. While the
second point contains the findings of this research by answering the second
research question that is how is the leadership style shown through Perseus‟
directive acts in Clash of the Titans movie. After all, from all the data that have
bee
n analyzed, the writer takes a conclusion about Perseus‟ leadership style.
4.1.1 Types and Forms of Directive Acts
In this point, the types of directive acts are analyzed by using
Searle‟s
theory. While the forms of directive acts is analyze
d by using Holmes‟ theory.
In
analizing, the writer finds 127 Perseus‟ utterances and 94 data are included into
Titans movie. The figure 4.1 below sum up the finding data that have been
[image:51.595.113.518.178.533.2]analyzed from the movie.
Figure 4.1 Types and Forms of Directive Acts
In the figure 4.1 above, Perseus‟ types and for
m of directive acts is drawn. The
blue bars depict imperatives form, the red bars depict declaratives form and the
green bars depict interrogatives form. The directive acts‟ „command‟ reaches the
highest frequency among types of directive acts. It is used by Perseus for 37
times. With the details 30 times using imperatives form, followed by declaratives
form which is used for 6 times, and the last followed by interrogatives which is
uttered only for once. While „request‟ uttered for 9 times. 6 times used by Perseus
in imperatives form and in declaratives forms which are performed 3 times.
„Prohibition‟ produced for 13 times. 6 times used in imperatives form and 7 times
used in declaratives form. The last type is „asking‟. It used by Perseus only in
306 6
0 6
3
7
0 1
0 0
35
Command
Request
Prohibition
Asking
Types and Forms of Directive Acts
interrogatives form which is produced for 35 times. To summarize, the writer
describes types and forms of directive acts based on the sequence in the diagram,
that is command, request, prohibition, and the last is asking.
4.1.1.1 Command
Command is sentences which generally have no obvious grammatical
focus. The function of command is used to instruct somebody to do something. It
tends to be demanding, means that the command must be fulfilled. As the data
presented in the figure 4.1 above, command become the majority in the data. The
writer finds 37 command utterances uttered by Perseus. In uttering command
utterances, he employs all of the three forms of directive acts. They are,
imperatives form, declaratives form and interrogatives form. To see the difference
command in all of them, the writer provides by elaborate some data below.
1)
Imperatives
An imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or
instructions or prohibition that expresses a request or command. In this point, the
writer shows the command sentence performed imperatively. The data analysis
shows that there are 30 command utterances using imperative forms. The writer
finds there are 3 structural variants of imperatives which can be identified from
the data finding; they are base form of verb, let+first person pronoun, and
verb+ellipsis. Several examples of the data of command in imperatives form
Data 1
Someone
: So, what should we bring?
Draco
: Bring everything. What makes you think the witches will
tell us anything?
Perseus
: Well, they tell us, or
tell them I'll kill them.
[minutes 00:27:30 -- 00:27:41]
The sentence “tell them I‟ll kill them” which is underlined in
Data 1
is
classified as the first
data from Perseus‟s directive acts which shows a command
in imperative form. Imperative is a sentence that gives instruction directly. In this
Data 1, Perseus uses imperative in structural variant base form of verb with the
verb “tell” as the basic verb o
f his utterance to start his command. That sentence is
classified as a command because it has function to instruct somebody to do
something. At that time, when Perseus prepares everything include his weapon for
their long journey to look for the way to kill Kraken, Perseus instructs Draco to
tell the witches that Perseus will kill them if they are not tell Perseus how to kill
kraken. Draco understands with Perseus‟ command, and then he nods his head as
the answer of Perseus‟ command.
It same goes to the second data that is also
applied by Perseus.
Data 2
Zeus : You foolish boy, men's entire existence is the gift of my grace.
Perseus: For someone who created men, you don't know much about us.
We live, we fight and we die for each other. Not for you.
Tell Hades I'll
see him soon.
Zeus : I will not make this offer again.
[minutes 01:00:49 -- 01:01:10]
This data has similar point with the first data above. The sentence “Tell
since
imperative is a sentence that gives instruction directly. He uses word “tell”
as the basic verb of his command utterance. That sentence is classified as
command since it has function to instruct somebody to do something. Perseus
instructs Zeus to tell Hades that he will see Hades soon since he is ready to face
Hades and he knows the way to destroy Kraken. Hades is the brother of Zeus and
Kraken is an unspeakable horror that created by Hades. The next data below
shows Perseus‟ command imperatively by using s
tructural variant let+first person
pronoun.
Data 3
Phaedrus
: Help me! Help me!
Calibos
: You reek of your father!
[WAR]
[Perseus Yells]
[Yelling]
[Grunting]
[Calibos‟s hand was cut by Draco]
[Calibos hisses. roars]
Draco
: Who's that?
Perseus
: I do not know.
Let’s ask him.
Draco
: Let it go.
[minutes 00:38:44
–
00:40:49]
As the underlined sentence above, it shows that Perseus convey his
command by using imperatives form in structural variant let+first person pronoun.
It is classified in imperatives form since imperative is a sentence that gives
instruction directly. This command uttered by Perseus when Calibos attacks the
group and tries to murder Perseus. Calibos kills several soldiers in process, but
Calibos is unsuccessful, losing his hand which is cut by Draco before escaping.
Perseus and his group. Though they kill several scorpions, most of the group are
slain, and the survivors are surrounded by more of the monsters.
After he attacks several scorpions, Perseus asks Draco,
“Who‟s that?”
(Calibos) but Draco does not know who that is. Thus, Perseus commands his
group/soldiers to ask Calibos by saying “Let‟s ask him”, for knowing who‟s
Calibos actually. Immediately, Perseus and his soldiers pursue toward where
Calibos escapes and they get nothing, Calibos disappear. The following data
below describes another Perseus‟ command in imperatives form by using
structural variant verb+ellipsis.
Data 4
Io
: You're burnin'. Drink this. I'll get more water.
[Perseus‟ yellings]
[Draco Attacks Djinn]
Kucuk : Come on
Ixas
: Look out
[Djinn saying, speaking in Djinn Language]
Draco : What's he sayin'?
Io
: The Djinns have waited many years for the one who'd free them
from the Gods. He says, he is no a friend of the humans.
Solon : You don't say it.
Io
: But the only way we can help Perseus, is together.
Perseus:
Draco, look
.
[Djinn
