DAFTAR PUSTAKA. Austin B Marine microbiology. England, Cambridge University Press.

(1)

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Anonim. 2005. Chapter 6. www.gu.edu.au:8080 [27 Nov 2004].

Austin B. 1988. Marine microbiology. England, Cambridge University Press.

Bergquist PR, WD Hartman. 1969. Free amino acid patterns and the classification of demospongiae. J Mar Biol; 3(3): 247-268.

http://www.springerlink.com.

Bell JJ, DKA Barnes. 2003. Effects of disturbance on assemblages: an example using Porifera. Biol Bull 205: 144-159.

Bergquist PR. 1978. Sponges. London: Hutchinson.

Bradstreet C. 2004. Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Microbe of the week 2004.

http://web.umr.edu.htm [1 Februari 2007].

Brusca RC, GJ Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sunderland, Massachusetts;

Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. hlm 181 – 207.

Carpenter EJ. 2002. marine cyanobacterial symbioses. Proceeding of The Royal Irish Academy; 1:15-18. http://www.ria.ie.

Chelossi E, M Milanese, A Milano, R Pronzato, G Riccardi. 2004.

Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of epibiotic bacteria from Petrosia ficiformis (Porifera, Demospongia). J Experimental Mar Biol &

Ecol ; 309: 21-33.

Crueger W, A Crueger. 1984. Biotechnology: A Textbook of industrial microbiology, TD Brock (editor). USA: Science Tech Inc.

Effendi H. 2003. Telaah kualitas air: bagi pengelolaan sumber daya dan lingkungan perairan. Jakarta: Kanisius.

Effendi H. 2004. Isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive secondary metabolites of sponge derived fungi collected from the Mediterranean (Italy) and Bali Sea (Indonesia) [disertasi]. Düsseldorf: Erlangung des

(2)

Doktorgardes der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf.

Faulkner DJ, MD Unson, CA Bewley. 1994. The chemistry of some sponges and their symbionts. Pure and Appl Chem 66:1983-1990.

Furniss BS, AJ Hannaford, V Rogers, PWG Smith, AR Tatchell. 1984. Vogel’s Textbook of practical organic chemistry: including qualitative organic chemistry. Fourth edition. England: English Languange Book Society/Longman.

Gomez R. 2001. In Situ detection of microsymbionts in sponge tissue.

http://www.science.uva.nl [15 Maret 2006].

Granato AC, RGS Serlinck, AB Schefer, A Magalhäes, AG Ferreira, B de Sanctis, JC Freitas, AE Migotto, E eHajdu. 2000. Produtos naturais das esponjas marinas Aaptos sp., e do nudibränqiao Doris aff. Verrucba. Quimca Nova.

http://www.iqc.usp.br.

Gung BW. 2001. Petrosia. www.cas.muohio.edu.

Guyot M. 2002. Intricate aspects of sponge chemistry. Publications Scientifique du Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle, Paris. www.mnhn.fr/publications

Hadas E, M Shpigel, M Ilan. 2005. Sea ranching of the marine sponge Negombata magnifica (Demospongia, Lantruculiidae) as a first step for lantrunculinB mass production. Aquaculture 2005; 244: 159-169.

www.sciencedirect.com [27 Nov 2005].

Harrison FW, L de Vos. 1991. Porifera. Di dalam: Harrison FW, Westfall JA (ed.).

Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Volume 2. Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora. New York, Chicester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: Wiley-Liss. A John Wiley dan Sons, Inc., Publication. hlm 28 – 89.

Haywood M, S Wells . 1989. The Manual of Marine Invertebrates. London, New York: Salamander Books Limited. hlm 10 – 13.

(3)

Higa T, J Tanaka, A Kitamura, T Koyama, M Takahashi, T Uchida. 1994..

Bioactive compounds from marine sponges. Pure and Appl Chem; 66 (No 10/11):2227-2230.

Hill MS, AL Hill. 2002. Morphological plasticity in the tropical sponge Anthosigmella varians: Responses to predatorsand wave energy. Bio Bull 202: 86-95.

Holt JG, NR Krieg, PHA Sneath, JT Staley, ST Williams. 1994. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, ninth edition. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Hooper JNA. 2000. Sponguide. Guide to sponge collection and identification (Version August 2000). http://www.qmuseum.qld.gov.au/naturewelcome

Hunt B, ACJ Vincent. 2006. Scale and sustainability of marine bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals. Ambio; 35 (No 2): 57-64. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca [13 Jan 2007].

http://chem.chem.rochester.edu [September 2006].

Ireland CM, TF Molinski, DM Roll, TM Zabriskie, TC McKee, JC Swersey, MP Foster. 1989. Natural Product Peptides from Marine Organisms. Di dalam Scheuer PJ (ed.). Bioorganic Marine Chemistry. Volume 3. Springer – Verlag. hlm 1 – 27.

Ismet MS. 2004. Bacterial diversity in mari culture area (Betung Bay-Lampung and Pramuka Island): A Preliminary study. MST Research Report DAAD- FPIK IPB (unpublished).

[IPB] Institut Pertanian Bogor. 2005. Laporan Hibah Pasca: Teknik reproduksi spons laut kelas Demospongia untuk sediaan bioaktif dari laut. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.

Kardono K. 2006. Distribusi dan preferensi habitat spons kelas demospongiae di Kepulauan Seribu Propinsi DKI Jakarta [tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.

(4)

Kelly SR, PR Jensen, TP Henkel, W Fenical, JR Pawlik. 2003. Effects of Caribbean sponge extracts on bacterial attachment. Aquat Microb Ecol 31:175-182.

Kim DK, MY Lee, DS Lee, JR Lee, BJ Lee, JH Jung. 2002. Polyacetylenes from a marine sponge Petrosia sp. inhibit DNA replication at the level of initiation.

Cancer Lett 185(1):95-1001. www.medscape.com

Kobayashi M, I Kitagawa. 1994. Bioactive substances isolated from marine sponge, a miniature conglomerate of various organisms. Pure and Appl Chem; 66 (4): 819-826.

Kobayashi M, R Rachmaniar. 1998. Overview of marine natural products chemistry. Di dalam: Soemihardjo S, RR Satari, S Saono, editor. Prosiding Seminar Bioteknologi Kelautan Indonesia I ’98. Jakarta 14-15 Oktober 1998. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Hal 23-32.

Kozloff EN. 1990. Invertebrates. Saunders College Publishing. hlm 73 – 92.

Madigan MT, JM Martinko, J Parker. 2000. Brock biology of microorganisms, ninth edition. USA: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Maldonado M, N Corrtadellas, MI Trillas, C Rϋtzler. 2005. Endosymbiotic yeast matternally transmitted in a marine sponge. Biol Bull ; 209: 94-106.

Miller K, C Smallwood, C Strupczewski. 1998. The roleof phenolic compounds in the chemical defense of tropical reef sponges against fish predation.

Tropical Marine Biology. St. Mary College of Maryland.

Moolitoris E, SW Joseph, MI Krichevsky, W Sindhuhardja, RR Colwell. 1985.

Characterization and distribution of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Indonesia. Appl Environ Microbiol; 50 (6):

1388-1394. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.pdf.

Muliani, E Suryati, A Tompo, A Parenrengi, Rosmiati. 1998. Isolasi Bioaktif Bunga Karang Sebagai Fungisida pad Benih Udang Windu Penaeus monodon. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia Vo.IV No. 2 Tahun 1998.

(5)

Munro MHG, RT Luibrand, JW Blunt. 1989. The Search for Antivaral and Anticancer Compounds from Marine Organisms. Di dalam Scheuer PJ

(ed.). Bioorganic Marine Chemistry. Volume 1. Springer – Verlag. hlm 94 – 176.

Nichols S, G Werheide. 2005. Sponges: New view of old animals. Integr Comp Biol 45: 333-334.

Ogunseitan OA, SL Yang, E Scheinbach. 1999. The δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase of marine Vibrio alginolyticus is resistant to lead (Pb). Biol Bull;

197: 283-284. http://www.biolbull.org.pdf.

Oren M, L Steindler, M Ilan. 2005. Transmission, plasticity, and the molecular identification of cyanobacterial symbionts in the Red Sea sponge Diacarnus erythraneus. Mar Biol (2005).

Parenrengi A, E Suryati, Dalfiah, Rosmiati. 1999. Studi Toksisitas Ekstrak Sponge Auletta sp. Callyspongia sp., dan C. Pseudoreticulata terhadap Nener Bandeng (Chanos chanos). Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia Vo.V No. 4 Tahun 1999.

Pechenik JA. 1991. Biology of the Invertebrates. Second Edition. Wm.C. Brown Publisher. hlm 63 – 76.

Pelletier JC, MP Cava. Synthesis of the marine alkaloids aaptamine and demethyloxyaaptamine and of the parent structure didemethoxyaaptamien.

J Org Chem 52: 616-622.

Proksch P, R Ebel, RA Edrada, P Schuup, WH Lin, Sudarsono, V Wray, K Steube. 2003. Detection of pharmacologically active natural products using ecology. Selected examples from Indopasific marine invertebrates and sponge-derived fungi. Pure and Appl Chem 2003; 75 (Nos 2-3): 343-352.

Rachmaniar R. 1994. Penelitian Produk Alam Laut Skreening Substansi Bioaktif.

Laporan Penelitian Tahun Anggaran 1993/1994. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Puslitbang Oseanologi.

(6)

Rachmaniar R. 1997. Potensi Spons Asal Kepulauan Spermonde Sebagai Antimikroba. Seminar Perikanan Indonesia II. Ujung Pandang, 2 – 3 Desember 1997.

Rahe E. 2004. Quorum-sensing signal production in bacteria associated with marine sponges. IBASM; 6 (2 Jan 2005). http://users.ipwf.edu.

Razak CNA, WF Wang, SHSA Rahman, M Basri, AB Salleh. 2004. Isolation of the crude oil degrading marine Acinetobactersp. E11. Acta Biotechnologica;

19 (3): 213-223. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com.

Richelle-Maurer E, JC Braekman. 2001. Sponge Extraction.

http://www.science.uva.nl [15 Maret 2006].

Rohwer F, V Seguritan, F Azaam, N Knolton. 2002. Diversiy and distribution of coral-associated bacteria. Mar Ecol Prog Ser; 234:1-10.

Romimohtarto K, Juwana S. 1999. Biologi Laut. Ilmu Pengetahuan tentang Biota Laut. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi-LIPI. Jakarta. hlm 115 – 128.

Rupert EE, RD Barnes. 1994. Invertebrate zoology, 6th Edition. United State of America: Saunders College Publishing.

Santavy D C. 1995. The diversity of microorganisms associated with marine invertebrates and their roles in the maintenance of ecosystem. In: Allsopp D, Colwell R R, Hawksworth D L (eds.). Microbial diversity and ecosystem funtion. Wallingford, C A B International. p 211-229.

(7)

Sara M. 1992. Porifera. Di dalam: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG (Ed.). Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Volume V. Sexual Differentiation and Behaviour.

New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley dan Sons Chisester.

hlm 1 – 29.

Sangster CR, RM Smolowitz. 2003. Description of Vibrio alginolyticus infection in cultured Sepia officinalis, Sepia apama, and Sepia pharaonis. Biol Bull;

205: 233-234. http://www.bilbull.org.pdf.

Sarma NS, MSR Krishna, SR Rao. 2005. Sterol ring system oxidation pattern in marine sponges. Mar Drugs; 3: 84-111.

Schroeder JP, JG Wallace, MB Cates, SB Greco, PWB Moore. 1985. An Infection by Vibrio alginolyticus in an Atlantic bottlenose-dolphin housed in an open ocean pen. J Wildlife Dis; 21 (4): 437-438.

http://www.jwildlifedis.org.pdf.

Sennett SH, PJ McCarthyJ, AE Wright, SA Pomponi. 2002. Natural products from marine invertebrates: The harbor barnch oceanographic institution experience. Pharmaceutical News 2002: 9: 483-488.

Sipkema D, MCR Franssen, R Osinga, J Tramper, RH Wijffels. 2005. Marine sponges as pharmacy. Marine Biotechnology; 7: 142-162. Springer Science+Bussiness Media, Inc.

Sjogren M. 2006. Bioactive compounds from the marine sponge Geodia baretti:

Characterization, antifouling activity and molecular targets. Acta Universitat Upsaliensis. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy; 37:57pp.

Smart L, editor. 2002. The molecular world: Separation, prification and identification. Cambridge: The Open University.

Soediro IS. 1999. Produk Alam Hayati Bahari dan Prospek Pemanfaatannya di Bidang Kesehatan dan Kosmetika. Prosidings Seminar Bioteknologi Kelautan Indonesia I ’98. Jakarta 14 – 15 Oktober 1998: 41 – 52. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Jakarta, 1999.

(8)

Steindler L, S Beer, M Ilan. 2002. Photosymbiosis in intertidal dan subtidal tropical sponges. Sybiosis: 33: 1-11. Balaban, Philadelphia.

Steindler L, D Huchon, A Avni, M Ilan. 2005. 16S rRNA phlogeny of sponges- associated cyanobacteria. Apll Environ Microbiol; 71(7): 4127-4131.

Suryati E, A Parenrengi, Rosmiati. 1999. Penapisan Serta Analisis Kandungan Bioaktif Sponge Clathria sp. yang efektif sebagai Antibiofouling pada teritif (Balanus amphitrit). Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia Vol.V No. 3 Tahun 1999.

Susanna. 2006. Kajian kualitas perairan terhadap kelimpahan dan senyawa bioaktif antibakteri spons demospongiae di Kepulauan Seribu DKI Jakarta [tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Thakur NL, Müller WEG. 2004. Biotechnological potential of marine sponges.

Current Science 10 June 2004; 86 (11).

Thacker RW. 2005. Impacts of shading on sponge-cyanobactera symbiose: A Comparison between host-specific and generalis association. Integr Comp Biol; 45:369-376. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org.

Thaler JO, B Duvic, A Givaudan, N Boemare. 1998. Isolation and entomotoxic properties of the Xenorhabdus nematophilus F1 lecithinase. Appl Environ Microbiol; 64 (7): 2367-2373. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.

Torsell KBG. 1983. Natural product chemistry: a mechanistic and biosynthetic approach to secondary metabolism. British: John Wiley & Sons,Ltd.

Warren L. 1982. Encyclopedia of Marine Invertebrates. Di dalam: Walls JG (ed.).

hlm 15 – 28.

Wilkinsson CR. 1978. Microbial Associaton in sponges II: Numerical analysis of sponges and water bacterial population. Mar Biol J; 49 (2): 69-176.

Wilkinson CR. 1980. Cyanobacteria Symbiotic in Marine Sponges. Di dalam:

Schwemmler (ed.). Endocytobiology: Endosymbiosis and Cell Biology. . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. hlm 553 – 563.

(9)

www.cas.muohio.edu [Desember 2006]

Yan L, KG Boyd, JG Burgess. 2002. Surface attachment induced production of antimicrobial compounds by marine epiphytic bacteria using modified roller bottle cultivation. Mar Biotechnol; 4: 356-366.

Young JL, JS Kim, KS Im, JH Jung, C Lee, J Hong, D Kim. 1999. New cytotoxic polyacetylenes from the marine sponge Petrosia. J Nat Prod 62 (9): 1215- 1217.

Zheng L, H Chen, X Han, X Yan. 2005. Antimicrobial screening and active compound isolation from marine bacterium NJ6-3-1 associated with the sponge Hymeniacidon parleve. World Journal of Microbiol and Biotech 2005; 21:201-206. http://www.paper.edu.cn [26 Nov 2005].

Zocchi E, A Carpaneto, C Cerrano, G Bavestrello, M Giovine, S Bruzzone, L Guida, L Franco, C Usai. 2001. The temperature-signaling cascade in sponges involves a heat-gated cation channel, absisic acis, and cyclic ADP- ribose. Proceeding of The National Academy of Sciencesnof the United State of America (PNAS) 2001; 98: 1459-14864. www.pnas.org [Jan 2007].

Zocchi E. G Basile, C cerrano, G Bavestrello, M Giovine, S Bruzzone, L Guida, A Carpaneto, R Magrassi, C Usai. 2002. ABA- and cADPR- mediated effects on respiration and filtration downstream of the temperature-signaling cascade in sponges. Journals of Cell Science 116: 629-636.

(10)

LAMPIRAN

(11)

Lampiran 1 Struktur taksonomi spons Aaptos aaptos dan Petrosia sp.

Klasifikasi Spons Demospongiae Kingdom : Animalia Filum : Porifera Kelas : Demospongiae

Ordo : Hadromerida

Famili : Suberitidae

Genus : Aaptos

Spesies : Aaptos aaptos

Ordo : Haplosclerida

Famili: Petrosiidae

Genus : Petrosia

Spesies : Petrosia sp.

Lampiran 2 Peta lokasi pengambilan sampel (Pulau Pari)

Gambar 19 Peta Pulau Pari

ÊÚ Ê

Ú

P. Pari P. Tengah

P. Gundul

P. Burung P. Kongsi P. Tikus

P. Biawak

674000

676000

678000

680000

682000

9348000 9348000

9350000 9350000

9352000 9352000

9354000 9354000

L A U T J A W A

Laut Gosong Karang Daratan Ê

Ú Stasiun Pengamatan Legenda :

800 0 800 1600 Meters

S N E W

St. BP

St. SP

PETA LOKASI PENELITIAN

(12)

Lampiran 3 Sifat morfologi dan fisiologi bakteri simbion yang berhasil diisolasi dari spons Aaptos aaptos

UJI FISIOLOGI NAMA

ISOLAT Ara Ado Raff Sal Arg A1 - - - - + A2 + - - - - A3 - - - - + A4 - - - - + A5 - - - A6 - - - A7 - - - A8 - - -

MORFOLOGI UJI FISIOLOGI

NAMA

ISOLAT Pigmentasi Gram Bentuk sel Oksi Mot nitrat lys Orn H2S Glu Man

A1 putih + batang panjang - + + - - - - - A2 oranye + bulat (kokus) - - + - - - + - A3 putih + batang (basil) - - - + + - - - A4 putih - batang pendek - - + + + - - - A5 putih - batang pendek - - + - - - A6 putih - bulat (kokus) - - - + - - - - A7 putih - bulat (kokus) + + + + - - - - A8 putih + batang panjang - + - - -

UJI FISIOLOGI NAMA

ISOLAT Xyl ONPG Indol Ure VP Cit TDA Gel Mal Ino Sor Rham Suc Lac A1 - - - + - - - A2 - - - + - - - + A3 - - - + - + - - - A4 - - - + - + - - - A5 - - - - + - - + - - - A6 - - - + - - - A7 - - - - + - - + - - - A8 - - - - + - - + - - -