THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BUILDING
(In Daniel Goleman’s Perspective, 1995 into 2005)
THESIS
By:
ROFIQ NURSASONGKO
11301010
ENGLISH AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN)
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN)
SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 3 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BUILDING (in Daniel Goleman Perspective)
ROFIO NURSASONGKO 11301010
Has been brought to the board o f Examiners at February 28th 2006 M, and hereby considered to completely fulfilled the requirement o f the Degree o f Sarjana Educational Islamic Studies (S.Pd.I) in the English and Education Department.
Drs. Badwan. M.Ag. NIP. 150498793
1st Examiner
Dra. Woro R. M.Pd. NIP. 150262646
Attentive Consultant
Dr. H. Muh. Saerozi, M.Ag.
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
SALATIGA
Jl. frUu*. l Plot* (02W) u n o i
S0721
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Salatiga, 26
of
Januari 2006
Case
: Rofiq Nursasongko's
Thesis
Dear,
The Head of State Islamic
Studies Institute Salatiga
(t^>
After reading and correcting Rofiq Nursasongko's thesis
entitled
THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BUILDING (In
Daniel G olem an's Perspective)",
I have decided and would like
to propose that if could be accepted by the educational faculty, I
f
MOTTO
R e l i e f L tAes
and/ iv carn et j^umb au/u
DEDICATION
d jAttaH SWT, His Qodtfie aCmightyfor His talents and
many things 6(essed
d His dearest !Mom ( WasinaH) and<Dad (Hgatijan), you
are tHe 6est -parents in this worCd.
d His HeCoved sister ( Sugiyanti, S iti oHmah) and young
sister (jAristiasiH)
d JAtd o f His friends.
!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name o f Allah, The Mighty, everlasting. Thank to him for his blessing so the writer can finish this graduating paper. Blesses and praise also go to my prophet (Muhammad SAW).
This thesis entitled “Emotional Intelligence Building in Daniel Goleman’s Perspective” is presented as partial fulfillment o f the requirement for the Sarjana Degree at English Department o f the Salatiga State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN). In writing this thesis the writer is guidanced and supported by several people so it can be finished, although there are still many mistakes. Hence the writer would like to thank to :
1. Drs. Badwan, M.Ag., as the head o f Salatiga State Islamic Institute (STAIN).
2. Drs. Sa’adi, M.Ag., as the head o f English Department.
3. Dr. Zaerozi and Ruwandi, S.Pd., as the counselor in writing this thesis. 4. Dearest mother and father who have touch me in everything and also my
sisters and little sister you always give me spirit.
5. All lectures and staff o f Salatiga State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN).
I
TABLE OF CONTENS
TITLE OF TO PIC... i
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR N O TE S... ii
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION... iii
M OTTO... iv
D EDICATION... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vi
TABLE OF CONTENS... viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION A. Background o f the Study... 1
B. Reasons for Choosing the T o p ic ... 2
C. Statement o f the Problem ... 3
D. Objectives o f the S tu d y ... 6
E. Benefits o f the Study... 6
F. Literature R eview ... 6
G. Methodology o f the Study... 8
H. Thesis O rganization... 9
CHAPTER II : BIOGRAPHY A. Daniel Goleman Education Process... 10
B. Daniel Goleman’s Religion... 10
C. Daniel Goleman’s W ork... 11
CHAPTER III : LITERATURES REVIEW
A. Definition o f Emotional Intelligence... 15
B. Aspects o f Emotional Intelligence... 18
C. Factors which Influence Emotional Intelligence... 22
D. Parameters o f Emotional Intelligence... 26
E. The Role o f Emotion in Learning... 28
F. Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Concept... 30
G. Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Building Concept.... 31
CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS A. Criticism to the Daniel Goleman’s Concept o f Emotional Intelligence... 32
B. Criticism to the Emotional Intelligence A sp ect... 38
C. Criticism to the Daniel Goleman’s Concept o f ... Emotional Intelligence B uilding... 40
CHAPTER V : CLOSURE A. Conclusion... 53
B. Suggestion... 56
CHAPTER I
THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BUILDING
(In Daniel Goleman’s Perspective)
A. Background of the Study
Non formal education is the crucial process. People need it in their life, because basically they are weak, accordingly learning to know something is people’s necessity. In this case, family plays important part. It is the smallest social unit and as primary foundation for children’s development. It gives a great influence for establishment o f their character and personality.
A good or bad family will give positive or negative impact for child growth in social life. In the social life there are three educational institution have influence for the psychological development o f children. The three o f them are family, school and society. Thus we cannot separate one and another.
School as one educational institution establishes, many lessons are given there. However the majority o f school in this country only numbered cognition aspect, and skill is needed by student in their life not only intellectual intelligence, but also need more skill (emotional intelligence). Daniel Goleman says:
Intellectual intelligence (IQ) only contributes 20 percent to the factors that determine life success, which leaves 80 percent to the other forces. And as one observe note, the vast majority o f one’s ultimate niche in society is determined by non intellectual quotient factors-ranging from social class to luck.1
Many examples show that people are having high intellectual quotient, but they have bad achievement in their work. Ary Ginanjar Agustian says that: 1
discipline, empathy, initiative will influence people succeed." In the fact, rare!} people have those skills in their life. Average people forget that emotional
intelligence is more important than intellectual intelligence.
Educators are one o f the important factors that determine educanonai process. But
many
educators do not care emotional intelligence (El) aspects in teaching-learning process. Moreover those are more important than the intellectual intelligence. Daniel Goleman's explanation above.- our cognition only contributes 20 percent to the factors that determined life success, this opinion is crucial to the teachers, they must change their educational system, according!} the students in our country can leant effectively and be skillful.
According to Daniel Goleman's argument the success of one s life and education does not only depend on their intellectual intelligence He argue' that those who subscribe the narrow- view o f intelligence saw intelligence quotient is a given genetic that cannot be changed by life experience; and destiny in life being largely fixed by this aptitude ignores the more challenging factor Further he says
when people o f high intellectual intelligence flounder and modest do surprising!} well, the differences lie on the emotional intelligence which includes self control, zeal persistence and the ability to motivate themselves
education is in the second stage after emotional intelligence.4 It is the new concept. No one can yet sav exactly how much o f the variability emotion from person to person in life's course many psychologists say that it can be as powerful as and at time more powerful than intellectual intelligence (IQ).
The writer has explained above that intellectual quotient is a given from social different between the grab-marshmallow preschoolers and their gratification-delaying peer was dramatic.4
Thus clear that emotion intelligence (El) can be built every time although we have bad intellectual intelligence standard, experience is the factor that determine every humans' life, and basically person cannot live oneself. They
Daniel Goleivan./Kccertlasan Emosional Entak M em apai Puncak Prestasi. Alih Bahasa Oleh Alex Kantjoro Widodo; Graniedia. Jakarta, 1996, P. 7.
always need other people and environment to fulfill their necessity, They will not
be successful if they do not have good skill o f communication (emotional skill). From the realities above we know that emotion intelligence (El) is important in our life, for example: initiative, optimism, patient, motivation etc. By using those capabilities we can use our power completely and be successful in life. Talking about the emotional quotient (EQ) we have several references although this problem is the new concept in psychological case, those references namely; Daniel Goleman, Ary Ginanjar Agustian, Cleland, Danah Zohar. They give large explanation about this terms. Even half people o f world know the Daniel
Goleman’s book.
B. The Reason for Choosing the Topic
In choosing the topic the writer has reasons as bellow: 1. Emotional intelligence (El) is new concept in psychology.
2. Emotional quotient (EQ) is a given genetic that can be changed by life experience so every people can be smart in this intelligence
3. Daniel Goleman as an expert especially in emotional intelligence, has many contributions in humans’ life
4. The topic has many references, so the writer can look for related data easily. 5. Emotional quotient (EQ) is important for human’s life.
6. The writer is interested in this problem.
C. The Statement of the Problem
The statement o f the problem is used to make emphasizing o f the research. It is intended to overcome bias in the study. In this thesis the writer raises questions are as follows:
1. What are the aspects o f emotional intelligence (EI)?
2. How is Daniel Goleman’s concept o f emotional quotient (EQ)? 3. How is Daniel Goleman’s concept o f emotional intelligence building?
D. Objectives o f the Study
Based o f the statement o f the problems above, the writer has objectives as
bellow:
1. To know the aspects o f emotional intelligence (El)
2. To know the Daniel Goleman’s concept o f emotional intelligence (El)
3. To know the Daniel Goleman’s concept o f emotional intelligence (EQ)
building.
4. To know the weakness and strenghtness o f Daniel Goieman’s concept about
emotional intelligence (El) building
E. Benefits of the Study
The result o f this study is expected to be beneficial in two ways: 1. Practically
Practically this study will give additional contribution for students and teachers. By using this study, they know about emotional intelligence (El) and how to overcome their ability.
2. Theoretically
Theoretically this study will add the literature in psychology especially in emotional quotient (EQ).
F. The L iterature Review
Daniel Goleman’s work entitled emotional intelligence as the former
research, this study is familiar in 90’S.He explains that emotional quotient is as ability to recognize, to manage our emotion and to motivate ourselves. Daniel Goleman declares clearly about emotion brain the nature o f emotion ability, the application o f it (EQ), and the window o f opportunity for increasing in life
Ir. Agus Ngermanto in his work quantum quotient tries to intensify the whole potential o f intellectual (IQ), emotional intelligence (EQ), spiritual intelligence (SQ). afterward come to the study quantum quotient (QQ). In this
research the writer tries to make.people’s intelligence quantum by giving several methods
Ian marshal and Danah Zohar (in spiritual intelligence ) inform about
spiritual intelligence ; the scientific prove o f spiritual intelligence, the use o f these and how to in crease them.
John Gottman, in his work the ways to improve children Emotional
intelligence, explains several practical and effective ways o f in proving emotional intelligence in deeper understanding with tried, student and children. This research explains how EQ is applied in the family life; how to foster children in accordance
1. Types o f research
The types o f this research is descriptive, it means that this study will describe all phenomenons that arise from the object o f the research factually accurately by non statistic method.
2. Approach
In this study the writer will use the thematic method. It means that the
writer use theme or term when collects books that related to the theme. Afterward the writer will take and combine Daniel Goleman's idea w ith the other experts.
3. Data source
To get data in this thesis, the writer reads books related to the topic. The data sources consist o f two kinds, those source are as follows:
a. Primary data source
As the primary data source is Daniel G olem an's book (Emotional Intelligence).
b. Secondary data source
As the secondary data source are books which in connection whit the topic. It is used to complete the primary data source.
1) Ary Ginanjar Agustian 2) Usmant Najati
4. Data analysis
After the writer collects data, then those will be analyzed be come consecutive. To do that analysis the writer has four methods. Those methods are stated as follow:
a. Deductive Method
Deductive method is taking a conclusion from general phenomenon to specific one.7
b. Inductive Method
It is taking conclusion from specific phenomenon to general one.8 *
c. Descriptive Method
By using this method the writer interprets and explains data collected without hypothesis test.9
d. Critical Method
The writer thinks to interpret several expert’s opinions, then loosen and concluded them. With this method the writer gives criticizes for the emotional intelligence building according to the Daniel Goleman.
e. Hermeniotic Method
In this method the writer studies several aspects around Daniel Goleman. * 1
7 Ibid. P.42. 1 Ibid, P.42.
H. The Out Line of the Thesis
In writing this thesis the writer divides the thesis into five chapter namely introduction, the body o f the thesis and conclusion. The organization o f this thesis is as follows:
Chapter I, this chapter consists of: background o f the study, reasons for choosing the topic, statements o f the problem, objectives and benefits o f the study, literature review, methodology o f research.
Chapter II, in this chapter the writer will explain the Daniel Goleman’s bibliography. This chapter is divided into four parts namely: Daniel Goleman is religion, Goleman’s work, and Goleman’s book.
Chapter III, this chapter contained o f literature reviews they are as follows: the definition o f emotional intelligence, the nature o f emotional intelligence, factors that influenced emotional intelligence, parameter o f emotional intelligence, the rule o f emotion in learning.
Chapter IV, in this chapter the writer will analyze and criticize the Daniel Goleman’s concept. It consists o f two parts, they are as follows: the Daniel Goleman’s concept o f emotional intelligence, the Daniel Goleman’s concept o f emotional intelligence building, the role o f emotion in learning.
CHAPTER II
BIOGRAPHY OF DANIEL GOLEMAN
A. Daniel Goleman Education Process
Daniel Goleman was bom in Stockton, California in 1954. He attended Amherst College, where he was still an Alfred P. Sloan Scholar and graduated magna cum laude1. His graduate education was completed in Harvard University when he was in a Ford fellow; then he received his M.A. and Ph.D in Clinical Psychology and Personality Development* 2.
Daniel Goleman is the psychologist. He has a great name in this world. Most o f people know him especially academicians. It is caused by his great idea in emotional intelligence. 20 years ago many people claimed that IQ is the most excellent ability so they neglect other people’s intelligence (emotional intelligence).
N ow Dr. Daniel Goleman lives in the bashers o f Massachusetts with his wife (Tara Bonnet-Goleman). His wife is a psychotherapist. He has two grown sons and three granddaughters3.
B. Daniel Goleman’s Religion
Goleman’s religion is used by the writer to know Goleman’s idea model. It is very important in this research, because every person’s idea is certainly influenced by their religion. Besides, the writer uses hermeneutic method in collecting data about Goleman.
' Http: //w w w .K ellyB ear.com /T eacherA rticles/T each erT he3.H tm l 2 Http. Ibid.
Goleman’s religion is “Protestant”. It can be shown from his education process. He has education experience in Harvard University. Harvard University is a university which separates religion terms from curriculum'*. Then it influences Goleman’s idea. We will find Goleman’s concept about emotional intelligence that is always far from religion aspect.
In his concept Goleman never includes religion aspect or God spot. He only sees emotional intelligence building in psychological terms. Yet, person’s psychology is always influenced by religion. On other hand, religion correlates with psychology and it is too bad if we separate religion from psychology in emotional intelligence building.
C. Daniel Goleman’s Work
As the psychologist Dr. Daniel Goleman has many ideas whether in articles or books. Through his written he opens all peoples’ eyes in this world about intelligence perceptions. Former people regard that intellectual intelligence (IQ) is the excellent intelligence, but after they read and heard Goleman books they become realized that, many other peoples’ intelligence is more important than intellectual intelligence (IQ).
Dr. Goleman is co chairman o f the consortium for research on emotion intelligence (El) in organization, that is based on school curriculum and professional psychologist in Rutgers University, for those who identify the best practices for developing emotional competence.
carrier achievement award for journalistic from the American psychological association in recognition o f his idea.
D. Daniel Coleman’s Books and Articles
Daniel Goleman lectures internationally in business audience’s professional group and in college campuses o f psychologists who for .many years reported on the brain and behavior sciences for the New York Times. Dr. Daniel Goleman previously was a visiting faculty member o f Harvard. He has many ideas in articles or books, those are as below:
- Dr. Daniel Goleman’s 1995 book entitled (emotional intelligence) was in the New York Times best -seller list for a year and a half with more than five (5) million copies in print throughout the world, and was translated into over 30 languages in more than 50 countries including Indonesia. Indonesian’s education curriculum has changed, and the newest curriculum in this country prioritizes emotional intelligence (El) aspect as the one curriculum that is called CBC. (KBK)
- His 1998 book working with emotional intelligence, argues that work place competencies based in emotional intelligence (El) plays a far greater role in star performance than does intellect or technical skill. And both individuals and companies that benefit from cultivating these capabilities become an immediate New York Times best seller.
His follow -up article in March /April 2000 issue o f the Harvard business review “leadership” became another best selling reprint.
- In march 2002 the release of primal leadership: learning to lead with emotion and intelligence (El) unveiled new scientific evidence demonstrating that a leader emotional intelligence has an enormous impact on the performance o f groups being led and in an organization bottom line. Primal leadership co written by Richard Boyartzis and Annie Mckee, was preceded by a related article by the three co authors in the December 2001 issued in Harvard business review entitled “primal leadership: the hidden driver o f great performance “.
- In his lattes book destructive emotions: how can be we overcome
them? Dr. Goleman presents dialogues between the Dalai Lama and expert in eastern philosophy and western sciences on the topic o f emotions and the prospect o f enabling people to defuse fear, anger, and other destructive emotion before they trigger damaging behavior.
- Dr. Goleman co-founded the collaborative for academic, social and emotional learning in the Yale University child studies center (now in the university o f Illinois Chicago) with the mission to help School introduce emotional literacy courses - one mark o f the collaborative impact is that
thousands o f school around the world have begun to implement such programs. The effort to communicate the behavior sciences to the public, he was elected a fellow o f the American associations for the advancement o f sciences and was recently ranked one o f the top ten business intellectuals by the Accentor institute for strategic change.
CHAPTER III
LITERATURE REVIEWS OF
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
A. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
According to Daniel Goleman, intellectual intelligence (IQ) only contributes 20 percent toward people success, while Emotional intelligence does 80 percent'. Moreover the newest report shows that it can be built and improved better, more challenging and more prospective than intellectual intelligence (IQ) if we want to exercise by several methods that can manage our emotion. Basically Emotional Intelligence (EQ) can be applied widely in:
Working
Learning
Teaching
Friendship and fam ily
People with high intellectual intelligence sometimes fail, and those who are modest often surprisingly well. Goleman concludes that our view
o f human intelligence is far to narrow1 2. He stresses that high intellectual intelligence test does not guarantee future success and to determine a child’s ability to be self discipline, motivated, or display enthusiasm for life.
Our society has over emphasized intellectual intelligence to neglect emotional intelligence skills such as
Empathy
Reasonability
Persistence
Impulse control and caring
However these attributes can be taught to all people, because these are not genetic factors. Childhood is good window to overcome children’s emotional habit. We, as parents, must help our children to recognize and understand their emotion and others’. Children will be better in controlling themselves and handle their frustration in positive way, if they learn to preserve and accept mistake as a natural part o f learning.
1. Definition of Emotional Intelligence
motivates us to do action, so the more we are motivated the more porsibilities to take action.
In the most literal sense, the oxford English dictionary defines emotion as any agitation or disturbance o f
M ind
Feeling
Passion
Any vehement or excited mental state.
Emotional intelligence is a new concept in psychology, but it can give great influences in its views. Many experts are interested to give explanations in this terms. Even in Indonesia, many psychologists write books entitled emotional intelligence. Goleman conducted emotional intelligence research more than 10 years. He explained that it is ability to recognize one’s motion feeling and other, ability to motivate and manage our emotion with others4.
Hence, Goleman defines that EQ is the ability to control our self feeling, spirit, perseverance, motivation; and capability to fight against frustration; and impulse to make peace and relax atmosphere to get rid o ff stress that is able to block up our thinking
ability; and also to recognize other feeling (empathy) to keep well relationship and solve the conflict2 3.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that Emotional Intelligence is peoples’ ability to manage their emotion. Accordingly, they can use their intellectual intelligence effectively, without emotion domination. Basically, all people have emotional skills. Those skills are as bellow:
Identifying and labeling feeling
Expressing feeling
Assessing the intensity o f feeling
Managing feeling
Delaying gratification
Reducing stress
Knowing the differences between feeling and action.
2. Aspects o f Emotional Intelligence
According to Salovey in Goleman’s book, he subsumes Gardner’s personal intelligence in his basic definition o f Emotional Intelligence into five main domains6.
Knowing one ’s emotion
Knowing one’s emotion is basic o f emotional aspect. It is important for self-understanding. Self-awareness recognizing a feel as (it happen) is the keystone o f
emotional intelligence.
Managing emotion
Managing emotion is the therapist after fail from the first aspect. People with this skill can get up from their problem, because they always guide them selves.
Motivate themselves
Every person in this world, with this ability, will incline,be productive and effective in any aspects.
Knowing other people emotion
This skill depends on emotional awareness. By this skill people can associate easily, since they know character and model o f others emotion.
Handling relationship
Building a relationship art is influenced by ability in knowing other people emotion. People who excel in this
skill will do well at anything that relies on interacting smoothly with other; they are called as social art.
After that, Emotional Intelligence is adopted by Goleman into several aspects. They are as bellow ':
a. Self-awareness
Self- awareness has meaning to be aware o f both our mood and
toughs. (In wards o f john Mayor and Yale’s Salovey as a caformulator o f Emotional Intelligence (El) theory). Self awareness can be non reactive and non judgmental attention to inner star, but M ayer says that this sensibility can also be less euonymus, type call taught speaking emotional self awareness is include shouldn’t (feel this way I am thinking a thing good or cheer up and more restricted self awareness the flecking taught’ don’t thing about it ‘in reacting to something highly’).
b. Self-management
People that can manage their emotion will be successful in every activity
c. Motivation
d. Empathy
People’s emotion is rarely put into words; for more often they are expressed throughout other cues, the key to intuiting another’s feeling is the ability to read a non verbal channel, gesture, facial expression, and the like. By this skill, people will get relations in society
e. The social art
Gardner identifies components o f interpersonal intelligence as bellow8.
1) Organization group, the essential skill o f the leader. This involves initiating and coordinating the effort o f people network. This is a talent as seen in theater director or producer, in military officer, and in effective heads o f organizations, and unit o f all kinds o f the play or become team captain.
2) Negotiating solution
People, that have this ability, are excellent in deal making, in
arbitrating or mediating dispute. They might have career in diplomacy.
3) Personal collecting
Every person that has this ability, inclines many friends or partners in the business world. He does well as sale people or managers, more over can be excellent teacher
4) Social analysis
It is ability to detect the peoples’ emotion and feeling. Motivation that concerns this ability makes one counselor had the same literacy talent.
3. Factors that influence Emotional Intelligence
Every person development is always influenced by environment and learning factor. No ones able to be perfect in this world without learning although its process is bad. Emotional intelligence is peoples’
ability that is produced from long process, so we can say that life process will determine Emotional Intelligence, and at lest will determine life success.
The development pattern is like is has scientific as well as paracitical values; those values are9.
First, knowledge o f pattern o f human development helps development psychologist to know what to except o f children at approximately certain ages to except different patterns o f behavior to appear; and when this pattern will normally be replaced by more natured pattern
Second, knowing what to except enables development psychologist to set up guidelines in the form o f height - weight scale and social or emotion development scale; since the pattern o f development for all normal children is approximately the same. It is possible to evaluate each child in terms o f the norm for the child‘s age. It means that child is making normal adjustment to social expectations. Child can then be given learning opportunities and encouragement to use theses opportunities.
Third, since successful development requires a guidance, knowing development pattern enables parents and teachers to guide the child learning at appropriate time
Fourth, knowing what the normally development pattern is, makes it possible for parent and teacher to prepare children schedule o f time for the changes that will take place in their bodies, their interest or their behavior
Many people use the terms ‘growth and development “Interco arguably in the realty. They have different thought but they are inseparable: neither take place alone; growth refers to quantitative changes that crease in size and structure
Developments by contrast refer to qualitative changes; it may be defined as AA progressive series at orderly coherent changes10.
. Basically, the development precede people changes. The changes consist o f four (4) types, they are11:
a. Changes in sizes
These include physical changes as in height, weight, circumference, and internal organ; and mental changes in memory reasoning perception and creative imaginations
b. Change in proportions
Change in children imaginative capacity is better development than their reasoning capacity while the reserve is true in adult
c. Disappearance o f old features
d. Acquisition o f new feature
Some new physic and mental features develop from maturation and it develops from learning and experience. New physic feature includes second teaching, and primary, and secondary sex characteristic.
Most o f the psychologists have said the preschool years from about ages 2 to 5 are among the most important in the time thus many complex behaviors are built in children life- times; So the majority o f Goleman’s book claims that childhood is a good window to the emotion intelligence developm ent'2. Although in the Pre School children have done a learning process; in that time, they are changing in behavior because they emit in which person socially copys after people do according to teacher or parent they teach them carefully
In the reality, every person has diifferent process. Sometimes, they have good process but on the other hand, bad or good process is influenced by people’s environment. Daniel Goleman says that emotional intelligence is influenced by two factors they are as bellow 13.
a. Family Environment, it is the first place or as School to the children. When they are bom in this world, they cannot do anything, except sleeping and crying; and then they learn from their mother, father and other family members. Accordingly, parent or family is important to children development. They must be serious in caring children need emotions, training to grow into productive, satisfied adult. British says
that “you can take a boy out from fam ily but you cannot take fam ily out o f the boy”14. It means that every children character’s is always colored by family
b. Non fam ily environment, in this environment, every person will look for herself by communicating with other. After, they learn in her family, they will learn in school. In this place they have new ideal people in their life eventhough parent is important factor in children emotional intelligence development, people have to control child’s habit in social life because it more gives great influence to the child’s development.
2. The Parameter of Emotional Intelligence Development
Emotional intelligence is not genetic factor and it can develop during time. It consists o f many aspects and characteristics so if we want to measure one’s emotional intelligence, we need several measurements o f every aspect. Accordingly, we are able to say that to measure emotional intelligence is more difficult than intellectual intelligence, because intellectual intelligence has different character and standard from emotional intelligence.
have several problems in the emotional intelligence measurement. Now good emotional intelligence parameter has not yet found, but we can measure one’s emotional intelligence subjectively. It means that we can make a questioner that depends on one’s life.
According to Agus Ngermanto in his book entitled “quantum
quotient “ says that the best method to measure one’s emotional intelligence is by using Daniel Goleman’s work sketch; it consists o f five categones those categories; Those catagories are as bellows .
- Service
- Develop other people - Handling differences - Politic awareness
e. Social skill - Influence
- Communications - Leadership - Change catalyst - Conflict management - Network bender
- Collaboration corporation - Team work
3. The Role of Emotion in Learning
Talking about EQ and Quantum learning is very interesting. In Indonesia, EQ is former than Quantum Learning but in America Quantum Learning is former than EQ. From those, we are able to combine in learning.
learning. Researcher and cognitive psychologist, Dr. Daniel Goleman explains16.
In the dance o f feeling and thought the emotional faculty guides our moment-to-moment decisions, working hand-in-hand with the rational mind, enabling-or-disabling thought itself. In a sense, we have two brains, two minds and two different kinds o f intelligence: rational and emotional. How we do in life (and learning) is determined by both. It is not just IQ, but emotional intelligence that matters. Indeed, intellect cannot work at its best without emotional intelligence.
Have you ever wondered why do learners shut down and cannot hear you, why do you momentarily lose your sanity when you get angry, or why you always think o f your best come backs an hour after you have been insulted? The brain is “emotionally hijacked” into the fight-or-flight mode and operates at survival level. The availability o f neural connections and activity actually decreases or becomes minimized in the situation. And the brain cannot access higher order thinking skill.
The good news is, a brain can also do the opposite with positive stress, our supportive pressure, now as the brain can emotionally can engage and allow for maximizing o f neural activity.
From explanations above, it can be concluded that positive emotion has good effect for learning process so the result o f it is optimal. While the negative emotion influences learning boringly and the result o f it is
After that he explains that EQ development is always influenced by two factors, they are:
- family environment
- and non family environment
5. Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Building Concept
. According to Goleman, how can we fulfill our reasonability to assist children in becoming emotional literate? He gives several methods. These methods are as bellow20:
increasing self awareness
- teach student to manage their emotion
- call attention to norms for acceptable behavior in our society teach them to control their negative impulse trough self-regulation - help children develop listening and communication skill
challenge children to motivate themselves involve parents as much as possible
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
After the writer finishes collecting data about Emotional Intelligence Building (In Goleman’s Perspective). Then, he respectively analyzes them. The analysis is formatted as follows:
A. Criticism to Daniel Goleman’s Concept of Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence (El) is a new concept in psychology, especially in the intelligence terms. Former, people regard that intellectual intelligence (IQ) is the excellent ability. Accordingly, many schools in this world pay more attention in intellectual intelligence IQ). As the effect o f those perceptions many educators forget that people have other abilities such as:
a) Ability to manage their emotion b) Ability to braid association.
c) Ability to build a good moral in communication.
According to Daniel Goleman in his book entitled “Emotional Intelligence” ; he argues that: Intellectual Intelligence (IQ) only contributes 20% to the factors that determine life success, and leaves 80% to the other forces. Then as one o f observation notes, the vast majority o f one’s ultimate niche in society is determined by non intellectual intelligence (IQ) factors - ranging.1
The Harvard Business calls Emotional Intelligence (El) as a “revolutionary paradigm-shattering idea”. The kind o f idea does not just advance the conversation, but permanently alters it.
Daniel Goleman’s ground breaking international best seller, has transformed the way o f children education, relates to family, friend and does business.
While Dr. Daniel Goleman does not discount the importance o f intellectual intelligence (IQ). He believes it is not the sole measurement o f one’s intelligence and potential. According to Daniel Goleman in Agus Ngermanto’s book entitled “Quantum Quotient (QQ); Emotional Intelligence aspect consists o f two parts; they are individual and social abilities: 2 3
Individual Ability consists o f self awareness, emotion balance / self management, and motivation. While Social Ability consists o f empathy, and social art.
In his view o f (Emotional Intelligence), he gives one example which shows that Intellectual Intelligence (IQ) is not useful when emotion is blocked up. The example is as follows:
Jason H., Sophomore and Straight - A student o f a Coral Springs, Florida, High School, was fixted on getting into medical school; not just any medical school; he dreams o f Harvard.
Pologruto in the physics lab stabbed his teacher in the color bone before being subdued in a struggle.
Many other examples are like that. Moreover, we can find the problems ourselves. The example above means that, people will not do anything successfully, although they have high intellectual intelligence, if they cannot manage their emotion.
The problem is how do we use our high intellectual intelligence (IQ) in emotion controlling without emotion influences?
Goleman also explains that Emotional Intelligence (El) can be built and improved by learning, because it is not genetic factor. It is resulted o f life process. He argues that “childhood” is a special window to build child’s Emotional Intelligence (El). H
With his New York Time best seller, (working with emotional intelligence), Daniel Goleman placed Emotional intelligence directly in the work place. Then, he wrote the article “What makes a leader?” - the most requested reprint in the history o f Harvard business review.
IQ test has been spread widely, so if we want to measure one’s IQ we can do by many models. Then how can we measure one’s emotional intelligence? We are able to know one’s emotional intelligence measurement subjectively. It means, we can measure one’s emotional intelligence by several measurement o f emotional intelligence from daily life. We cannot measure emotional intelligent by using statistic test. 4
Emotional intelligence can be handled by greater skill. It is a unique set o f competence. Emotional aptitude is a meta-ability, determining how well we can use whatever other skills including raw intellect.
Emotional intelligence is so complex; it consists o f many aspects and characteristics so it is possible if there are several experts who give different explanations. Daniel Goleman as psychologist gives many contribution to emotional intelligence. Accordingly, many people open their eyes to receive a new changing in intelligence perception. However, Daniel Goleman is ju st a human that has weakness, although his idea constructs many life aspects.
To analyze Goleman’s Concept, the writer will use several experts like: Ari Ginanjar Agustian, Agus Ngermanto, Gardner, Prophet Muhammad SAW, and Dr M. Utsman Najati.
Agus Ngermanto, says that emotional intelligence (EQ) can be known
by many people after Goleman made a book entitled Emotional Intelligent (E l).J Actually he has done an experiment for ten year but he waited, to get some data to prove his experiment. Then, his efforts make a surprise in psychological terms. His idea is received by many people.
Agus Ngermanto always uses Goleman idea in writing his book; for example, when he defines and explains emotional intelligence.
Daniel Goleman says that childhood is special window to improve child’s emotional intelligence. Dealing with that statement, Bobbi De Porter
intuition is fixed from the birth and the first seven year in life. This intelligence will develop rapidly if they are cared effectively. 6
He also gives several ways to keep the intelligence well. Those ways are as follows: 7
- Bottom o f nerve structure must be developed so energy can flow to place it higher.
- Children have to feel safely physically or emotionally.
- Parent must give several model to respond the children.
More than 15 years Gardner (Education Professor o f Harvard) did a research about humans’ intelligence. By that Research, he can break mythos that IQ cannot be changed. He says that IQ is only part o f humans’ intelligence, it is farer than IQ. People have much intelligence, those are formulated by Gardner as multiple intelligence.
Multiple intelligence consists of: logic intelligence, mathematic, linguistic-verbal, visual-spatial, musical, kinesthetic, emotional, naturalist, intuitive, moral, existential, and spiritual intelligences. 8
Before Goleman constructed Emotional Intelligence, Gardner formerly has said that IQ is only small part o f humans’ intelligence, but when the writer observes the Goleman’s book entitled Emotional Intelligence (El) he finds that he always used Gardner’s statements such as when he explains Emotional
6 Babbi D e Porter and M ike H ernackhi, Quantum Learning, D ell Publishing, N e w Y ork, 1992, P. 30
7 O p .cit., P. 30
Intelligence aspect. Accordingly, the writer can say that Goleman emits Gadner’s theory.
Ari Ginanjar Agustian, as the third expert in emotional intelligence always uses Goleman’s ideas. He says in his book that fasting has a big effect for Emotional Intelligence building. Actually, he threatens to Goleman’s experiment which is called marshmallow test. In his test Goleman gave several foods to his students but he prohibited his students eat those foods until he came. Children, who obey his instruction and have passion, are more surely competent: personally effective and self assertive, and better able to cope with the frustration o f life. Ari Ginanjar collaborates Emotional Intelligence with Islamic perception, because Goleman’s never includes religious aspects.
The role o f Emotional Question in getting future is bigger than Intellectual Intelligence (IQ). The former experts such as Gardner, Mayer, and Shapiro do not explain clearly about emotional contribution. They just say that life success is not always dependent on Intellectual Intelligence. Goleman briefly gives explanation accordance with emotional intelligence contribution.
In his book Entitled Emotional intelligence, he briefly says that IQ only contributes 20 percent to the life success and the other is influenced Emotional Intelligence. It contributes 80 percent to people success.
explained by God (Allah) in his holy Quran so if Goleman says that EQ is a new concept in psychology, which is absolutely w rong.9
From the explanations above, the writer can state that Daniel Goleman is a good expert in emotional intelligence. He can construct or change people’s perception about intelligence, but actually Goleman is the generation o f Gardner. Long time before, he has stated that IQ is only part o f humans’ intelligence. While in his concept, he does not give several EQ building method in daily life. He also does not include religious aspects, but only emphasizes it theoretically. Thus the writer can say that Goleman is secular.
B. Criticism to Emotional Intelligence Aspect
According to Daniel Goleman in Agus Ngermanto’s book entitled Quantum Quotient (QQ) it is said that EQ has several aspects, those aspects are divided into two parts. Those parts are as follows:
1. Individual ability
Individual ability consists o f three points, they are as follows:
- Self awareness
- Self management
- Motivation 2. Social ability
- Empathy
- Social art
According to Salove in Goleman’s book it is said that EQ has five aspects. Those aspects are as follows:
1. Knowing one’s emotion
Knowing one’s emotion is the basic o f EQ. It is important for self understanding, self awareness, and to recognize a feeling
2. Managing emotion
Managing emotion is a therapy after failing from the first aspect. People with this skill, people will get up from their problem, because they are guided by themselves.
3. Motivate them selves
People in this world have this ability, so if they can encourage motivation they will be inclinely productive, and effective in every life aspect.
4. Knowing other peoples’ emotion
This skill is called empathy. It depends on emotional awareness. By this skill people can associate easily, since they know the characters and models o f the other emotions.
5. Handling relationship
Building relationship is influenced by the ability to know other emotions. From the explanation above it can be taken a conclusion that Emotional Intelligence has aspects as bellow:
a. Individual ability:
- Knowing ones emotion / self awareness
Motivate themselves / motivation
b. Social ability:
- Empathy / knowing others emotion
- Social art / handling relationship
C. Criticism to Daniel Goleman’s Concept of Emotional Intelligence
Building
Sometimes people with high Emotional Intelligence fail and (those o f modest intellectual quotient (IQ)). In his book Emotional Intelligence (El) Daniel Goleman concludes that our view o f human intelligence is far too
n arro w .,u He stresses that a high score on an intellectual intelligence (IQ) test does not guarantee future success or determine a child’s ability to be self discipline, motivation, or display enthusiasm for life.
He postulates in recent year that we have experienced a degeneration o f emotional literacy across racial and class boundaries, and suicide. Goleman believes that society has over emphasized intellectual intelligence to neglect emotional intelligence skills such as empathy, responsibility, persistence, impulse control, and caring. However, he states that these attributes can be taught.
According to Daniel Goleman, childhood is a special window o f opportunity for shaping children’s emotion habit. We must help children recognize and understand their emotion and others’. They will be better to 10
control themselves and handle their frustration in positive ways, if they learn to preserve to accept mistakes as a natural part o f learning.
Our children need emotion training to grow into productive and satisfied adult. He argues that educators and parents need to integrate their emotion and rational minds that are two basically different ways o f knowing. Goleman states that promoting Emotional Intelligence in children is vital to the safety and civility in our society.
Human being is never static. From the moment o f conception to the time o f death, person under goes changes. Piaget has explained, structure are “far from being static and given from the start”. He goes into explanation that, instead o f being static, a matured organism undergoes continued and progressive changes in response to experiential conditions and these changes result in a complex network o f interaction.
At every age, some o f the changes that occur during the development process are just beginning, some are at their peak, and some are in the process o f decline.
The first important scientific clue o f the significance o f the early year comes from Freud’s studies o f personality maladjustment. Such maladjustment, Freud found, could be traced trough unfavorable childhood is the scene o f man’s beginning as man, the place where our particular virtues
and vices slowly but clearly develop and make themselves felt, “He has further explains that babyhood is a time o f “basic distrust : - the individual learns to view the world as full o f threat, unpredictability, and treachery.
Which the child will learn. Eriksson explains, depends on how parents gratify the child’s needs for food attention, and love. Once learned, these attitudes will color the individual’s perceptions o f people and situations through life.
The histories o f maladjusted children from preschool years into high school or college have revealed that most o f them, were as poorly adjusted as young children that they never belonged to any group or had many friends. In addition, many suffered from speech, academic, and neurotic difficulties and were regarded by their families as “problem” children.
From studies o f the life histories o f delinquents, Glue concludes that potential delinquents could be identified as early as two or three years o f age by their antisocial behavior.
How can we fulfill our responsibility to assist children in becoming emotional literate?
- According to Goleman we can do our responsibility by 8 ways12
1. Increase self awareness
By using material that helps children identify their feeling, build a felling vocabulary, and recognize links between feelings, thoughts, and action and help them assess their strength and weaknesses; this develop a realistic view o f themselves.
2. Teach student to manage their emotion
It is normal to have mood swings, but children need to know that they have power to cope with negative feeling in constructive way. They can respond to put-down and adverse situation by using “self - talk”. For example, something bad must have happened to Tommy today because he doesn’t usually say mean thing, “instead o f thinking”, “I hate Tommy and Imp never going to play with him again, ’’other methods o f dealing with negative emotions are to write down your feeling slowly, breathe deeply, love a pet, tell someone what happens, sing, read, or draw.
4. Teach them to control their negative impulse trough self-regulation Help student about their feeling and behavior and evaluate their choice before acting. Provide opportunities for them to delay gratification and to practice using refusal skills appropriately. Emphasize that the choice they make today will determine the kind o f future they will have.
5. Help children develop listening o f communication skills
Increase children’s awareness o f non verbal communication including tone o f voice, gesture, facial expression, and eye contact. Train them to be good listeners and to express their ideas and emotion clearly and effectively. Teach problem solving, stress management, and negotiation skill. Help children learn to be assertive rather than aggressive or passive.
6. Challenge children to motivate themselves
Set clear and develop a hopeful - optimistic attitude, encourage self confidence, zeal patience, and require student to take reasonability for their actions.
7. Involve parents as much as possible
Accordingly they will encourage to model emotionally healthy behavior at home.
to be emphatic self discipline, enthusiastic, tolerant, and compassionate.
He gives example o f parent’s habit which has bad effect to the children’s emotion. Those habits are as follow s:13
1) Ignoring feeling altogether. Such parents treat child’s emotional upset as trivial or brother, something they should wait to blow over. They fail to use emotional moments; like chance to get closer to the child or to help child learn lessons in emotional competence.
2) Being to lesser-fire. These parents notice how a child feels, but hold that child to handle the emotional storm is fine — even, say, hitting. Like those who ignore a child’s feeling, these parents rarely step in to try to slow their child alternative emotional response. They are so upset, and will, for instance, use bargaining and bribes to get their child to stop being sad or angry.
3) Being contemptuous, showing no respect for how the child feel. Such parents are typically disapproving, harsh in both their criticism and their ravishments. The night, for instance, forbid any display o f child’s anger to all, and become punitive at the least sign o f irritability. These are the parents who angrily yell at a child who is trying to tell his side o f story, “Don’t you talk back to me”.
seriously enough to try to understand exactly what is upsetting them (“Are you angry because Tommy hurt your feeling”). Help the child find positive ways to soothe their feeling (“instead o f hitting him, why don’t you find a toy to play with on your own until you feel like playing with him gain?”).
- According to Agus - Steiner
According to Agus - Steiner14 there are three main ways in improving emotional intelligence; they are as follows:
1. Open hearted. This is the first way because heart is the symbol o f emotion center. Our heart feels peaceful when we are in happiness, affection, or cheerfulness. Our heart feels uncomfortable when we are sick, angry, and broken heart. Art the first time we start to set free our feeling from impulses high fight against our love among others.
2. Explore the deeper emotions. Once we are open our heart, we can see the realities and find the role o f emotions in life. We are able to know what we feel as strong as possible and understand the reason. We also feel other emotions and how they are influenced by our attitude. We begin to know how emotions interact and sometimes create feeling that may disturb others and ourselves. In shorts, we become smarter in facing our feeling and people’s around us.
The stages o f exploring the emotions are : state action and feeling, accept the statement o f action or feeling, respond the intuition, and validate the intuition.
3. Taking responsible. To improve and change the relationship, we have to take a responsibility. We can open our heart and understand other emotion but we must also understand the problem, acknowledge our mistake and promise to change everything. Steps to be responsible are to acknowledge our mistake, receive or reject confess, and apologize. - According to John Gottman
According to John Gottman15 there are six effective and practical steps to improve our child’s emotional intelligence. They are as follows:
1. To be aware o f the emotion; Emotional awareness is if we recognize when we feel such emotion, without doing expressive action, without feeling that we seem to loose control. It means we are able to identify our own feeling, and we tend to be aware o f other emotions.
2. Recognizing the emotion as an opportunity. It is taking every negative experience to be useful as a good opportunity, to enlarge empathy, to build intimacy with others and the children.
3. Listening with empathy. It means to be a good listener by understanding cues o f our children. Then, formulate imagination to look at the situation with the children’s perspective by relating them, and helping their emotion.
4. State the name emotion. One important way in training childrens’ emotions is by naming the emotion. The more accurate children reveal their feeling by words, the easier they manage their emotion.
5. Help to find the solution. After killing the time by listening childrens’ emotion then we have to help them in understanding their emotion, we might feel interested in the process o f solving the problem.
6. To be the models. The children listen not only words but also the totality o f emotional training. Thus, make you to be models of them or state that one child is a model o f others. Parents who have commitment to be the models o f their children will give positive effect to their environment.
Emotional intelligence gives positive implication because it is not just scientific theory on one’s success, but it focuses on intrapersona! an interpersonal capabilities. People with high emotional intelligence will find their life meaningful. 16
According to Dr. M. Utsman Najati, A1 Quran has explained to all Moslem in order to control their emotion. People will be stupid since they cannot use their IQ effectively.18 In managing emotion or how we can be smart in EQ, he gives several ways. Those ways are as bellow:19
1. Praying
Praying is an action which is started by takbir, then it is closed by salam (greeting). According to Utsman Najati, praying will give peaceful condition. It has therapeutic effect; it can turn o ff emotion which appears from life problem. The peaceful condition can help people in solving sadness. After people do praying they pray to God. It means that they have expressed their emotion to God. Beside that, Utsman Najati explains that praying (jamaah) has good effect to result social skill, because by praying (jamaah) people are able to meet an each other and communicate.
2. Fasting
Fasting has many advantages psychologically, because it educates people to manage their emotion. Accordingly, fasting can result: passion and self controlling.
3. Distribution o f one’s property (Zakat)
Distribution o f one’s property (Zakat) is obligated by God to all Moslem. It is a training to help other Moslems (poor people) to fulfill their needs. Besides that, zakat builds intuitive feeling to poor people, and arise responsibility to their own self. Further, zakat educates people to love other people. Accordingly, zakat is able to result: responsibility, empathy, intuitive.
According to Ary Ginanjar Agustian
This is a good method to educate children from beginning (childhood). Parents must give them motivation and reward, so they should not give punishment except they have grown up (9 - 12).20
When children have grown up, Prophet Muhammad gives suggestion to all parents, that they must teach them to have love feeling, good action, care, and rewarding so they will have confident and positive concept.
Further more Prophet Muhammad gives explanations to all people how we handle our emotion. He says: Jika kamu sedang marah dan saat itu kamu sedang berdiri, maka hendaklah kamu duduk. Karena itu bisa meredam marahmu. Jika tidak, berbaringlah” (HR Abu Dawud dan Ahmad) . 21
Then prophet Muhammad says that “wudhu” is one o f method to handle emotion feeling, because angry is made by devils and they are formed from fire, so we have to use water to turn o ff the fire.
From the explanations above it can be stated that Goleman’s way is different from John Gotman, Najati and Prophet M uhammad’s. In improving EQ, he more emphasizes on parent’s role. He always invites parent to help their children in handling their emotion. That is true, because basically parents have big influences in child’s intelligence development; but effective method is from oneself and parents. Thus if we only emphasize on parent’s role, that is wrong.
According to Arintoko, parent good environment is important for child’s intelligence development.22 In getting a good future, we need Emotional Intelligence, so if we only emphasize our intellectual intelligence it is totally wrong. This way is not effective if children never try to improve their ability in handling emotion. The effective way is from oneself and their parent. Parent is early teacher.
intellectual intelligence (IQ). That is why; many people in this world with high intellectual intelligence are less success than people whose standard intellectual intelligence (IQ) is low.
Emotional intelligence (El) can be built in every time whether for old or young people, because it is not genetic factor. Good time to improve peoples’ emotional intelligence (El) is when they are still child. It means that childhood is a good window to overcome emotional intelligence (El).
Intellectual intelligence only contributes 20 percent to the life success, while emotional intelligence (El) contributes 80 percent. This, the success o f one’s life and education does not only depend on their intellectual intelligence (IQ). Humans’ view that success o f life depends greatly on intellectual intelligence is totally wrong. The role o f intellectual intelligence is in the second stage after emotional intelligence (El).
According to Daniel Goleman emotional intelligence is influenced by two factors those factors as bellow
a. Family Environment
b. Non Family Environment
After children learn in their family they will continuo their process with other people around them. It is called society. In this place, they know everything which is never got in their family.
Emotional intelligence can be applied in work place such as in the business. Emotional intelligence consists o f several aspects such as a. Self awareness
b. Self management c. Motivation d. Empathy e. Social art
2. Emotional Intelligence’s Aspect
Emotional intelligence has several aspects. These aspects are as bellow: - self awareness
- self management - maturation - empathy - social art
Those aspects above are very important for people success. 3. Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Building Concept
Based on data collecting in chapter IV, the writer can take conclusion that
G olem an's emotional intelligence building concept consists o f several items. Those items are as bellow
increasing self awareness
- teach student to manage their emotion
- call attention to norms for acceptable behavior in our society teach them to control their negative impulse trough self-regulation - help children develop listening and communication skill
challenge children to motivate themselves involve parents as much as possible
since rather children are looking for you for guidance and how people in hour society live
B. Suggestion
Based on the explanations above the writer suggests to those all who have competencies in education, especially parents and teachers.
1. Parents
Educators in family have to fully aware that emotional intelligence (El) is important abilities to a person’s future life. And every student cannot master emotional intelligence so they need parents or educators to help construct their future.
Parents have to give an opportunity to student to express their emotion than to block their emotion up.
