DEFINISI KOTA (= CITY)

(1)

P

(2)

L

ATAR

B

ELAKANG

¥

Dalam realita kehidupan Perkotaan, tuntutan wilayah mengharuskan

adanya alih fungsi guna lahan hingga alih fungsi pekerjaan dari

(3)

D

EFINISI

K

OTA

(= C

ITY

)

¥

Tempat dimana konsentrasi penduduk lebih padat dari

wilayah sekitarnya karena terjadinya pemusatan

kegiatan fungsional yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan atau

aktivitas penduduknya.

Permukiman yang mempunyai penduduk relatif besar,

¥

Permukiman yang mempunyai penduduk relatif besar,

luas areal terbatas, pada umumnya bersifat non-agraris,

kepadatan penduduk relatif tinggi

(Kamus Tata Ruang)

¥

Pusat permukiman dan kegiatan penduduk yang

mempunyai batasan wilayah administrasi yang diatur

dalam peraturan perundangan, serta permukiman yang

telah memperlihatkan watak dan ciri kehidupan

(4)

P

ERKOTAAN

(= U

RBAN

)

¥

Daerah permukiman yang meliputi kota induk dan

daerah pengaruh di luar batas administratif nya yang

berupa daerah pinggiran sekitarnya/ daerah suburban.

¥

Kawasan Perkotaan (

>< Kawasan Perdesaan)

Kawasan yang mempunyai kegiatan utama bukan

pertanian dengan susunan fungsi kawasan sebagai

tempat permukiman perkotaan, pemusatan dan

distribusi pelayanan jasa pemerintahan, pelayanan

sosial, dan kegiatan ekonomi (UUPR 92).

¥

Kawasan Perkotaan adalah aglomerasi

kota-kota dengan daerah sekitarnya yang memiliki

sifat kekotaan; dapat melebihi batas

politik/administrasi dari kota yang

bersangkutan

(5)

F

AKTOR PERKEMBANGAN

KOTA

DALAM LINGKUP WILAYAH

¥

Salah satu faktor eksternal yang akan

mempengaruhi suatu kota adalah

keterkaitannya

dengan kota2 lain atau

wilayah sekitarnya .(dalam/luar negri atau

hinterland)

¥

Keterkaitan terwujud

dalam bentuk

pergerakan

bararang, jasa, manusia,

uang,kredit, investasi.

¥

Keterkaitan ini memegang peran

penting

dalam pembentukan pola dan struktur

kota2

(6)

Aktivitas

Pola penggunaan lahan menggambarkan suatu sistem aktivitas Chapin et al. (1995:197-198),

(7)

¥

“Because of the close connection between

land and human activities, land use analysis

is called upon in an area where a change is

expected. If there is no human desire to

develop an area, there is no need for land

use analysis”

(8)

ì

P O L A G U N A L A H A N P E R K O T A AN To relate Land Use solely to distance from the centre.

Influence by topographical factors such as rivers, lakes, wind

(9)

Industry Major Industrial Areas of Greater London, 1961 Industry Industry Navigable Water Ways

(Spatial Analysis, Page 70)

(10)

ì

P O L A G U N A L A H A N P E R K O T A AN Chiefly heavy Industry

Chiefly Light Industry

Light and heavy

industry industry

Major Industrial District of

Chicago1911 (Spatial

(11)

Residential Transportation Streets Public Building Total Vacant Land Commercial Manufacturing Public Space Total

Cumulative Percentage of Land Use bi Distance from the CBD, Browing, 1964

(12)

Rank Land Use Lanjutan…… Median Distance Miles 1 1 CommercialCommercial 99 2 2 ManufacturingManufacturing 1111 3.5 3.5 ResidentialResidential 1313 3.5 3.5 ResidentialResidential 1313 3.5 3.5 StreetsStreets 1313 5 5 TransportationTransportation 1414 6

6 Public BuildingPublic Building 1717 7

7 Public Open SpacePublic Open Space 1818 8

8 Total LandTotal Land 1919 9

9 Vacant LandVacant Land 2323 The

The RankedRanked MedianMedian DistanceDistance ofof GeneralizedGeneralized UsesUses FromFrom TheThe CityCity Centre,Centre, Browing

(13)

ì

G U N A L A H A N

&

J A R A K K E P U S A T K OT A

§ The importance of distance to study of Urban Structure : ACCESSIBILITY.

In general (usually) CBD have the highest (maximum) Acessibility

§ The importance of distance to study of Centrality Among Land Use

1. All Land Use desire a central location

2. As a result, all Land Uses are in competition for central location.

3. Consequantly, a spatial hierarchy of Land Use based on their ability to pay for central sites should emerge

(14)

S

IX PROCESSES AT WORK IN

THE CITY

¥ Concentration — differential distribution of

population and economic activities in a city, and the manner in which they have focused on the center of the city

center of the city

¥ Decentralization — the location of activity away

from the central city

¥ Segregation — the sorting out of population

groups according to conscious preferences for associating with one group or another through bias and prejudice

(15)

S

IX PROCESSES AT WORK IN

THE CITY

¥ Specialization — similar to segregation only

refers to the economic sector

¥ Invasion — traditionally, a process through which

a new activity or social group enters an area

¥ Succession — a new use or social group gradually

replaces the former occupants

¥ The following models were constructed to

examine single cities and do not necessarily

apply to metropolitan coalescences so common in today’s world

(16)

¥

Hirarki kota dapat dilakukan berdasarkan :

¤

jumlah penduduk

¤

fungsi (kegiatan ekonomi)

¤

skala pelayanan

¥

Dalam RTRWN, hierarki kota-kota dibagai tiga

berdasarkan skala pelayanannya, yaitu :

¤

PKN (Pusat Kegiatan Nasional)

¤

PKW (Pusat Kegiatan Wilayah)

¤

PKL (Pusat Kegiatan Lokal)

(17)

(18)

(19)

C

ONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

¥ Developed in 1925 by Ernest W. Burgess ¥ A model with five zones.

(20)

(21)

(22)

C

ONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

¥ Critics of the model

¤ Pointed out even though portions of each zone

did exist, rarely were they linked to totally surround the city

surround the city

¤ Burgess countered there were distinct barriers,

such as old industrial centers, preventing the completion of the arc

¤ Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist,

overemphasized residential patterns and did not give proper credit to other land uses

(23)

S

ECTOR MODEL

¥ Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector

(24)

(25)

S

ECTOR MODEL

¥ Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand

according to four factors

¤ Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along

established routes of travel, toward another nucleus established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings

¤ Will progress toward high ground or along

waterfronts, when these areas are not used for industry

¤ Will move along the route of fastest transportation ¤ Will move toward open space

(26)

C

RITIC

’

S OF

S

ECTOR MODEL

¥

As high-rent sectors develop, areas between

them are filled in

¤ Middle-rent areas move directly next to them,

drawing on their prestige drawing on their prestige

¤ Low-rent areas fill remaining areas

¤ Moving away from major routes of travel, rents

go from high to low

¥

There are distinct patterns in today’s cities

that echo Hoyt’s model

¥

He had the advantage of writing later than

Burgess — in the age of the automobile

(27)

M

ULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

¥ Suggested by Chauncey Harris and Edward

Ullman in 1945

¥ Maintained a city developed with equal intensity ¥ Maintained a city developed with equal intensity

around various points

(28)

(29)

M

ULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

¥ Equal weight must be given to:

¤ An old community on city outskirts around which

new suburbs clustered new suburbs clustered

¤ An industrial district that grew from an original

waterfront location

¤ Low-income area that began because of some

(30)

M

ULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

¥ Rooted their model in four geographic principles ¤ Certain activities require highly specialized facilities

¢ Accessible transportation for a factory

¢ Large areas of open land for a housing tract

¤ Certain activities cluster because they profit from

mutual association

¤ Certain activities repel each other and will not be

found in the same area

¤ Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid

(31)

F

EMINIST CRITIQUES

¥ Most criticisms of above models focus or their

inability to account for all the complexities of urban forms

¥ All three models assume urban patterns are

shaped by economic trade-offs between:

¤ Desire to live in suburban neighborhood

appropriate to one’s economic status

¤ Need to live close to the city center for

(32)