87 REFERENCE
1. Anonymous. Curcuma longa (turmeric). Monograph. Altern Med Rev 2001;6 Suppl:S62-S66.
2. Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595:1-75.
3. Aggarwal BB, Surh YJ, Shishodia S. The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease. New York: Springer, 2007.
4. Aggarwal BB, Bhatt ID, Ichikawa H, Ahn KS, Sethi GSSK, Natarajan C, et.al. Curcumin — Biological and Medicinal Properties. In Ravindran PN, Babu KN, Sivaraman K, editors. Turmeric: the genus Curcuma. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007.
5. Ammon HP, Wahl MA. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med 1991;57:1-7.
6. Menon VP, Sudheer AR. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595:105-25.
7. Ramsewak RS, DeWitt DL, Nair MG. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumins I-III from Curcuma longa. Phytomedicine 2000;7:303-8.
8. Kumar A, Dhawan S, Hardegen NJ, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells by suppression of cell surface expression of adhesion molecules and of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:775-83.
9. Chan MM. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor by curcumin, a phytochemical. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;49:1551-6.
10. Al-Khawaja, K. M., Afifi, N. M., and Al-naemi, H. The effect of nicotine on the liver and kidney of prepubertal Sprague Dawley rats. The FASEB J 2008; 22[Supplement], 1123-8.
11. Kalpana C, Rajasekharan KN, Menon VP. Modulatory effects of curcumin and curcumin analog on circulatory lipid profiles during nicotine-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. J Med Food 2005;8:246-50.
12. Azzalini L, Ferrer E, Ramalho LN, Moreno M, Dominguez M, Colmenero J, Peinado VI, Barbera JA, Arroyo V, Gines P, Caballeria J, Bataller R. Cigarette smoking exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. Hepatology 2010;51:1567-76.
88
14. Harris, J. E. Cigarette Smoke Components and Disease. Available from URL http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/7/m7_5.pdf . 2012.
15. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Press, 2004.
16. Suarez L, Ramadhani T, Felkner M, Canfield MA, Brender JD, Romitti PA, Sun L. Maternal smoking, passive tobacco smoke, and neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2011;91:29-33.
17. Robicsek F. The smoking gods: tobacco in Maya art, history, and religion. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.
18. American College of Physicians. Tobacco Control and Prevention. 2010. Philadelphia, American College of Physicians.
19. El Zayadi AR. Heavy smoking and liver. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:6098-101.
20. Pessione F, Ramond MJ, Njapoum C, Duchatelle V, Degott C, Erlinger S, Rueff B, Valla DC, Degos F. Cigarette smoking and hepatic lesions in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001;34:121-25.
21. El Zayadi AR. Heavy smoking and liver. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:6098-101.
22. Wang LY, Chen CJ, Zhang YJ, Tsai WY, Lee PH, Feitelson MA, Lee CS, Santella RM. 4-Aminobiphenyl DNA damage in liver tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and controls. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:315-23.
23. Aguayo SM, Kane MA, King TE, Jr., Schwarz MI, Grauer L, Miller YE. Increased levels of bombesin-like peptides in the lower respiratory tract of asymptomatic cigarette smokers. J Clin Invest 1989;84:1105-113.
24. Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMC Pulm Med 2011;11:36.
25. Baybutt RC, Hu L, Molteni A. Vitamin A deficiency injures lung and liver parenchyma and impairs function of rat type II pneumocytes. J Nutr 2000;130:1159-65.
26. Halimi JM, Mimran A. Renal effects of smoking: potential mechanisms and perspectives. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:938-40.
89
28. Jonas MA, Oates JA, Ockene JK, Hennekens CH. Statement on smoking and cardiovascular disease for health care professionals. American Heart Association. Circulation 1992;86:1664-69.
29. El Zayadi AR. Heavy smoking and liver. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:6098-101.
30. Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B. Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1989;2:195-256.
31. Moszczynski P, Zabinski Z, Moszczynski P, Jr., Rutowski J, Slowinski S, Tabarowski Z. Immunological findings in cigarette smokers. Toxicol Lett 2001;118:121-7.
32. Zhang L, Guo Z, Wu M, Hu X, Xu Y, Zhou Z. Interaction of smoking and metabolic syndrome on cardiovascular risk in a Chinese cohort. Int J Cardiol 2012.[Epub ahead of print]
33. Huang CC, Cheng YW, Chen MC, Lin YS, Chou MC, Lee H. Different p53 mutation patterns in colorectal tumors from smokers and nonsmokers. Environ Mol Mutagen 2006;47:527-532.
34. Dobrinas M, Cornuz J, Pedrido L, Eap CB. Influence of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms on CYP1A2 activity and inducibility by smoking. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012;22:143-51.
35. Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, Steward WP. Curcumin: the story so far. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:1955-1968.
36. Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595:1-75.
37. Ma X, Gang DR. Metabolic profiling of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plants derived from in vitro micropropagation and conventional greenhouse cultivation. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:9573-83.
38. Chattopady, I., Biswas, K., Bandyapadhyay, U., and Banerjee, R. K. Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications. Curr Sci 87[1], 44-53. 2004.
39. Vijay, K., Pramod, K. S., Nitin, K., Rupesh, D., and Jonish, V. Pharmacological activity of turmeric. Pharma Sci Monitor 2011;2(2), S102-S114.
90
41. Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane). J Biol Chem 1995;270:24995-5000.
42. Rao CV. Regulation of COX and LOX by curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595:213- 26.
43. Surh YJ, Chun KS, Cha HH, Han SS, Keum YS, Park KK, Lee SS. Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kappa B activation. Mutat Res 2001;480-481:243- 68.
44. Gupta B, Ghosh B. Curcuma longa inhibits TNF-alpha induced expression of adhesion molecules on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999;21:745- 57.
45. Chainani-Wu N. Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of tumeric (Curcuma longa). J Altern Complement Med 2003;9:161- 8.
46. Kohli K, Ali J, Ansari M, Raheman Z. Curcumin: A natural antiinflammatory agent. Indian J Pharmacol 2005;37:141- 7.
47. Aggarwal BB, Kumar A, Bharti AC. Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res 2003;23:363- 98.
48. Ramsewak RS, DeWitt DL, Nair MG. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumins I-III from Curcuma longa. Phytomedicine 2000;7:303- 8.
49. Miquel J, Bernd A, Sempere JM, Díaz-Alperi J, Ramírez A. The curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2002;34(1):37-46.
50. Ambs S, Bennett WP, Merriam WG, Ogunfusika MO, Oser SM, Harrington AM, Shields PG, Felley-Bosco E, Hussain SP, Harris CC. Relationship between p53 mutations and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:86-8.
51. Lee YC, Cohet C, Yang YC, Stayner L, Hashibe M, Straif K. Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies on cigarette smoking and liver cancer. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:1497-1511.
52. Schaffer M, Schaffer PM, Zidan J, Sela GB. Curcuma as a functional food in the control of cancer and inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011;14:588-97.
91
54. Sherman CB. The health consequences of cigarette smoking. Pulmonary diseases. Med Clin North Am 1992;76:355-75.
55. Watanabe K, Eto K, Furuno K, Mori T, Kawasaki H, Gomita Y. Effect of cigarette smoke on lipid peroxidation and liver function tests in rats. Acta Med Okayama 1995;49:271-4.
56. Yuan H, Shyy JY, Martins-Green M. Second-hand smoke stimulates lipid accumulation in the liver by modulating AMPK and SREBP-1. J Hepatol 2009;51:535-47.
57. Koh WP, Robien K, Wang R, Govindarajan S, Yuan JM, Yu MC. Smoking as an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Br J Cancer 2011;105:1430-5.
58. Zein CO, Unalp A, Colvin R, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011;54:753-9.
59. Ponciano-Rodriguez G, Mendez-Sanchez N. Cigarette smoking and fatty liver. Ann Hepatol 2010;9:215-8.
60. Abu-Rizq HA, Mansour MH, Safer AM, Afzal M. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating effect of Curcuma longa in Wistar rats subjected to carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacology 2008;16:87-95.
61. Verma RJ, Mathuria N. Curcumin ameliorates aflatoxin-induced lipid-peroxidation in liver and kidney of mice. Acta Pol Pharm 2008;65:195-202. 62. Akram, M., Shahab-Uddin, Ahmed, A., Usmanghani, K., Hannan, H.,
Mohiuddin, E., and Asif, M. Curcuma Longa And Curcumin: A Review Article. Rom J Biol - Plant Biol 2012;5(3): 65-70.
63. Luper S. A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part two. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:178-188.
64. Mouzaoui S, Rahim I, Djerdjouri B. Aminoguanidine and curcumin attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced oxidative stress, colitis and hepatotoxicity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011. [Epub ahead of print] 65. Romero FJ, Bosch-Morell F, Romero MJ, Jareno EJ, Romero B, Marin N,
