Effect of chemical treatments on the tensile strength and flammability of paper mulberry fiber reinforced PLA composites.

(1)

(2)

ii | Bali - Indonesia | 21st_{- 22}nd_{September 2011}

3rd_{International Conference on Biosciences and Biotechnology}

“MaintainingWorld Prosperity Through Biosciences, Biotechnology and Revegetation”

Bali - Indonesia | 21st_{- 22}nd_{September 2011}_{| iii}

PROCEEDINGS

2

nd

International Conference on

Sustainable Technology Development

(ICSTD)

“Developing Sustainable Technology

for A Better Future”

Bali, October 31

st

2012

(3)

PROCEEDINGS

2

nd

“Developing Sustainable Technology

Bali, October 31

st

, 2012

Editors:

Putu Alit Suthanaya, PhD

I Nyoman Satya Kumara, PhD

Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana, PhD

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iv | Bali - Indonesia | 21st_{- 22}nd_{September 2011}

PROCEEDINGS

2

nd

“Developing Sustainable Technology

Bali, October 31

st

, 2012

Scientific Committee:

Prof. I Wayan Redana (Udayana University, Indonesia) Prof. Sayiqh (President of World Renewable Energy)

Prof. Dai Kue Choi (Chonbuk National University, South Korea) Prof. Budhima Indraratna (Univiversity of Wollongong, Australia) Prof. Jae Kyoo Lim (Chonbuk National University, South Korea)

Prof. Hu Ruihua (Huanghe University of Science and Technology, China) Prof. Montasser Dewidar (South Valley University, Egypt)

Prof. Alexander Cuthbert (University of New South Wales, Australia) Prof. Tjok Gd. Tirta Nindhia (Udayana University, Indonesia)

Prof. I Made Alit Karyawan S. (Udayana University, Indonesia) Prof. I.A. Giriantari (Udayana University, Indonesia)

Dr. Vu Cong Hoa (Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam) Dr. G.A.M. Suartika (Udayana University, Indonesia)

Dr. W.Gede Ariastina (Udayana University, Indonesia) Dr. D.M. Priyantha W. (Udayana University, Indonesia) Dr. I.K.G. Dharma Putra (Udayana University, Indonesia)

Published by:

Udayana University Press Kampus Universitas Udayana Denpasar

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2nd_{International Conference on Sustainable Technology Development}

“Developing Sustainable Technology for a Better Future”

PREFACE

This proceedings compiles all papers presented in the 2n d International Conference on Sustainable Technology Development (ICSTD) held at the Udayana University, Bali on 31st October 2012.

Three plenary presentations were delivered by keynote and invited speakers with international reputations from Japan, G e r m a n y , S i n g a p o r e and Indonesia and a total of 78 papers (oral presentation) compiled in this proceedings, which were presented in the conference from thirteen countries (Indonesia, Japan, Australia, In d i a , Korea, Malaysia, Iran, Egypt, Libya, China, T h a i l a n d , S r i L a n k a a n d B a n g l a d e s h ).

We thank those who involve in the organizing committee for their hardworking. While it was a huge task, it was a privilege for us in editing this proceedings and work together with the referees who reviewed papers.

We hope that the papers contained in this proceeding will prove useful in developing further study.

Editors

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vi | Bali - Indonesia | 21st_{- 22}nd_{September 2011}

“MaintainingWorld Prosperity Through Biosciences, Biotechnology and Revegetation”2

nd_{International Conference on Sustainable Technology Development}

FOREWORDS-HEAD

OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

I would like to sincerely thank to all of the authors who contribute their papers in this proceedings. I would therefore give my high appreciation on all of those effort and dedication.

The conference was held by Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, in relation to the 50th Udayana University Anniversary and in collaboration with International Institute of Management, Energy and Environmental Management, University of Flensburg, Germany. This conference was aimed to gather scientists, academics, engineers and industries in engineering related areas to discuss and share their expertise and ideas in the field of Sustainable Technology Development. The conference

theme “Developing Sustainable Technology for a Better Future” has appealed participants presenting

their studies on four major fields of Architecture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. This 2nd ICSTD also focused on development of technology to achieve sustainable city. The conference was financially supported by Engineering Faculty of Udayana University and several sponsors.

I hope this International Conference has created an international networking and collaboration and open up new ideas in maintaining world prosperity in all aspects in sustainable development.

I will use this opportunity to invite you again to join us in The 3rdInternational Conference on which will be held in the year 2014 in conjunction with the anniversary of Udayana University.

Last but not least, I would like to highly appreciate all of the members of the Organizing Committee for the good teamwork to make the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Technology Development (ICSTD-Bali 2012) possible and the team of editors for the hard work compiling and editing 78 papers presented in this book.

See you again in Bali at 3rdICSTD 2014 Putu Alit Suthanaya, ST, MEngSc, PhD

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viii | Bali - Indonesia | 21st_{- 22}nd_{September 2011}

FOREWORDS

RECTOR OF UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

I would like to express my great appreciation to the organizing committee who worked so hard to make the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Technology Development (ICSTD-Bali 2012) to happen smoothly. This conference was held in conjunction to the 5 0t h Anniversary of Udayana University and being our b i - annual agenda. The main aim of this conference was to respond the problems related to the sustainability in a city, i.e. reduction of the city’s use of natural

resources and production of wastes, while simultaneously improving its livability.

I was so happy to have you all in Bali which is well known in the world as a favorite tourist destination as well as recently a favorite site for holding International events, such as International Conference. As this conference was designed to gather scientists, engineers, practitioners, and industries in Engineering related disciplines, I expected intense discussion has happened among them so that some brilliant ideas to be used to improve the quality of human life in a city have been formulated and published in this proceeding.

Here, I would also like to acknowledge the National and International invited speakers for their willingness to come miles away to Bali and present their high standard papers. I understand that you all spent much time for this conference, and therefore I must give high appreciation on all of those effort and dedication.

I hope this International Conference was an ideal forum for communication and sharing ideas as well as experience in Engineering-related disciplines in the future. I also hope that this forum served as a forum for promoting advanced technological development with regard to economic growth, environment and social welfare.

Finally, I wished you most successful conference and hope that it provided new ideas and strategies for the application of Engineering in all aspect of our life.

See you again in Bali in 2014 Prof. Dr. dr. I Made Bakta, SpPD.(KHOM)

Rector of Udayana University

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x | Bali - Indonesia | 21st_{- 22}nd_{September 2011}

TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE... i

FOREWORDS-HEAD OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE... ii

FOREWORDS-RECTOR OF UDAYANA UNIVERSITY... iii

ARCHITECTURE

A 01

(ID 101)

Implementation Concept of Ecological Architecture and Ecotourism

in Wonorejo’s Mangrove Ecotourism, Surabaya ………

M.Nelza Mulki Iqbal, Yeremia Azarya Dimpudus

A-1

A 02

(ID 102)

Braga Street: A True Representation of Art Deco ………..

Adinya Rossiyana and Team

A-9

A 04

(ID 106)

The role of Government/Governance to sustain Heritage sites

in Denpasar ……….………

Tri Anggraini Prajnawrdhi, Alpana Sivam, Sadasivam Karuppannan

A-16

A 05

(ID 112)

Sustainable Development in the Border Region Plan: An

anticipation of border areas development to small towns ………..….

I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra

A-25

A 08

(ID 124)

Learning from Sustainable Landscapes of Death in Bali: Landscape

Planning and

Tri Hita Karana ……….………...

Ni Made Yudantini

A-32

A 11

(ID 132)

The Application of The Modular System in The Linear Rise

Residential B

uildings ………..………...

E. J. Krishna M. O.

A-40

A 12

(ID 133)

Identification of Pabrik Coklat Tjenderawasih as a Potential

Conservation Object of Authentic Indonesian

Jengki

Architecture

…

Rizky Darmadi, Adiar Ersti Mardisiwi, Alifia Nurrizky

Virrayani

A-50

A 13

(ID 134)

Sustainable Architectural Design of Heinz Frick Home: Coping with

the Global Challenges in the Asian Cities …….………..

Lo Leonardo Agung Mulyono, Devi Calista Silvanus, and Gunawan Tanuwidjaja

A-57

A 18

(ID 145)

Kinds of Decoration of Toraja’s Housing in South Sulawesi

Indonesia ……….

Hendri Gunawan, Irdham Hirangga

A-70

A 20

(ID 150)

Save the Lost World's M

onumental Dwelling: Is It Necessary? …...

DESTIANA RITANINGSIH, VALENCIA TANDY

A-78

A 21

(ID 151)

Roofs of Building in Indonesia as Architecture Local Identity ……..

Ade Amelia, Ana Fitriyani, Annisa Dienfitriah, Maryam Ahmad Assegaf, Vania Dwi Amanda Surya

A-86

A 22

(ID 152)

Interiority: The Real Soul of Architecture …….……….

Nadita Amaliaa, Shilta Finella,Thaza Theresia Georly, Yohana P. F. Silitonga

A-94

A 23

(ID 155)

Corelation between Gunung Padang and Sundanese Architecture ….

Nadia Absharina Idris, Adinda Putri Maharani, Miftah Tri Nur Fauzi

(9)

A 24

(ID 156)

Indonesian Airports: A Symbol of Local Representation …….…….

Lee Maw Jia , Veronica Ng Foong Peng

A-108

A 25

(ID 157)

Overwhelming Presence of Foreign Architecture in China ……..…..

Michele Lim Chui Yee Jia, Nor Hayati Hussain

A-116

A 26

(ID 158)

The Application of Traditional Malay Architectural Elements in

Modern Museums of Malaysia ………...

Lee Shing Yi, Veronica Ng Foong Peng

A-124

A 30

(ID 162)

Concepting The Historic

al Site ‘Braga’ as The Pleasant Main

Pedestrian of Bandung City ………

Dewi Anisa Auriani PRIBADI, Indyrra CHRISYADEWI, Mariyam YASMIN, Sheiren Felicia JAYA

A-133

A 31

(ID 163)

Preserving Agriculture and Fish Breeding in Modern Indonesia …..

Dewi Anisa Auriani PRIBADI, Indyrra CHRISYADEWI, Mariyam YASMIN, Sheiren Felicia JAYA

A-141

A 33

(ID 167)

Dual Faces Architecture of Nias ……….

Meridiani Trianandari Winanto Ayu Putri, Angga Kusumah Sukarya, Afina Rahmani, Dadi Satria Ginandjar

A-148

A 34

(ID 168)

Influence Behavior and Environment Towards Dwelling Form and

Spaces in Eastern Indonesia. Case Study : Fak-

fak, Papua …..….….

Andreas D. Handoyo, Gabriella Sabatini Wijaya, Irma Paramitha, Steven Ardianto, Samuel T. Handoyo

A-156

A 35

(ID 169)

The Combination Culture of Architectural Features. Case Study:

Residential House and Buddhist Temple in Kampung Karangturi,

Lasem………...…

Lola Charista a, Helen Primalia, Carissa, Augusta Diana E, Valeria Theresia W

A-168

A 36

(ID 170)

Application of Green Building Concept in Indonesia

…..………….

Forest JIEPRANG, Yoedhistira ANDRI PUTRA,Edu ISKANDAR, Reo FAROGA, Randy PISON

A-178

A 37

(ID 171)

Acculturation In Kampung Kulitan Semarang….………..

CERIA Ginting, FAIZAL Rahman, JIMMY Andreas, JULIUS Richard, OCTAVIA Maryanche, VIVIN Rosalyn

A-184

A 40

(ID 174)

The Heritage Zoning Determination Criteria of Cimahi’s Town

Square and Its Surroundings …….……….

Ega KARTIKAWATI, Astrid Austranti YUWONO, Pia Praptidita SURATMAN, Rianto PRABOWO, Wahyu Edi SUWARNO

A-192

A 41

(ID 175)

The Landscape of Kampung Naga Developed by the Village

Culture……….…

Abdul Said Ahtara, Diba Aththaariq, Iqbal Adam, Oka Kartika, Steffie Prilianty, Prathito Andy Wisambodhi, Tera Wednes Oktireva Harsa

A-200

A 42

(ID 176)

For the Sake of Past, in Bandung We Trust: The Development of

Braga and ABC Street …….………

Annisa Kusumadewi A, Bellarida Febriyanti, Clara Emmanuela, Erna Rosmawati, Heny Ira Mustika, Meskhi Malida D, Prysha Novika, Rahajeng Sekar Putri

A-208

A 43

(ID 177)

Culture Control in Toraja’s Traditional Architecture Development ..

Amanda Erika Isdyati, Arina Resyta Rahma, Aszafaika Ladidinanda, Dewanti Ashariani, Ivan Winanto, Reina Rivenska Dissa, Sayyida Lathifa Tiara Rossyda Sahara

A-215

A 44

(ID 178)

Renarrativization of Bengal Jatra: through the Eye of Architecture…

ASHRAFI, Farhina, DIPTA, Talha Mahmudb, AHMED, Tahsinc,

ISLAM, Md. Tauhidul

A-221

(10)

(ID 180)

HAN Dong soo, LEE Sung ho

A 46

ID190

Persitency of Architecture in Traditional Village of Kuta, West Java

Lucky Fachrurrozi, Cindy Novita, and Team

A-238

A 47

(ID 121)

Sustainable Innovative Design

Practice in India……….

Kishor P.REWATKAR, Priyanka K.REWATKAR,

A-247

A48

(ID 137)

A 49

(ID 191)

A 50

(ID 192)

A 51

(ID 193)

A 53

(ID 198)

A 55

(ID 202)

A 56

(ID 201)

A 57

(ID 203)

A 58

(ID 205)

A 59

(ID 206)

A 60

(ID 208)

A 61

(ID 209)

Local Wisdom in Urban Protected Areas: Case of Collective

Consciousness in Caring for Mangrove Forest in Denpasar

Metropolitan Area, Bali Province, Indonesia………...

Hilwati Hindersah

Local Wisdom of Kasepuhan Ciptagelar……….

Emilia Rahmawati, Fachrurrozi Ramadhan, Raden Muhamad Lutfi

Tropical Architecture: Discover The Characteristic Of Indonesian

Vernacular Architecture………..

Dian Eka Pertiwi, Mustofa

A Method for Discovering Regional Resources with Five Senses

….

Manami Fujiwara, Kita Yusuke, Maki Onishi

Sri Lankan Vernacular Architecture

………

L.M RATHNAYAKEa, P.P.G.D.S.KULATHUNGAb, K. RATHNAHARANc, H.P JAYAKODYd

T

raditional Architecture Of Nias : It’s Developing For The New

Buildings In The Pr

esent Era………

Benonius Servistan Bidaya, Susanti Muvana Nainggolan

Understanding and re-incorporating lessons of vernacular

architecture in contemporary Malaysian dwellings

………..

Amira Nabila bt Raduwan, Chan Huey Hoong, Mohamad Sadeeq bin Mohamad Said, Ili Syahirah bt Zainal Abidin, Yap Chee Chaw

A Method for Discovering Regional Resources with Five Senses

A Case Study in Kyoto Arashiyama

………

Manami Fujiwara, Kita Yusuke, Maki Onishi

For whom we build and preserve? Human-based cultural approach towards sustainable architectural design and heritage

………

LAM Sai Chin

Blue House: Preservation of vernacular architecture and living habitat

……

WONG Sze Kan

Adaptive Re-Use: The Conservation of a Building and Restoration of a

Culture

………

H.E MADDEWITHANAa, T.S HEWAGEb, M.S.N De ZOYSAc

Using Plastered Bamboo for Housing as the Innovative Eco-Contruction in Asia

………

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A 62

(ID 210)

A 63

(ID 211)

A 64

(ID 212)

Student investigation in urban space; Urbanization, regional identity and

Architecture.

………

Bandara V. Y. J1, Abeykoon A. J. M. P. A2, Gunawardhana A. W. D. J3

STAGE HOUSE AS GORONTALO’S VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE…

Inda Putri Julianty, Wadira Syabilla Utami

Introduction to Lasem Architecture, Java’s Forgotten Little China

(

Le Petite Chinois

)

.

………

Luke Theodorius, Auri Evan, Aglis Dhamar

A-365

A-375

A-383

CIVIL ENGINEERING

C 01

(ID 105)

Studies on Transport-Modes in the Region of Southern

Bali ………

I Wayan Suwedaa, Achmad Wicaksonob, Indrasurya B. Mochtarc

C-1

C 06

(ID 117)

Characteristics of Sand Sheet Asphalt Mixture Utilizing Waste

Aggregates ………..

I Nyoman Arya THANAYA, Putu Preantjaya WINAYA , Putu Anggi WEDAYANTI

C-10

C 10

(ID 127)

The Effect Of Rainfall Characteristic Change For The Result Of

Global Climate Change and The I

mpact To Flood Phenomenon …..

.

I Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma, I Putu Gustave Suryantara Pariartha

C-18

C 12

(ID 138)

Islamic Bank Participation in Indonesia Infrastructure Provision …..

Ayomi Dita Rarasati, Eric Too, Bambang Trigunarsyah, Fiona Cheung

C-24

C 13

(ID 139)

Identification of Factors of Road Safety Problems in Indonesia

and Recommended Solutions to Improve Road Safety …...…………

A. Caroline SUTANDI, Efraim Mtimanta SURBAKTI

C-33

C 14

(ID 146)

Concrete Wall Panel From Styrofoam Waste with Wiremesh

Reinforcement ……….

Andi Prasetiyo Wibowo

C-40

C 15

(ID 153)

Numerical Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beams Repaired with

Polymer-

Modified Mortars …..………..

Luthfi M Mauludin, Fransesca da Porto

C-48

C16

ID 181

The addition of

Canggahwang

and

Sunduk

to the

Saka

of Balinese

Traditional Houses Increases the Residents’ Safety Arising from

Earthquake Load

………..

I Nyoman Sutarja

C-55

C17

(ID 182)

Geometry Non-Linearity and Performance Base Design Procedure

Relevant to Predict the Seismic Performance of Low-Rise Building

and a Structures in a Developing Country (Indonesia)………

G.A. SUSILAa, P. MANDALb& T. SWAILES

C-61

C18

(ID

RESTRUCTURING PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK FOR KRENENG STATION IN DENPASAR CITY

Putu Alit Suthanayaa, Ratih Pradnyawati

(12)

C19

(ID213)

RECLAMATION

ENVIRONMENT

VISION

AS

AN

ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT FOR PORT FACILITY:

Literature Review Case application

I Nyoman Budiartha R.M

C-78

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

M 01

(ID 104)

Fuzzy-PID

Ratio

Controller

of

An

Electro-Mechanical

Continuously

Variable

Transmission

for

Automotive

Application

……….

B. Supriyo, K.B. Tawi, H. Jamaluddin, H. Nasution, A. Budianto, M.S. Che Kob and S. Ariyono

M-1

M 02

(ID 109)

The variation of blade number and the rotational operation in the

various wind occurrence distributions of the clean and renewable

wind power machine

………

Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachman, Yuni Aryani Koedoes

M-12

M 03

(ID 110)

Prospect of Iran Natural Gas Export Projects

…

...

………

Hedayat Omidvar

M-21

M 05

(ID 120)

Performance of Diamond Cutting Tool in the Turning Process of

Stainless Steel, Copper and Aluminium

…

.

………

Ida Bagus Puspa Indra, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I Nyoman Gede Antara

M-31

M 06

(ID 123)

Time Study Analysis of Food Services Using Man Machine

Mapping

I Wayan Sukania, Oktaviangel, Julita

M-42

M 07

(ID 125)

Comparison Vickers Hardness of Welding Alumunium-MG 5083

with Welded for Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Tungsten Inert Gas

(TIG) …

..

I Gusti Ngurah Ardana, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I Made Widiyarta

M-48

M 10

(ID 130)

Performance of Repetitive type of Biogas Desulfurizer Made

from Steel Chips

Waste

…….…………

.

………..

Tjokorda Gde Tirta NINDHIA, Komang Metty Trisna NEGARA, I Made SUCIPTA, I Wayan SURATA, I Ketut Adi ATMIKA, Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra NEGARA

M-63

M 12

(ID 142)

A Green Manufacturing Process For Small Vertical Axis Wind

Turbine blade

…………..………

Rui-Hua Hu, Ai-Yun Jiang, Zhi-Guo Ma, Cai-Xia Fan, Jing-ChaoZou

M-70

M 13

(ID 143)

Study Physical and Mechanical Properties of Vegetal Material on

composite structures

………

Abdalla Abdal-hay, Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana, Jong-Woo Kim, Cheol In Kim, Jae Kyoo Lim

M-76

M 16

(ID 154)

CFD as Aiding Tool to Predict Airflow and Thermal Performance

of Buildings. Case Study: Airflow Pattern and Thermal

Performance

in

Classroom,

University

of

Atmajaya

……….………

J. Ade Prasetya S.

(13)

M 17

(ID 179)

Effect of chemical treatments on the tensile strength and

flammability of paper mulberry fiber reinforced PLA composites

Jian-Guo Cui, NPG. Suardana, Hyun-Chel Kim, Jae-Kyoo Lim

M-92

M 18

ID 187

Line Assembling Investigation of Three Wheels Bicycle Using

Time Measurement Method at Pt X

………

I Wayan Sukania, Iwan Susanto

M-101

M 19

(ID 188)

Tensile And Impact Strength of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy

Composites As Alternative Materials For Above Knee Prosthetic

Socket

………..

Agustinus Purna Irawan, I Wayan Sukania

M-109

M 20

(ID189)

M 21

(ID196)

M 22

(ID202)

Experimental Study of Dynamic Vibration on Prototype Auditory

Membrane Made of PVDF

……….

Harto Tanujaya, Susilodinata, Adianto, Hirofumi Shintaku, and Satoyuki Kawano

Simulation On Characteristic Of Fluidization Phenomena Using

Waste Par

ticles………..

I Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, I Nyoman Gede Sujana, I Made Agus Putrawan

Quality Improvement of Dried Seaweed by Using Cabinet

Dryer

……

I Wayan Surataa, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhiab, I Ketut Adi Atmikac

M-116

M-121

M-129

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

E 01

(ID122)

The Role of University in Improving the Quality Sustainable

Technological Development (IQSTD)

………

Yuda Bakti Zainal, Een Taryana, Rohani Jahja Widodo

E-1

E 02

(ID165)

Development of Mobile Application for Theater Booking System

Andik Setyono , Md. Jahangir Alam, and Amit Roy

E-9

E 03

(ID166)

Study and Design of the Video for Mobile Communication

……

.

Andik Setyono

E-16

E 04

(ID194)

APPLICATION OF HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER TO REDUCE LOSSES DUE TO HARMONICS DISTORTION: A CASE STUDY IN A CITY HOTEL

I M. E. Purwa Antaka, W. G. Ariastina, I N. S. Kumara, and R. S. Hartati

E-24

E 05

(ID195)

Special Pattern Development for Feature Extraction In Balinese

Print Character Recognition System Base on Localized Arc Pattern

Method

AA. K. Oka Sudana; Ni Kadek Ayu Wirdiani; Gusti Agung Ayu Putri

E-32

E06

(ID204)

Mixed Reality in Tele-operation Using Virtual Environment

Second Life

I Nyoman Piarsa, Putu Wiryadi Sastraningrat

(14)

Proceedings of the 2ndInternational Conference on Sustainable Technology Development, 2012

M - 92

M 17 (ID 179)

Effect of chemical treatments on the flammability and tensile strength of

paper mulberry fiber reinforced PLA composites

Jian-Guo Cuia, NPG. Suardanab, Hyun-Chel Kimc, Jae-Kyoo Limd

a_{Department of Mechanical Design, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea}

E-mail :[email protected]

b

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali 80361 Indonesia E-mail :[email protected]

c

Korea Institute for Knit Industry, Iksan 560-330, Korea E-mail : [email protected]

d

Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea Corresponding author : E-mail :[email protected]

Abstract: Nature fibers are a major renewable resource material throughout the world

specifically in this topic. In this research, the renewable resource based thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA), is used to prepare paper mulberry fiber reinforced bio-composites with potential for structural applications. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of chemical treatments on the tensile strength and fire retardant of the natural fiber/PLA composites. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) were used as the chemicals for the surface treatments of fibers. The impact of chemical treatments onto the characterization of paper mulberry fibers was evaluated using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Tensile test and flammability test were carried out to evaluate the tensile strength and flame retardant properties of composite. The result showed that Tensile strength and elastic modulus of fiber/PLA composites increased after NaOH treatments, except in the case of DAP treatments. DAP treatment showed good effect on the flame retardant properties of composites.

Key Words:natural fiber, composite, chemical treatment, fire retardant, PLA Composites

1. Introduction.

In the recent decades, the industries are getting more and more interested in environment-friendly realizations. The research on natural fiber-based composite materials fits well into this ecological image [1]. A fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite material consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with high-strength fibers, such as glass, aramid and carbon [2]. Natural fibers as an alternative reinforcement in polymer composites have attracted the attention of many researchers and scientists due to their unique advantages over conventional glass and carbon fibers [3]. The various advantages of natural fibers over man-made glass and carbon fibers are low cost, low density, comparable specific tensile properties, non-irritation to the skin, reduced energy consumption, less health risk, renewability, recyclability and bio-degradability [4]. These composites materials are suitably applicable for aerospace, leisure, construction, sport, packaging and automotive industries.

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M - 93

commonly used thermoplastics for this purpose are polypropylene(PP), polylactic acid(PLA), polyethylene, and poly vinyl chloride (PVC), while phenolic, epoxy and polyester resins are the most commonly used thermosetting matrices [3,5].

A certain drawback of natural fibers/polymers composites is the incompatibility between the hydrophilic natural fibers and the hydrophobic thermoplastic matrices. This leads to undesirable properties of the composites. It is therefore necessary to modify the fiber surface by employing chemical modifications to improve the adhesion between fiber and matrix [6].

The objective of this study is to investigate the behavior of the paper mulberry fiber reinforced PLA composites upon two kinds of chemical treatments and characteristics of tensile properties and environmental effects with potential for further structural applications.

2. Experimental procedure

Fibers

In this research, Paper mulberry fiber was used for fabricating composites materials and obtained from Thailand. The paper mulberry is a tree in the family Moraceas, native to eastern Asia. Other names include Dak, Halibun, Kalivon, Kozo, and Tapacloth tree. The bark is composed of very strong fibers, and can be used for making high-quality paper such as Korean traditional paper-Hanji. Also, the tender leaves and twigs can be used to feed deer.

(a) Tree (b) Pulp (c) mat

Figure 1. Paper mulberry

As Shown in Figure 1 the fibers were obtained from the bark of paper mulberry tree and kept as the shape of pulp. Then the fibers were processed to the shape of mat for this research.

The length and width of paper mulberry bast fibers were 8.67 mm (average) and 22.5μm (average), respectively. The cell wall thickness was 5.2μm (average) and fiber length/fiber width ratio was 385 [7].

Compositions of paper mulberry bast fibers [8] are lignin less than 1%, holocellulose 90 % and ash 2.4%. Holocellulose mainly consists of cellulose and hemicelluloses.

Matrix

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2003D, a Nature Works LLC product, is a thermoplastic resin derived from annually renewable resources and is specifically designed for use in fresh food packaging and food service ware applications. Ingeo biopolymer 2003D is a transparent general purpose extrusion grade that is used naturally or as part of a formulated blend. This is a high molecular weight biopolymer grade that processes easily on conventional extrusion equipment.

Table 1 Typical Material & Application Properties

Physical Properties Ingeo 2003 D ASTM Method

Specific Gravity 1.24 D792

Melt index, g/10 min(210oC/2,16kg) 5-7 D1238

Clarity Transparent

Mechanical Properties

Tensile Strength (Break) 53 Mpa D882

Tensile Yield Strength 60 Mpa D882

Tensile Modulus 3.5 GPa D882

Tensile Elongation 6.0 % D882

Notched lzod impact 12.81 J/m D256

Chemicals

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) were used in this research. The aim of using NaOH is to improve the interfacial bonding between fiber and polymer causes higher tensile strength that compared with untreated fiber/PLA composites. In addition, diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used for increase the fire retardant properties of composites that compared with untreated fiber/PLA composites. Both chemicals were made in Japan.

Fiber Characterization

Chemical treatments

In this work, the paper mulberry fibers were washed with water to remove impurities and dust from the fiber surface, after that the fibers were processed to make the shape of mat. Then fibers were put into the oven to dry at 70 oC for 12 h. After drying two kinds of chemical treatments were carried out.

The dried fiber mats were treated immersing in 5 wt% NaOH solution at room temperature for 1 hour and subsequently washed with water to eliminate residual NaOH on the surface of the fiber and dried in the oven for 24 h at 70oC.

The fibers were immersed in DAP solutions with 1 wt% of DAP. The mixture of fiber and DAP solution was then heated in the oven at 160oC for 1h. After heating, the fibers were removed from the DAP solution and directly dried in the oven at 70 oC for 24 h without washing with water [9]. The cooled samples were kept in plastic bags for further use.

Thermal analysis

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fibers and composites from room temperature to 600oC at a heating rate of 10oC/min under nitrogen gas flowing at 60 ml/min. About 20 mg of sample was used in each test.

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

A Rigaku X-ray diffractometer with a current of 30 mA and a voltage of 40 KV was employed. The diffraction intensity was measured from 2θ = 5 to 50o, step size was 0.05oand the scanning speed was 4o/min. The crystallinity index (Ic) of the fibers and composites were calculated according to Mwaikambo and Ansell 2002 [10] by using the following eq. 1.

100 (%)

) 002 (

) ( ) 002 (

x

I

c am



 (1)

where,I(002)is the maximum intensity of diffraction of the (0 0 2) lattice peak at a 2θangle of around 22°, whileI(am) is the intensity of diffraction at an angle 2θ ≈ 17º representing of the

amorphous materials in cellulosic fibers where the intensity is at a minimum.

Fabrication of composites

The fiber-weight fraction of composites was determined as 13.5% during making composites. The composites were fabricated by using a hot press machine (Caver #3912). The sheets of PLA and paper mulberry fiber mats were arranged layer by layer and put into the mould. Before using mould, the mould was sprayed with Blue Coat-R release agent to reduce the adhesion between the composites and the mould. The mold with compounded materials was placed into the hot press machine. The specimens were heated at 175oC and under a pressure of 1.43 MPa for 5 min, then removed from the hot press machine and pressed under the loading of 40 kg until the mold cooled at room temperature.

Fire retardant testing

The flame retardant properties of the composites were tested according to the ASTM D 635-03 [11]. Specimens were determined by the dimensions of 125 mm x 13 mm, then burning held horizontally in the horizontal burning test. They were ignited by fuel gas at one end point of the specimen. The burning time from the first mark (25 mm from the ignition end) until the second mark (100 mm from the ignition end) was measured to calculate the linear burning rate (V) of the samples. Weight loss rate was calculated by a differentiation of the weight before and after the burning process divided burning time.

Tensile testing

Tensile test was performed using the Instron Universal Testing Instrument model 4206 with 7.5 kN-load cell. The specimens were tested at crosshead speed of 5 mm/min and carried out in accordance with ASTM D3039 [12].

3. Results and Discussion

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0 20 40 60

0 4000 8000

(NH 4) (H2PO4)

Untreated NaOH

Int

ens

it

y

(

a.

u.

)

2-theta

DAP (NH

4) (H2PO4)

Figure 2. X-ray diffractograms of (a) DAP treated fiber, (b) NaOH treated fiber and (c) Untreated fiber.

The X-ray diffractograms of untreated, NaOH treated and DAP treated fibers can be seen in Figure 2. It can be seen that all the highest peaks appeared at 22o≤2θ≤23o in three graphs, which correspond to the 002 crystallographic planes of cellulose. The other lower main peak appeared 17o≤2θ≤18oat the minimum intensity, which is an intensity of diffraction of the amorphous material. However, it can be seen three more peaks in the graph of (a) DAP treated fiber. These are identified as mono ammonium phosphate (NH4)(H2PO4). The presence of these peaks may be due to the fibers not being washed, but directly dried after being removed from DAP solution [9].

The cellulose crystallinity index of untreated, NaOH treated and DAP treated paper mulberry fibers were calculated using eq. 1 and showed in Table 2. It can be seen from the Table that the crystallinity index of fiber increased after chemical treatment. It may indicate that the amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses removed after alkali treatment. However, the surface of DAP treated fiber affected by ammonium phosphate obviously so that the crystallinity index of cellulose may also has been affected.

Table 2 Crystallinity index of untreated and treated fiber Fibers Iam(2θ=17.6

o

) I002(2θ=22.7

o

) Crystallinity index(%)

Untreated 391.7 1818.9 78.5

DAP treated 390.3 2312.9 83.1

NaOH treated 811.3 4950.5 83.6

It is presented that the reactions of cellulose with various chemicals occur in the amorphous regions and proceed. The chemicals first react with the ends of chain on the surface of the crystallinites, as it is difficult to diffuse into the crystalline region, resulting in the opening of some of the hydrogen-bonded cellulose chains [13].

Thermal properties of untreated and treated fibers

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fiber. The slight curve from start to 120 oC was due to the loss of moisture from the fibers. The decomposition begins at a certain temperature in 200 oC~400 oC, which state that hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin degradation at 200 oC~315 oC, 240 oC~400 oC, 160 o

C~190oC, respectively [14-16]. It can be seen that the plot of DAP treated fiber appeared the first decomposition curve, but remained highest residue at 500 oC. In addition, the plot of alkali treated fiber presented similar curve with that the plot of untreated fiber. In Figure 3(b), it can be seen clearly that the decomposition of DAP treated fiber showed the lower peak in maximum decomposition temperature compared with other two plots, indicating a very slow decomposition rate. In addition, the highest decomposition rate appeared in alkali treated fiber. In this analysis, the interval of slow curve could be attributed to the decomposition of hemicelulose and lignin. The second interval of steep curve could be due to the possible decomposition of cellulose and lignin [15].

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 W e ig h t (% )

Temperature (o

C)

DAP NaOH Untreated

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 D e ri v . W e ig h t ( % / oC ) Temperature(o C) DAP NaOH Untreated

(a) TGA (b) DTG

Figure 3. TGA and DTG curves for Untreated fiber, NaOH treated fiber and DAP treated fiber.

Flame retardant of composites

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Figure 4. Linear burning rate and weight loss rate of untreated and treated fiber/PLA composites.

Figure 5. Pictures of composites samples after burning.

Tensile properties

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Figure 6. Tensile strengths and Elastic modulus of neat PLA and untreated and treated fiber/PLA composites

4. Conclusion

In this study, effect of NaOH and DAP treatments on the flammability and tensile strength of paper mulberry fiber reinforced PLA composites was studied. It can be concluded that:

 XRD analysis showed both NaOH and DAP treatments have increased the crystallinity

index of fiber. TGA analysis showed that DAP-treated fiber has the lowest first decomposition temperature but its char residue at 500oC is the highest, also, the decomposition rate is the lowest. NaOH treatment showed almost the same tendency with untreated fiber at TGA and DTG.

 The tensile strength and elastic modulus of fiber/PLA composites increased after NaOH treatment and decreased after DAP treatment compared to that of untreated fiber composite.

 After fire retardant test, we can see clearly that DAP treatment decreased the linear burning rate and weight loss rate of composites significantly, also, NaOH treatment showed good fire retardant property compared with untreated composites. The appearance of char on the DAP-treated fiber composites is distinct in the there was no glowing, and the surface morphologies of the fibers were quite firm and still intact after the flame was removed.

Acknowledgement

This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science Technology (MEST) and Korea Institute for National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) through the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation.

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