TRANSLATING CULTURAL BOUND ELEMENTS IN AN INDONESIAN SUPERNATURAL ARTICLE INTO ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Andrew Thren
Faculty of Language and Literature
Satya Wacana Christian University
Salatiga, Indonesia
Abstract
Translation is often depicted as a vehicle, means, or conduit between languages to bring understanding, insight, and new ways of thinking to the second language, with respect to the cultural traditions between the two languages. Occasionally, there are instances where a poor translation can render parts or most of the source language text incomprehensible. As a harbinger of information and communication between two languages, it is the translator‟s goal to produce accurate and idiomatic translations in the second language text. Related with culture, translators are faced with the dilemma of how to consider cultural aspects in the source text and how to appropriately convey them in the target language. Within this context, this paper examines the challenges posed by translating an Indonesian supernatural article into English. This paper will delve into the proper way to translate an Indonesian supernatural article into English and the proper format that should be used. An analysis of an Indonesian supernatural article translated by a class of 20 university-level students into English language, as well as the common errors made by students in translating the article at a meaning-based level will also be analyzed. Through this analysis it is hoped that translators can better comprehend and visualize the cultural implications and conceptualize better translation methods and strategies to translate cultural aspects into English language.
INTRODUCTION
Translating supernatural articles can pose numerous problems as a translator has to decipher how to render culture-bound elements from the source text into the target language. A translator needs to transfer the written message of the source text with the same message into the target foreign language. Nonetheless, with culture-bound words this is often very challenging. Some words or concepts in the source language may be too deeply rooted, so that it makes translating the idea in the target language rather taxing. Certain ideas may be too culture-specific for readers of the target language to comprehend. Besides thinking about the culture-bound elements, a translator also needs to consider the prepositional content, subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, vocabulary, parts of speech, and grammatical cohesion, understand the correct word choice, formal language related to the article, subtle nuances, and double entendres present in a supernatural article. Supernatural articles are particularly different from other kinds of texts in that the translator must consider the type of text it is and who the targeted readers are to know best how to translate the text.
A translator has the task of accurately transferring what is said in one language into another. In translating a supernatural article, a translator needs to be competent in understanding the cultural concepts present in the source language and be able to relay those ideas accurately in the foreign language. A translator should be conscious of idiosyncrasies in the target language (TL) and be able to successfully convey ideas and source language specific words from supernatural articles into the target language through various methods. Venuti (1995, p.1, as cited in Munday, p.144) uses the term „invisibility‟ to describe the translator‟s situation and activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture. Venuti sees this invisibility as typically being produced by the way translators themselves tend to translate fluently into English, to produce an idiomatic and „readable‟ translated text, thus creating an „illusion of transparency‟. This „illusion of transparency‟ is beneficial in the target language, as it lets the readers think they are reading the original text and not a translated text, which allows them to read it more fluently without linguistic or stylistic peculiarities.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Larson (1984), as cited in Simatupang (1999, p.39) divides translation into meaning-based translation and meaning-based translation. A literal translation can be categorized as a form-based translation. Translation is generally categorized into seven main categories, starting with a very literal translation, literal translation, modified literal translation, inconsistent mixture translation, near idiomatic translation, idiomatic translation, and unduly free translation (Larson, 1984, p.17, as cited in Simatupang, 1999).
The equivalence technique is used to translate idioms when two languages refer to the same situation in very different ways. Hatim and Munday (2004, p.150) state that the equivalence technique is used if the same situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different styles and structural methods. An example of equivalence is when translating “meong” to “meow” or “nguik” to “squeak” or “kukurukuk” to “cock-a-doodle-doo”. Larson (1989, p.22) gives an example of an idiom in Indonesian language. “Panjang tangan” is a term for someone who likes to steal. It cannot be translated literally into “long hand” or “long arms” in English because it will convey a meaning that is quite different from the original idea.
The adaptation technique is a unique type of situational equivalence, as this technique is used when the type of situation being referred to in the SL text is foreign in the TL culture. In a situation like this, the translator has to create an equivalent situation. Fawcett (1997) states that equivalence takes place when the receiving culture has little or no experience that would allow it to understand a close translation. In an instance where a situation like this may occur, it is best to adapt it to the receiving culture.
Baker (1992, p.26-42) also has several translation techniques that can be applied such as translation by a more general word (for non equivalence in propositional meaning between that word and what it refers to or describes in a real or imaginary world), translation by a more neutral or less expressive word (for dealing with sensitive issues, such as politics, religion, sex, etc. to avoid a wrong expressive meaning in the translation), translation by cultural substitution (involves replacing a culture-specific expression with a target-language expression which does not have the same propositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader), translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation (deals with culture-specific items, modern concepts, and buzzwords. An explanation is given that follows loan words when the word is repeated several times in the text, so that the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanations), translation by paraphrase using a related word (used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language in a different form. It is used when the word in the source text is significantly higher or unnatural than it would be in the target language), translation by paraphrase using unrelated words (used if the source text contains an expression that is not lexicalized in the target language. Unrelated words can be used to paraphrase by modifying a superordinate or unpack the meaning of the words you want to paraphrase), and translation by omission (used if the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the text. The translator can simply omit translating the word or expression). Therefore, these and many other different techniques can be used by a translator when translating a supernatural article from Indonesian to English, depending upon the need of the translator to produce the most idiomatic sounding translation.
THE STUDY
students (3 students were absent). The second article analyzed in Appendix 3 was “Mengendalikan Pasangan Lewat Ilmu Gaib” based on the individual translations of 21 students (all students were present). The results of the student translations are in Table 1 and Table 2 divided into idiomatic, near idiomatic, and non idiomatic classifications. The types of translation errors in the tables are important as they reveal to what extent the students are able to fathom the subtle nuances in translating culturally-specific terms from Indonesian to English language.
RESULTS
[image:4.612.70.507.314.714.2]The results of the study can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2. On one side, translating these kinds of articles from Indonesian to English is enjoyable for students. However, they often have difficulties in deciding how to properly translate magic related or culturally-specific words and concepts into English. In many aspects, numerous difficulties arise.
Table 1: Types of Translations of 1st Supernatural Article
Word(s)/Expressions Idiomatic Near Idiomatic Non Idiomatic
Susuk Berlian Samber Lilin (1) 13 0 5
Pada Usia Mendekati Kepala 4! (2) 2 11 5
Beberapa kali mematut di kaca (3) 0 2 16
wajahnya yang dulu muda, segar dan mulus (4)
0 12 6
kini telah digerogoti beberapa keriput yang mengumpul di bawah mata (5)
1 3 14
ia sendiri merasa kurang nyaman (6) 7 7 4
Duh, malunya! (7) 3 12 3
Rini pernah mendengar, di negara-negara maju (8)
0 10 8
Hanya saja biayanya selangit (9) 4 9 5
sekali terapi biayanya Rp 2,5 juta (10) 0 10 8
Rini bertemu lagi dengan seorang karibnya, Dina (11)
1 4 13
Tapi melihat penampilan Dina yang masih begitu segar (12)
1 0 17
Rini jadi terkagum-kagum (13) 6 9 3
penampilan Dina tak kalah dengan gadis-gadis remaja (14)
0 5 13
Cantik dan ranum (15) 0 3 15
Karena penasaran, Rini lalu menarik Dina ke pojok (16)
4 7 7
Dina dipaksa untuk membuka rahasia kecantikannya (17)
8 8 2
Asih (18)
seorang paranormal pakar kecantikan alternative (19)
3 7 8
Cobalah susuk yang satu ini (20) 0 4 14
khasiatnya sungguh dahsyat (21) 6 7 5
celetuk (22) 1 0 17
Penampilan begitu prima (23) 8 6 4
wajahnya terlihat segar berseri-seri (24)
1 2 15
benar-benar bekerja secara mistis (25)
4 9 5
membuat aura yang keluar gemerlap mempesona (26)
0 7 11
Hebatnya lagi, susuk ini tanpa pantangan (27)
3 6 9
Bisa dipakai siapa saja, tak mengenal golongan dan agama (28)
1 7 10
DISCUSSION
[image:5.612.70.505.69.313.2]From the 28 expressions chosen from the supernatural article above, students were able to make 78 overall idiomatic translations. Idiomatic translations are those which can be accepted as being proper translations in the receptor text. From the same expressions, students were able to do 170 near idiomatic translations. Near idiomatic translations are those in which the translations are close enough to being idiomatic but have minor errors in word choice. From these expressions, there was a total of 252 non-idiomatic translations. Non-idiomatic translations are those which have major mistakes in translations, so that it renders them unacceptable in the receptor text. The large number of idiomatic translations reveals that translating non-standard terminology from Indonesian to English language poses numerous difficulties for students, as they are not exposed to this kind of vocabulary in their academic studies and do not read these kinds of articles in English language on their own. Students tend to read articles about supernatural or mysticism themes in their source language only.
Table 2: Types of Translations of 2nd Supernatural Article
Word(s)/Expressions Idiomatic Near Idiomatic Non Idiomatic
Ilmu Gaib (1) 16 0 5
pasangan (2) 1 10 10
pengasihan (3) 0 4 17
air seni (4) 19 2 0
Kedahsyatan (5) 7 8 6
paranormal (6) 12 5 4
pasangan yang dikehendaki (8) 3 4 14
bila kebablasan (9) 3 3 15
menimbulkan kegilaan seumur hidup (10)
0 12 9
tidak akan mampu disembuhkan (11) 4 3 14
orang yang kita tuju tidak curiga (12) 6 4 11
Untuk menghilangkan bau pesing yang menyengat (13)
6 4 11
mengandung alkohol atau soda dengan takaran cukup tinggi (14)
0 1 20
pasangan yang hendak kita beri mantra pengasihan terlebih dahulu dibuat pingsan (15)
2 7 12
Dalam keadaan pingsan, air kencing bisa dengan mudah masuk ke dalam mulutnya (16)
0 11 10
bau dan rasa yang dihasilkan juga tidak akan terasa (17)
3 4 14
Kalau orang yang hendak kita tuju (18)
4 10 7
tentu dia akan menolaknya (19) 2 3 16
Bahkan, dia bisa tidak percaya lagi (20)
2 12 7
air kencing yang sudah diberi mantra itu juga bisa disemprotkan ke dalam aura orang yang hendak kita beri pagar gaib (21)
1 8 12
wadah (22) 12 0 9
dilakukan ritual untuk menampakkan aura (23)
2 2 17
Untuk hasilnya, jangan tanya (24) 1 10 10
air kencing sanggup menjadikan pasangan tergila-gila (25)
5 12 4
pasangannya (26) 10 5 6
air kencing yang digunakan tidak sembarangan (27)
7 6 8
manjur (28) 14 3 4
berwarna kuning pekat (29) 11 1 9
para ahli pengasihan (30) 3 8 10
lebih manjur (31) 14 3 4
media pengasihan (32) 1 3 17
botol yang tidak mudah rusak (33) 4 9 8
air kencing tetap terjaga keutuhannya (34)
3 4 14
diberi tanda berupa nisan (36) 1 1 19
kuburan manusia (37) 14 4 3
gundukan tanah (38) 1 7 13
air perasan bunga mawar, bunga melati serta bunga kantil (39)
0 2 19
bacaan mantra khusus (40) 10 2 9
Agar lebih afdol (41) 7 8 6
orang pintar (42) 9 3 9
diambil dan ditaruh di bawah bantal tempat tidur (43)
2 13 6
pengasihan atau mengikat pasangan agar tidak selingkuh (44)
0 2 19
DISCUSSION
From the 44 expressions chosen from the supernatural article above, students were able to make 224 overall idiomatic translations. From the same expressions, students were able to do 232 near idiomatic translations. From these expressions, there was a total of 468 non-idiomatic translations. There is almost a 2:1 ratio in non-idiomatic with idiomatic and near idiomatic translations. The large number of non-idiomatic translations reveals that translating non-standard terminology from Indonesian to English language poses numerous difficulties for students, as they are not exposed to this kind of vocabulary in their academic studies and do not read these kinds of articles in English language on their own. Students tend to read articles about supernatural or mysticism themes in their source language only.
advertisement in such a way that if you were the prospective target, you would be tempted to buy the product or service. Then, do not overuse exclamation marks or write more than one for a particular point. Finally, check spelling and punctuation carefully after translating the advertisement. It should be free from grammatical mistakes. Advertisements with typos will not be taken serious by consumers. It will reflect poorly on your translation ability and on the product or service you are translating for.
CONCLUSION
Translation is an effort to convey a message from one language to another without altering the meaning of the message. In translating, many different techniques can be used, depending on the needs of the translator. To be a qualified translator, one needs to master the source language and target language, be knowledgeable about both cultures, recognize culturally specific terms, and be able to translate them in an understandable way in the target language. Through this analysis, it is hoped that lecturers can better gage their students‟ linguistic competence through the target language translation. It is also hoped that students will have a better insight of syntax in English and be more able to convey their competence through quality idiomatic translations.
REFERENCES
Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, London: Routledge. Bassnett, S. (2008). Translation Studies (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Bermann, Sandra and Wood, Michael (2005). Nation, Ethics, and the Language of Translation. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Cronin, Michael (2006). Translation and Identity. New York: Routledge. Fawcett, P. (1997). Translation and Language. UK: St. Jerome.
Hatim, B. and Munday J. (2004). Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. Cornwall: TJ International Ltd.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Simatupang, M.D.S. (1999). Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi.
Venuti, Lawrence (2008). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. New York: Routledge.
Suggested references for Indonesian mysticism readings Magazines
Websites
www.rajapelet.com www.ilmupelet.com www.pasangsusuk.com www.hantuhantu.com www.primbon.com www.manterapelet.com www.indospiritual.com
http://www.kaskus.us/forumdisplay.php?f=23 http://terselubung.blog.com
http://hantuonline.info/majalah-hantu.aspx http://www.djeng-asih.com/
http://peletratuasihan.indonetwork.co.id/1524404/paket-ilmu-pelet.htm http://jokowidayat.blogspot.com/
APPENDIX 1
Susuk Berlian Samber Lilin (1)
Masih Tetap Cantik dan Segar Pada Usia Mendekati Kepala 4! (2)
Ketika merayakan HUT ke-37 April silam, Rini merasakan banyak perubahan pada dirinya. Terutama, wajahnya. Beberapa kali mematut di kaca (3), ia sadar kalau wajahnya yang dulu muda, segar dan mulus (4) kini telah digerogoti beberapa keriput yang mengumpul di bawah mata (5). Akhir-akhir ini ia mencoba menyembunyikan garis keriput itu dengan make up bedak tebal. Meski menolong, ia sendiri merasa kurang nyaman (6). Sebab dengan make up tebal, wajahnya jadi seperti topeng. Duh, malunya! (7)
Rini pernah mendengar, di negara-negara maju (8) seperti Singapura ada terapi laser untuk menghilangkan keriput penuaan pada wajah seseorang. Terakhir, ia mendengar ada sebuah salon di Jakarta yang menawarkan layanan serupa. Hanya saja biayanya selangit (9). “Kalau nggak salah, sekali terapi biayanya Rp 2,5 juta (10). Untuk bisa tampil sempurna, saya paling tidak harus menjalani 4–5 kali terapi. Wah, mahalnya,” keluh Rini.
Sampai suatu ketika pada reuni SMA-nya Rini bertemu lagi dengan seorang karibnya, Dina (11). Tapi melihat penampilan Dina yang masih begitu segar (12), Rini jadi terkagum-kagum (13). Bayangkan, meski usianya nyaris kepala 4 tapi penampilan Dina tak kalah dengan gadis-gadis remaja (14). Cantik dan ranum (15). Karena penasaran, Rini lalu menarik Dina ke pojok (16). Di situ Dina dipaksa untuk membuka rahasia kecantikannya (17). Ternyata Dina dengan terus-terang mengungkapkan kalau selama ini ia jadi langganan Djeng Asih (18), seorang paranormal pakar kecantikan alternative (19). Terapi yang digunakan Dina agar terlihat tetap segar dan awet muda adalah Susuk Berlian Samber Lilin. “Cobalah susuk yang satu ini (20), lain daripada yang lain, khasiatnya sungguh dahsyat (21),” celetuk (22) Dina.
Sejak itu Rini pun jadi pasien Djeng Asih. Kira-kira 2 bulan kemudian ia mampu tampil lebih pedhe di depan khalayak umum. Penampilan begitu prima (23), wajahnya terlihat segar berseri-seri (24). Ini karena susuk yang dipakai benar-benar bekerja secara mistis (25), membuat aura yang keluar gemerlap mempesona (26). Tak cuma itu, kerut-kerut penuaan yang dulu menggantung di bawah matanya
juga lenyap dengan sendirinya. “Hebatnya lagi, susuk ini tanpa pantangan (27). Bisa dipakai siapa saja,
APPENDIX 2
Susuk Berlian Samber Lilin (1)
Those Who Are Approaching 40 (2) Can Still Look Young and Beautiful!
While celebrating her 37th birthday this past April, Rini noticed many outward personal changes, especially in her face. After looking at herself in the mirror several times (3), she realized that her once youthful and flawless complexion (4) now had been damaged by a few wrinkles underneath her eyes (5). Recently she tried to cover the wrinkles by applying thick powder. Even though it helped, she didn’t feel confident (6), because the thick make-up made it look like she was wearing a mask. It made her feel rather embarrassed (7).
Rini had heard that in industrialized nations (8), like Singapore, a person with age wrinkles could undergo laser therapy. Most recently she heard of a clinic in Jakarta that provides a similar kind of service. But the only problem is that the prices are sky high(9). “If I‟m not mistaken, I will have to dish out Rp. 2.5 million just to go through this treatment once (10). To perfect my complexion I will have to do the therapy 4 or 5 times. I will waste an awful lot of money,” sighed Rini.
This all changed when she went to a high school reunion and was reunited with one of her old chums, Dina (11). Rini was surprised (13) when she saw that Dina hadn’t aged a day (12). Even though Dina was reaching 40, she looked just like a teenager (14). She had a glowing and youthful appearance (15). Anxious to find out her secret, Rini pulled Dina into a corner (16). Rini forced Dina to reveal her beauty secrets (17). Dina admitted that she has been a client of Djeng Asih (18), a paranormal expert in alternative beauty therapy (19). To keep Dina looking young and fancy free, she used Susuk Berlian Samber Lilin therapy. “Try this susuk (charm needles) (20). It is different from anything you have ever seen before. It works wonders!(21)” burst Dina excitedly (22).
Since then, Rini has also become a client of Djeng Asih. In only about 2 months she was able to regain her confidence in the public eye. The susuk worked miracles for her (23). Her face was beautifully radiant (24). That is because the susuk she used has mystical powers (25) and can make your aura emit a radiant glow (26). Besides that, the wrinkles under her eyes miraculously disappeared. The best thing
APPENDIX 3
Mengendalikan Pasangan Lewat Ilmu Gaib (1)
Mengendalikan pasangan (2) bisa dilakukan dengan pengasihan (3) melalui air seni (4). Kedahsyatan (5) teknik seperti ini sudah diakui banyak orang. Terhitung, beberapa paranormal (6) di berbagai daerah sering menggunakan sarana air kencing untuk menyalurkan ajian pengasihan (7) bagi pasangan yang dikehendaki (8). Namun, dibalik itu, pengasihan melalui air kencing bisa membahayakan. Sebab, bila kebablasan (9), justru akan menimbulkan kegilaan seumur hidup (10) dan dapat dipastikan tidak akan mampu disembuhkan (11).
Caranya cukup unik. Air kencing yang hendak dijadikan sarana penyaluran ajian pengasihan itu dicampur dengan minuman atau makanan. Seyogyanya, makanan atau minuman yang akan disuguhkan adalah makanan dan minuman yang berwarna kuning. Tujuannya, agar orang yang kita tuju tidak curiga (12). Untuk menghilangkan bau pesing yang menyengat (13), bisa dengan menambahkan aroma makanan atau minuman.
Karenanya, lebih baik jika minuman yang disodorkan berasal dari jenis minuman yang mengandung alkohol atau soda dengan takaran cukup tinggi (14). Kalau masih tetap kelihatan atau tercium baunya, pasangan yang hendak kita beri mantra pengasihan terlebih dahulu dibuat pingsan (15). Dalam keadaan pingsan, air kencing bisa dengan mudah masuk ke dalam mulutnya (16).
Air kencing yang dipakai juga tidak terlalu banyak. Cukup hanya dengan beberapa tetes. Selain warnanya tidak menimbulkan curiga, bau dan rasa yang dihasilkan juga tidak akan terasa (17). Kalau orang yang hendak kita tuju (18) mengetahui air minum yang disuguhkan kepadanya dicampuri air kencing, tentu dia akan menolaknya (19). Bahkan, dia bisa tidak percaya lagi (20), yang akibatnya akan muncul kecurigaan berkepanjangan.
Selain dicampurkan ke dalam minuman, air kencing yang sudah diberi mantra itu juga bisa disemprotkan ke dalam aura orang yang hendak kita beri pagar gaib (21). Caranya, air kencing itu ditaruh di suatu wadah (22). Biasanya berbentuk mangkok. Selanjutnya, dilakukan ritual untuk menampakkan aura (23). Setelah aura orang tersebut tampak, air kencing diteteskan ke dalam auranya sebanyak tiga kali. Untuk hasilnya, jangan tanya (24). Meski bau dan rasanya tidak enak, air kencing sanggup menjadikan pasangan tergila-gila (25). Bahkan, dia rela berkorban segalanya untuk pasangannya (26).
Namun, air kencing yang digunakan tidak sembarangan (27). Agar lebih manjur (28), sebaiknya air kencing yang digunakan adalah air kencing orang yang hendak kencing. Untuk mendapatkan air kencing yang bagus, hendaknya diambil pada saat bangun tidur. Warna air kencing saat orang baru bangun dari tidurnya biasanya berwarna kuning pekat (29). Menurut para ahli pengasihan (30), warna air kencing yang kuning pekat akan lebih manjur (31) jika digunakan untuk media pengasihan (32). Air kencing ditaruh dalam botol yang tidak mudah rusak (33) agar air kencing tetap terjaga keutuhannya (34).
APPENDIX 4
Control Your Partner or Love Interest through Magic (1)
Controlling your partner or love interest (2) can be done using urine (4) in a love spell (3). Many people know about the great effectiveness (5) of this technique. Included among them, several paranormals (6) in various locations often use urine in love spells (7) to help people easily get their desired mates (8). However, on the downside, using urine in a love potion can also be dangerous, because if used in a large quantity (9) it can cause lifelong incurable insanity (10 & 11).
The love potion is made in a unique way. The urine that is going to be used in the love spell is mixed with food or a beverage. The food or drink that will be given to the love interest will obviously be yellow. The reason for doing this is to avoid suspicion on the part of your love interest (12). To neutralize the stench of the urine (13), you can mix it with the aroma of food or drinks.
It is better if the drink given to your love interest contains a high alcohol or soda content (14). If you can still see or smell the urine, a spell can be put over your love interest to make him/her pass out (15). While unconscious, the urine can easily be dripped in the person’s mouth (16).
You shouldn‟t use too much urine. A few drops should be enough. That way, the color, smell, and
taste shouldn’t be noticeable (17). If the person you like (18) knows that the beverage served is mixed with urine, of course he/she will not drink it (19). Furthermore, the person will be suspicious for a long time and unable to trust you anymore (20).
Besides being mixed in drinks, urine that has been given a spell also can be sprayed within the aura of the person you want to attract by making a magical fence around him/her (21). The way to do this is by pouring the urine into a bowl-shaped container (22). Then a ritual needs to be performed to make his/her aura appear (23). After his/her aura appears, three drops of urine are dripped within his/her aura. The results speak for themselves(24). Even though it doesn‟t taste or smell very good, the urine is able to make your love interest fall crazily in love with you (25). Your love interest will even be willing to sacrifice everything he/she possesses to you (26).
However, you cannot use just any kind of urine (27). To get the most effective results, it is best to use urine when you want to urinate. To get the most effective (28) urine, you should use the urine when you wake up first thing in the morning. Usually when a person wakes up in the morning, the urine is a concentrated yellow color (29). According to love potion experts (30), urine that is a dark yellow color will be most effective (31) when used as a media for a love spell (32). The urine should be poured and kept in an unbreakable sturdy bottle (33) to maintain its integrity and potency (34).
