Pertemuan-3: DESAIN PENELITIAN 6-1

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Pertemuan-3

:

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Metode Penelitian

• Prosedur penelitian urutan tugas yang harus dilakukan dalam penelitian

• Teknik penelitian  instrumen/cara apa yang digunakan dalam penelitian

• Metode penelitian  semua prosedur dan teknik yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan penelitian

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Apa itu Desain Penelitian?

• Suatu rencana dan struktur penyelidikan untuk memperoleh jawaban terhadap

pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian

• Suatu kerangka kerja untuk menentukan

hubungan diantara variabel-variabel yang diteliti

• Suatu cetak biru (blueprint) untuk pengumpulan, pengukuran dan analisis data

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Esensi dari Desain Penelitian

• Suatu rencana berdasarkan waktu dan aktivitas

• Rencana yang selalu berdasarkan pada pertanyaan penelitian

• Panduan untuk pemilihan sumber daya dan jenis-jenis informasi

• Suatu kerangka kerja untuk menentukan

hubungan-hubungan diantara variabel-variabel penelitian

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8 “Descriptor” Desain Penelitian

1. Tingkat perumusan masalah

2. Metode pengumpulan data

3. Kemampuan peneliti dalam memberi pengaruh pada variabel-variabel yang diteliti

4. Tujuan penelitian

5. Dimensi waktu

6. Ruang lingkup topik – luas dan kedalaman – penelitian

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1. Tingkat perumusan masalah

– Studi penjajakan (exploratory study)  biasa digunakan untuk membangun suatu hipotesis atau pertanyaan untuk penelitian selanjutnya

– Studi formal (formal study)  digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis atau menjawab pertanyaan penelitian

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2. Metode Pengumpulan Data

– Studi pengamatan (monitoring):

• Peneliti memantau kegiatan-kegiatan suatu subyek tanpa berusaha untuk mendapatkan tanggapan dari siapapun.

– Survei (Communication studies):

• Peneliti mengajukan pertanyaan kepada subyek dan mengumpulkan jawabannya

melalui cara-cara personal atau nonpersonal (misal: melalui wawancara, angket dsb.)

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3. Pengendalian Variabel oleh Peneliti

– Eksperimen : peneliti berusaha untuk mengendalikan dan/atau memanipulasi variabel penelitian.

– Ex post facto design : peneliti tidak mempunyai kendali/kontrol terhadap

variabel-variabel penelitian; mereka hanya melaporkan tentang apa yang telah terjadi.

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4. Tujuan Penelitian

– Studi pelaporan (Reporting study): provides summation of data, often recasting data to achieve a deeper understanding or to generate statistics for comparison

– Descriptive study attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people or events, through the collection of data and tabulation of the frequencies on research variables or their interaction  finding out who, what, where, when or how

– Causal study see how one variable produces changes in another

 learning why

• Causal-explanatory  try to explain relationship among

variables

• Causal-predictive  to predict an effect on one variable by

manipulating another variable

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5. The Time Dimension

– Cross-sectional studies are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time

– Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period

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6. The Topical Scope

– Statistical studies attempt to capture a population’s characteristics by making

inferences from a sample’s characteristics

– Case studies place more emphasis on a full contextual analysis of fewer events or conditions and their interrelations

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7. The Research Environment

– Field condition  occur under actual environmental conditions

– Laboratory conditions  manipulated condition

– Simulations  to replicate the essence of a system or process

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8. A Participant’s Perceptions

– Usefulness of a design may be reduced when

people in the study perceive that research is being conducted

– Participants’ perceptions influence the outcomes of the research  not natural effect

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Definition:

• The process of collecting information to formulate or refine management, research, investigative, or a measurement questions

• Loosely structured studies that discover future research tasks, including developing concepts, establishing

priorities, developing operational definitions, and improving research design

• A phase of research project where the researcher

expands understanding of the management dilemma, look for ways others have addressed and/or solved problems similar to the management dilemma or management question, and gathers background

infromation on the topic to refine the research question

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Why do Exploratory Studies?

• Exploration is particularly useful when

researchers lack a clear idea of the

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Exploratory Techniques (1)

1. Qualitative Techniques

– Individual depth interview – Participant observation

– Film, photograph, videotape

– Projective techniques and psychological testing – Case studies

– Elite or expert interviewing – Document analysis

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1.a. Secondary Data Analysis – Books – Journals – Magazines – Newspapers – Internet – Reports – etc.

Exploratory Techniques (2)

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1.b. Experience Survey

– Seeking information from person experienced in the area of study

1.c. Focus Group

− A group of people (6-10 participants), led by a trained moderator, who meet for 90 minutes to 2 hours to exchange of ideas, feelings and

experiences on specific topics

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1.d. Two-Stage Design

A design in which exploration as a distinct stage precedes a descriptive or causal

design

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Descriptive

Study

Descriptive study attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people or events, through the

collection of data and tabulation of the

frequencies on research variables or their interaction  finding out who, what, where, when or how

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Causal Studies (1)

• Objective: to study aspects of who, what, when, and how of a topic.

1. Causal Studies

The essential element of causation is

– A “produces” B

or

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2. Causal Study Relationships

– How a variable influences other variables

• There are 3 posibility relationships:

(1) Symmetrical  two variables fluctuate together, but

they are not influenced each other

(2) Reciprocal  two variables interact each other

(3) Asymmetrical  Any change of a variable causes

change in other variable

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1. Stimulus-Response:

– A phenomenon/incident cause a respond in an object

2. Property-Disposition:

– Commonly applied in business and social researchs

– Exp.: The influence of age on saving behavior.

3. Disposition-Behavior:

– Exp: The relationship about opinion of a brand and purchasing brand itself

4. Property-Behavior:

– Exp: The relationship about age and participation in sport

Types of Asymmetrical Relationships

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Case - Group Discussion

• Use the eight design descriptors to

profile the research in case of Cheskin

Knows Teens.

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