52 BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY .A.ND TECHNOLOGY

R-Cccnt

Goniian

piililicatiDns. such as Fricclrirh W'iclaiiclt's Biidivhi' Miiiir- iiinl (uhh^iscliifhtr (r)5,S) or Petcr Bcrrjhaus' .\[uii-i^,\i/ii,-/il,- drr Si, nil Dnrlmiiiu/

(I'158). lia\e tried In depict the iniinetai\ liisi ir\- nf single cities (jr I3rinei|ialities. IVvdiicI liiese it

wnnld be

difficuh to emiiiierale the maii\- aiithnrscifCieniiaii monoc;ra]3hs.

The

liilihui^raphies

proxided

in (Jeli- hart's Die dailuhcn Miiriyii (/r\ Millrl,ill,r\ iiiul

dn

.Xi-iiyil (ri2'M

and

in tiriei-siin's Sr/nl liihlini^rnlihx cuN'er the

most

inipoitant titles.

A

m^ijur (.einian

pilliHcalii)n

which

shnulcl he

menliuned.

hn\\c\cr,

is the enc\"clijpedia of iiumisnialics.

Wmli

ihinh

dn

Miw-kinidr (r'3ll). Edited 1)\ I'liedrich \(in S(hirjt- ter. this

hook

is the

most complete

wfjik of its kind.

pfovidint; aiithoiitati\c infoniialion in e\ei\- held ofthe science.

Althoti<;h Schiiitter"s

hook

is the

most

acclaiined, there are soine other useful

works

of this kind, Alhcrt

R.

Fre\''s Dirlinnnrv nf .\iimisiii/ilii .\iii)ii'\

(I'M7) t;i\cs a less e.\t<'nsi\e co\cra<-;e of

numismatics

ill i;eneral.

More

recentK.

Hiimherto

F. Biirzlo

produced

in his Diiiuuiiinn dr l,i ninnrda /li^fiinin-iuiiii/- catui (\'1?U -\'1^X)

an

excellent reference

hook

for

Spanish-American

coina.qcs. Similar titles

concerned mosth

with nationalsiihjects are

Fdoardo

Martinori's

/..(/ iniimiii (1''15) or Felipe

MaH'ti

_y Llopis' (UnMinn

liiifiiinhii dr rniniisiiu'iluii (I'Hti).

Neis;hhorina; Austria jsresents interesting feature> in the |)uhlications of the

\iemiese

numismatists

August

v'oii

Loehr and Eduard Holzmair. Continuing

the

trend estahlishexl

hy

\'iktor

\on

Miller zii

Aichholz

(lS43-r'lli), the\

can

he classed ainoivj; the

most advanced

representaii\es of the practically applied histor\- of

money.

Miller

zu

Aichholz's

compendious

pulilication Osh-nchhisrhc .\tuii-l>ids.iitis,iii (l''2(l)

—

rc\i.sed in

l'M8 hy Loehr and

Flolzmair

— was one

of thefirst national catalogs^to include

paper money and

other

documents

^of \alue. Tin-

same

trend

can

^fii.- seen in L(jchr"s wi.)rk

on

the history of

mone\

in Austria.

O^tcrmduuhr

Gridoi-sihuhir {\')Au).

and m

the coin exhihitsofthe X'ieima cahinet

prepared

h\ i'rot.

Loehr and

^Dr.

^Hol/mair.

^{.Moiv^ similar lines}

^was

the hasic

approach

ofthe Swisscollector

and numisma-

tistJuliusMeili.

who

included Brazilian

paper money

in his

Das

Brauliaiiiuhe Gdduvsrti (1,S')7-I')l).3).

The concept

of Includini;

paper

currencies in the general stud\' of

numismatics

^is de\-elopinu also in France,

where

R.

Hahiekorn and jean

Lalainie, in the Bulldni dela

Smuic

d'Eliidrfmin I'llislairr dii Papiir- Miiiiiiaii\

ha\e

ptihlished

main

.irlicles

on

tlie history

PAPER

32:

NUMISMATICS AN ^{ANCIEN'T SCIENCE}

of iM-ench hills

horn

(he file ISth ceniiir\- to ihe

|)resent.

Lal.iiirie. thi' le.idin'j.

Ficneh

iiiiniismaiist, also has in process of piihhcalion the hest reference

hook on

till- ro\.il (oina'_;<-of his ii.ilion, /,ri niiiiinair\ d,-\ \ni\ dr h'laiiii-,

two

\oluines of

which

h.i\c

appeared

,ili'e,id\-

(T'^l; r'3(,) co\-eriim die pi'ii'id u|.i lu l(d(l.

In Italx. altli iii'^h rescue h in ancient mimism.itics

dominates

llie oilier fields,

.mention must

hec.illed in

an

iiii|iressi\c i^roiip of studies

on

niedie\.il

.md modern

Itali.in numisinalics. {'rancesco

and

l.icole (hlerchi piihlished .ill e\celli-ii(

Work on

llie coins of .Milan. /.-• inniiil,- ,!,

Mdaim

(lSS-1 jS'iD, while Ps'icolo Papadop'ili in.i(.le ;i siniil.ir comrihiiiion

on

die coins ^o| llie X'eneii.in Repilhlic. ^/,( llliillcif ill

\',l!,-ia (1(S')3 l''l''). .\ll excellent reference

Work

w.iv pul)lishi-d h\ (lount ⁽!aiiiillo .SeiMlmi.

who

pro-

duced,

in ^/,( nnaicli c It hnllr /dund'tt: d,I M,'dai;hi'ri-

\'ali,aun (I'Mll l'i2S),an outstanding catalog of the coinages ol die popes. .Also

noteworthx

,ire Frnesio Bernareggi'srecent piihlication

on

Itali.m i^enaiss.mce coins. Mniii'lr d'uin ,mi iilialln ilil Ruia\,inii'iiln ilaliatiii (T'^-l),

and

,i L;reatl\

needed

stiid\-

on

.Sicjli.in coins h\ Rotlollo .Sp.dir. /,( iiiinu'lr Mii/iaiir dai^li Anr'nniM ai /Inihiiiit (I'IS'M. ()| exceplioii.il \-alue .ire .1/"//.r, /'litis and (,'irilizaliiai in llif Midilnraiifan U'l'jA/fpiih- lislied in .\iiierica, F'^d).

,md

I.i avrrnlnif dt'lla In,!

(l''3S). in

which

the Itali.in economist ⁽'.irlo .\I.

('ipolla lirillianth" usescoins to guide

him

lhioiii.^li die

Fis;. 43.

—

^C:or\T

^Cwinro

.S|.u.\ri\i (ifJ<i|.- I()-,.i) .11 wnik ill till- Wilic.in ^C:iiin Cibiiiet

(aiilliiir's photo).

53

economic

evolution of Ital\

and

the entire

Mediter- ranean

^world.

During

the lastcentury,

numismatics

ofthe Iberian Peninsula

continued

its centuries-old tradition,

and many important works were

^{published, as}

can be

seen in the

voluminous Spanish and Portuguese

bil)li-

ography recenUy

issued

by

Felipe

Mateu

y ^{Llopis.'^*}

The

tradition ofpenetrating

deep

into the history of a

coinage and

studying ^{it in}

connection with

con-

temporary documents was

established

during

the 19th

century by

Alois Hciss

(1820-1893), with

^excel- lent

handbooks

^like Descrifuion General de las monedas liis/miw-crislianas (1865-1869).

This

scholarly tradi- tion \vas followed

by many outstanding Spanish numismatists such

as

Antonio Vives

y Escudero,

Casto Maria

del Rivero, Jose

Amoros,

.Antonio Bcl- iran

Martinez, Adolfo Hcrrera

{Eldiiro: Estudiode los realesdea ocho espaiioles, 1914),

and Tomaso

Dasi,

who added

to his eight

\olumcs

entitled Estiidw de los reales de a ocho

(1950-1951) documents

pertaining to the

monetary

legislation of

each

period.

At

present

Spain can claim among

its experts Prof. Felipe

.Mateu

y Llopis,

who

has

covered

in a masterly

way

the entire field of

Spanish numismatics, from

the earliest periods of its history

up

^to the present day.

He

has published a seriesof basic studies that include

such

^titles as

La

moneda espaiiola (1946), ^Glosario /lispanico de mimismatica (1946),

and more

recently the Bibliografia de la hisloria monctaria de

Espana

(1958),

mentioned

above.

In

1959 Octavio

Gil Farrcs published Hisloria dc la moneda espanola, a

handy

reference

book on

general

Spanish numismatics which

^is

annotated with an

excellent bibliography. Also

noteworthy

are the ex- tensive studies

by

the

American George Miles on

the period of the Visigoths

and Moors

in Spain:

The

Coinageof^the

Umayyads

of Spain (1950)

and The

Coin- age ojthe VisigothsofSpain (1952).

Modern numismatic

research in Portugal is repre- sented chiefly

by

Dr.

Augusto

Carlos Teixeira

dc Aragao (1823-1903),'" author

of the .standard

hand- book on Portuguese

coinages, Descripqao geral e historica das moedas cunhadas

em

name dos reis, regentes e governadores de Portugal (1874-1880). Tei.xeira

de Aragao

organized,

with

the

support

of

King Louis

I, the

numismatic

collectionin theroyal palaceof

Ajuda.

'^* ftilthogrfifia drla hisloria jnoudaria dc Espana (1958); sec also his "Bibliografia numismSiica dc Espana _y Portugal rcfcrcntcalossiglosVIII aXVI"' (1961).

'"Sec BataliiaReis,"Hist6riabibliografiradanumismilica portugucsa" (1946).

Other men who have

contributed greatly to the

development

of

Portuguese numismatics

are

Jose

^Leite

de

Vasconcellos

(1858-1941),

a

famous

archaeologist

and

teacher of

numismatics, Manuel Joaquim de Campos

{Numismatica Indo-Portnguesa, 1901),

Joaquim

Ferraro

Vaz, author

of a very

handy

reference

on Portuguese

coins {Catalogo das moedas porliigiiesas,

1948),

and Damiao

Peres.

With

a study

on

the

coinage

of -Alfonso

V,

.Moedas de Toro (1933),

and

a

major

publication in

two volumes

entitled Cartilha da numismatica portuguesa (1946; 1955),

Pedro Batalha

Reis

introduced

the highest standardsinto

Portuguese numismatic

research.

Studies of similar

merit can be found

in

South

.\merica,

which can claim

a series of

outstanding

publications

on Spanish-.American numismatics.

Manv

of these

works were

written

by

the

Chilean

Jose

Toribio Medina (1852-1930) under such

titles as Las monedasclnlenas(1902)

and Las

monedascoloniales hispano-amerucmas (1919).'^"

More

recently,

works

of exceptional merit

have been Humberto

F. Burzio"s

competent

studies

on

the

mints

of Potosi

and Lima, La

eecadclavillaimperialde Potosi (1945)

and La

cecade Lima, 1563-US2-1 (1958),

and

his

already-mentioned

dictionary; F.

Xavier

Calico's Aportacion a la histona monetaria de Santa

Fe

de Bogota (1953);

and

Francisco

Pradeau's

pulilications

on Mexican

coinages

(1950 and 1957-1961). The

latter scholar,

an American,

first published his

study

in English in

1938 under

the title

Numismatic

History of

Mexico from

the Pre- Columbian Epoch to 1823.

Xumismatic

interests are

widespread

in Latin .America.

Argentina

leads

with

a series oforganiza- tions,

where

coins are studied

and

collected,

such

as the Institute

Bonaerense de Numismatica

y Antigiie-

dades

(w^th a Boletin published since 1942), the

Museo

Historico Nacional,'''" the

Academia Nacional de

la Hisloria,

and

the faculty of

philosophy

at the University of

Buenos

Aires.

Other Spanish-American

countries

have

various organizations

formed by

collectors or students: in Chile,

with

a tradition dating

back

to

Medina's

time, the

Junta Chilena de Numismatica and

the Circulo

de Amigos Numis- maticos de

Santiago; in

Paraguay,

the Instituto

de Numismatica;

in Peru,the

Sociedad Numismatica:

in

Mexico,

the .Sociedad

Numismatica de Mexico, which

has

published

its Boletinsince 1958.

In

Brazil,

Rio de Janeiro

houses

an important

collection ofcoins in the

'^«.SecRoberts,Jose Toribio .Medina (1941).

'^"

.Sec F.l Cabinele .\umismalicn del Museo Historico Nacional (1949).

54 BULLETIN

229:

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OK HISTORY .\ND TEC;iINOLOGY

Museu

Historico

and

jt ihc Sucii^dadc Niunisinatica,

which was founded

in r'43. Since r),i3. the Socie-

dadc

Xnniisniatica Brasileira in

Sao Paulo

has ]iulj- lished tlie Rfri\//i .\iinii^nuilii n.

In C;anada,

modern

nmnisni.itics is \ie\vcd oi'ien as a deUyhthil hol)l)\ ol cuUectiny national ccjins

and

tokens in

numerous

varieties

and

the current trend

seems

to

emphasize

hand\- catalogslorcollectors.

No major

stud\-

can

be

found wldeh can compete with

the classic

works on

flan.i<_lian

numismatics

published in the past

century

\)y

Joseph

I.eroux,

The

Canadian (.'(uii

Cabimi

(ISSS).

and

b\ P.

Xapoleon

Breton, Illustfated History of Coins ami lUknis /u-lalin<;

tn

Canada

(18')4).

Of

tireat sitjnilicance are the twci collections of

documentar\-

sources relalint; to the financial histor\- of

Clanada and

of

Xo\a

Scotia, published in 1023

and

l')33. respectiwh'.

by

.\d.mi Shortt. Since 1'130,

when

the Clanadian

Numismatic

Association

was founded.

^'//;( C. .\. A. Biilli-lni (Liter

The

Canadian

A

^{nnuunalii' Journal)} has carried m,iu\

interestins; contributions to the national nionel.itx history.