This monograph is merely intended to provide a synoptic view of the complex world of numismatic research. The Western Greeks, especially in Syracuse, surpassed the rest of the Greek world in their mastery of coin engraving.
MIDDLE AGES AND EARLY RENAISSANCE
His I Liter periods, hnin die Idi (ciiIuia' and f.ir into houses he adorned not so iiiucli with statues ,ind pic- the ':\h ccniury .\.l)., l.ime inedallioiis in hron/e and . turcs as with "thii]<.;s who were curious, either for t;oId were dislriliuted hv the empenjrs on special their antipiity or r.iritv." .At his retreat in Capri apartments.-". 4.-IETR.ADRACHM OF RiioDES, considered one of the "thirty pieces of silver." as published in 1553, and the actual coin (photos from Rouille, above, and counesy . American Numismatic .Society).
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One of the characteristics of most collections in the 15th and 16th centuries was their heterogeneous content. 1 The approach of the pre-Renaissance collector was a little histified; in his childish confusion he longed above all for exoticism, mysticism.
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34; See Schlosser's interesting work DieKunsI-undU'utidcrkmerndt'rSpatrenaissance (1908). pronch to nature and tlir chiltlish bright fur |>u/,/ling. wonders were replaced by a mature jileasurein e\c]used art objects or interest in the documents of the past. century was in the castle of Ambras near Innsbruck. Here Archduke Ferchnand {\?2'> 15''5), a . son of Emperor Ferdinand I, accumulated an extensive collection of historical objects.''' Fhninij; its time Ambra's museinn's fame s|)read far anions;.
RENAISSANCE AND CINQUECENTO
NUMIS.VIATICS AN ANCII.Nl SCIENCE
The fame of his art treasinv, which he kept in the castle at Mehu^-sm-^'e\re, tr.ivelled far,. 8.-Italian Re.saissanckGKNTLtMAX with coin of Emperor Xeroin, a painting by Hans Mcmling (photo courtesy of Muscc Royal, Antwerp).
LA PREMIERE PARTIE DV
First ]:>hich among them certainly belongs to the French scholar Giiillauine Bude, a friend of FrancisI. Bude gained a reputation for an excellent collection of Greek and Roman coins, which he used as the basis for De asse lijmrtihus ejus, one of the most famous numismatic works of the period. 34;father of ancient iconography," gained a wide reputation, not only through his treatise on ancient portraits.
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Augsburg and of the DiUch sclicilar Ilubeit (iuit/ius (1S) became landmarks in the evolution of numismatics into a science. The beginning of the numismatic collection of the Vatican can also he traced back to this period— approx.
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In Italy, especially in Rome and Florence, coin collections were found in the palaces of the nobles: the Farnese, the Barberini, the Massimis and the Ottobonis. Equally famous were the collections directed by the grandsons of the popes: Antonio Conduhuerio, cardinal of St.
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
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Second history of the C^iiicnhacjen Roy.il Cluin Cahinet liv Breiten.stein, pp.. mimnwrum Griircnrtim: also Rorssrr, I),inin,i)k\.\,iliiiiiidmuii'um. Often mentioned in connection with the Great Elector of Brandenburg, this is one of the most important. In the meantime, this eminent scholar has spent many years in the regions of Europe.
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Hiscnc\clo|H knowledge of history, art.geography, art history — all based on a full mastery of the ancient writers — made him one of the eminent numismatists of his time. 1>ililiograpliical h.mdiiooks which I'onhl give a good s\nopsis of \arions spccializetl pnlilic.ilions were ((inipiled during the InDDs.
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Sweden, Elias Brenner's Thesaurus nummorum Suecn-Goticorum vetustus and in the Netherlands Pierre Bizot's Histoirc mctallique de la Rijmhliqiie de llollande (1687) were all notable publications of the new trends. 'My example was followed in virtually every leading country in Europe. Some names among the many notable writers of the 18th century are: in Switzerland Gottlieb.
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The answer to life's problem came from the precise and the s\sternate. thoughts of German numismatists, wluj, duiinL; century unsullied and became leaders in numismatic research. Count\ \ears INth ceiunrv also saw the recognition of niniiismatiis .is an .i After a slow start in the 16th and 17th centuries, cabinet development took an unexpected upward turn in the late 18th century. Only part of the original Vatican cabinet could be transported to Paris according to the plans (cf. Directoire in Paris. In 1794 he bought the famous cabinet of Queen Christina of Sweden for 20,000 scudi, a collection that was then in the possession of the Odescalchi family. This period is of particular importance for the growth of the Viennese coin cabinet, which numbered more than 15,900 pieces in 1663. Coin cabinet from the time of Louis XV, preserved in the Cabinet des Medailles, Paris (photo courtesy of the BibUotheque Nationaie). the collections in a rude manner, without asking recompense, to all strangers who may see them with advantage; he should also entertain them with useful discourses, and bring forth all that he knows to be in our intention, and what he could find of interest to the public." This two-volume work appeared simultaneously in Latin and English as well as Italian. EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY Petersburg were the Hermitage's impressive collections, established during the reign of Catherine II's antiquities, including numerous ancient coins and several hundred contemporary medals. Only the treasures of the Kiev-Petcher Monastery remained hidden from Peter; they were discovered at the end of the nineteenth century.). Kurnan jalqabaa jaarraa l')lh l)e vi_m- sidercd |)re[)aratory piiase kallattii dabalaa dhufeef meeshaan Ninisnian; booda lUDO keessatti. Piiter Otto van der Chijs, ogeessa maallaqaa Nezerlaand fi daayreektarri kaabinee Yunivarsiitii Leyden (Div. Republic; Criuseppe i'iorelh, with a -till \ Grand Duke Georgii MikhaiIo\kru. the cousin of Tsar Nicholas II, represents the con- . tril)ution on modern numismatics: Tsarstvovanii of money. his extensive collection of Russian coins, which cover the period from the reign of Peter the Great to 1890. Among the prominent mnuismatists in Poland must be mentioned the great mediast Joacliim Lelewel (1780-1S(.l),'-' i who left his native country changed 1S3I ReN'ohition, and chose first France and then Bclsium as places of asylnm. MODERN TRENDS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS GREEK NUMISMATICS Also the J. Ward Collection, housed in the Metropolitan Museum, was published by Sir George F. Hill in 1901. Originally conceived in the 16th century as a publication that would encompass the entire classical world, it has been limited in modern times, b\- the Prussian .\cademv. One of the most interesting phenomena in classical numismatic research is the transformation through which the idea of a corpus has undergone. Roliinson's seminal discussion of the date of the first Greek coinage in .\si,i Minoan', "The C!Oins from the Ephesian .Artemisian Revised and continued in 1056 under the title "The I)at<" of the most early In addition, important tracks in the dating of Persian type coins were brought almost simultaneously by two publications (Mis, Sydney P. His book Die antike Miinze als Kunstwerk (1924) has found many enthusiasts, with the view that it has become a tradition for wider circles of collectors and art students to consider Greek coins almost exclusively from an aesthetic point of view. These very attractive publications, which are not usually limited to the Greek period, but freely. Robin.son published in 1933 in the Proceedings oj the British Academy, brought about one of the liveliest disputes in the. Pink, in a closer study of the legal aspects of the currency as an expression of the Roman state, finds a counterpart in Prof. NUMISMATICS AN ANCIENT S(:IENC:E The picture of modern Islamic research would be incomplete if we did not mention the name of Paul Balog, the author of many works on technic.il |5rol)lems;. MEDIEVAL NUMISMATICS As Grierson said, "In the detailed sliuU and analysis of assay marks .. in the identification and e\cn the reconstruction of the history of individual deaths. With a fine, synthesizing mind, possessing numismatic and historical data, he .. in almost the numerous studies covered entire continent ol. MODERN NUMISMATICS Mniii'lr d'uin ,mi iilialln ilil Ruia\,inii'iiln ilaliatiii (T'^-l), e ,i L;reatl\ precisava de stiid\- em moedas .Sicjli.in h\ Rotlollo .Sp.dir. Augusto Carlos Teixeira dc Aragão autor do Manual Padrão das Moedas Portuguesas, Descrição Geral e Histórica das Moedas Cunhadas em Nome dos Reis, Regentes e Governadores de Portugal. They were united in later years b\- Tlie Old and .Xnv Coins ofJapan, a studv' b\- .. translated into English 19.30 l>y Saichiro Iiami.. J'hc recent publications of .\sahi Shiml)unsha (1954 ), by Ma.sajiro Watanabe. More recently these have included the Chinese catalog of the Numismatic Cabinet in Oslo, published in 1929 by Frederik Schjoth, the studies of Arthur Braddan Coole, A Bibliography on Far Eastern .Xumistnalics (1940) and Coins in China's History (1936) and the excellent contribution from. Recently practical references on the modern coinage of i)oth C'hina and Japan have been published by Americans: Edward Kann's Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (1954) and Japanese Coinage (1953) by Norman Jacobs and. X'ienna and the Roval Cloin Caliiiirt in Sick klmlni illn-lratc in their excellent permanent e\hiljits the historical and aesthetic appearance of medals. Since 1933, the Maseu Nacional de Numismatica, located in the Casa dc Moeda in Lisbon, has consolidated most of the outstanding collections of coins.'**. In the provinces, Muscu Nacional de Soares dos Rcisin Oporto, '"'' coincabinet at the University of. In the United States, much attention has been paid to increasing study and reference collections and. The oldest public collection in the coiinli\, Ihe cabinet oi ihe Philadelphia Mini, was built in the. Cuiiiihra, the collection at the library in I'nnchal (Madeira), and a collection even in No\'a Goya (Goa) are evidence of the interest in and option for coins in this relatively small Latin nation. Portugal introduced the study of numismatics at the University of Coimbra in 1801, and the Bibliotcca Pul)lica in Lisbon, from 1844 to l')ll, offered niuuismatics as a compulsory course for librarians and archivists. In most of the other European countries, including Eastern Europe and Russia, it is taught at least at the major universities, often as a supplement to archeology and history, or at the national liljraries, along with diplomacy and epigraphy.'" -. coins have been taught at the Bibliolheque Nationale in Paris since 1795, which had among its professors such as Millin, Raoul Rochette and the famous Frangois Lcnonnant. In Spain, the Escuela Superior de Diplomatica in Madrid, since the late 19th century, and the Universities of Madrid and Barcelona have offered courses in numismatics since the early 20th century. The collection of the Mint was officially established in June 1838, although, as we have already seen, its early beginnings can be traced back to the 1790s. In 184 S,John L. Riddell, smelter and refiner at the U.S. Branch Mint in New Orleans, published in that city A Monograph of the Silver Dollar, Good and Bad, a book which [)reoccupies the period with real monetary problems. The basic concept of the work was to regard coinage as an essential expression of their faith. Brewer and especially in the Catalog of the Cabinet of Coins in the Yale Collection, published anonymously in 1863 and republished in 1880 by Jonathan Edwards as the Catalogue. In the e.iiK dec .ides of the twentlielh century a man appeared who succeeded in creating the ])restige of.\merican lese.irch in tiie ii(4(l ol s(ientilic mnniism.itics I'.dward) T, Newell (188(i l')!!) As a result, in subsequent decades many excellent works on ancient and foreign numismatics have been published. Ncwell's classic studies, The Coinage of Demetrius Poliorcetes (1927), The Coinage oj the Eastern Seleucid Mints (1938), and The Coinage of the Western SeleucidMints were followed by a series of excellent monographs by Sydney P. In giving a history of the coins of the United States will not go so far into the details of the subject as to notice the "varieties" involved. 68 BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY An arrangement of craft cards, political tokens, also election medals, medals, etc., current in the United States of America Jar for the last sixty years. American Numismatic Handbook of Native Currency or Money and Colonial, State and American Coins. Cataldi^iif (if Cmf and Rdmaii (nins in niiinismal ((ill.dKin af I'alc Collig(\ New 1la\cn, (lumi., l.SSO.) 76 BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 78 BULLETI.N 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY .XND TECHNOLOGY About their scientific activity, the numismatic center of the Institute for the History of Material Culture — Polish Academy of Sciences — v. Description des médailles antiques, grecques et romaines avec leur degré de rareté et leur estimation : ouvrage qui sert de catalogue à une série de plus de vingt mille tirages au soufre issus des pièces originales. 84 BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FRO.VI THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 86 BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY .^ND TECHNOLOGY Reporta ti 13tliAiiim.il Ken.iiss.iiice Gimong idiay Soiilhe.istern St, agulbod, L'ni\ersit\ ti Abagatan a Cnohn.i.l Durh.uu: Duke. Ti Kuarta ti Adayo a Daya: Ti Koleksion ti Schjiith iti .\umismatie a Gabinete idiay Cniversity ti Oslo, .Xortcar. Catalog of Chinese coins from the seventh century BC. included in the collection of the British .Museum. Register of Treasury Note Issues of the Confederate States: Together with Tabular Statements of the Debt, Funded and Unfunded, of the Confederate States of America,. International multi-\'o!ume work by different authors, published separately in several countries as a continuous series.]. NU.MISMATICS AN ANCIENT Sf:n:NCE NUMISMATICS AN ANCIICNT SCMKNCE 100 BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS I ROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGYFAMOUS COLLECTIOXS OF THE CEXTURY
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NUMISM.YnCS— AN ANOIF.NT SCIENCE
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W. Grose for the Fitzwilliam Museum of Cambridge
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ROMAN NUMISMATICS
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BYZANTINE AND NEAR EASTERN NUMISMATICS
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NUMISMATICS AN ANCIEN'T SCIENCE
NUMISMATICS IN ASIA AND AUSTRALIA
MEDALS
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MAJOR COLLECTIONS
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NUMISMATICS IN THE UNIVHRSITI I'S
NUMISMATICS IN THE UNITED STATES
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NUMISM.VriCS .AN .XNCIKNT SCIENCK
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NUMISMATICS — AN ANflll'NT SCIIsNClC
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