Advantages - Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

Acknowledgment

13.3 Advantages

The major advantages and disadvantages of the psychophysical approach have been reviewed by Snook (1985) and Ayoub and Dempsey (1999). The advantages include:

• Capability to realistically simulate industrial work

• Capability to study very intermittent manual-handling tasks and very fast repetitive tasks (physiological methods have difficulty with intermittent tasks, and biomechanical methods have difficulty with fast repetitive tasks)

• Results that are consistent with the industrial engineering concept of a “fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay”

• Results that are very reproducible

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13-4 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.1Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift for Males (kg) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lift (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

Floor Level to Knuckle HeightKnuckle Height to Shoulder HeightShoulder Height to Arm Reach One Lift EveryOne Lift EveryOne Lift Every 591412530859141253085914125308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhr 9067911131414178101213141416176891010111213 759111316192021241014161818192123810121414141617 7650121517222527283213172022232426291013151717182022 25151821283134354116212427272832351116182121222427 10182225333740414819242831323337401418212424252831 9068912131515178111315151618196891212121415 759111317192122251115172020212325811121515161820 755150131518232628293414192125252629321014161920202325 25161922293335364217232630313236391317192324252730 10192226343842435020263035363741451519222727293235 90891113151617201013151818192123710111414141618 75111315192224242813172023242527301013151818192123 2550151821262932333817222530303135381216192323242729 25182226333740414820273036363842461520222828293235 10222631384447495723313542424449531723263232343841 907810131516172081012131414161779101212131416 7510121419222424281014161818192123911131616171921 7650141619262932333813172022232426291115172021212426 25172024333740414816212427272832351318202525262931 10202428384347485719242831323337401521232829303336 907910141617182081113151516181979111414141618 7510131520232525301115172020212325912141818192123 495150141720273033344014192125252629321215182323242729 25182125343842435017232630313236391419212828293235 10212529404549505920263035363741451622253232343741 908101216181920231013151818192123911121616171921 75121517232628293313172023242527301114162121222527 2550162023303437384517222530303135381418212727283235 25212529384347485620273036363842461622253333343842 10242934455156576723313542424449531925293838404448 TF1539_book.fm Page 4 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-5

TABLE 13.1Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift for Males (kg) (continued) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lift (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

Floor Level to Knuckle HeightKnuckle Height to Shoulder HeightShoulder Height to Arm Reach One Lift EveryOne Lift EveryOne Lift Every 591412530859141253085914125308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhr 90810111517191923811131515161819810121414151618 75121417222528283311151720202123251014161819192224 7650161922303437384414192125252629321317202324252730 25202428374247475517232630313236391621242829303336 10242933445054566520263035363741451824283333343842 90910121618202024912141717182022811131616171820 75121518232628293412161822232326291114172121222426 345150172024313538394615202328293033361418212627283134 25212530394448495718242734353640441722253232333741 10253035465257586821283240404246511926293737394347 90101214182022232711141620202123261013151919192224 75151821263032333814182126272831341317202425262931 2550202428354043445218232733343539431622253131333640 25263035445054556521283240414247522026303738394446 10293541525964667625333747474955602330354344455155 Note: Values in bold italics exceed 8-hour physiological criteria (see text). a The dimension away from the body.

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13-6 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.2Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift for Females (kg) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lift (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

Floor Level to Knuckle HeightKnuckle Height to Shoulder HeightShoulder Height to Arm Reach One Lift EveryOne Lift EveryOne Lift Every 591412530859141253085914125308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhr 90567788912567999101245567778 757899101011146781011111214566788810 765081010111212131778911121213166778991011 2591112131414152189101314141518778910101113 1011131414151617239101114151517207891011111214 90678899101467891010111356777789 7579910111113177891112121315678899911 75515091011121314152199111314141517789910101113 251012131516161824101112141616172089101011111214 1011141517181820271112141617171922910111213131416 9068899911146781011111214567888910 7581011111212131878912131314176789991012 255010121313141416219101114151516197891011111214 251114151516171925101112161717192289101212121416 1013161717191921291112141819192124910111314141517 90567888913567999101245577789 7578910101012166781011111214566888911 76508101012121314197891112121316677910101112 25911121415151722891013141415187781011111214 1011131415171719259101114151517207891112121315 90678910101115678910101113567788910 75799111212141878911121213156789991012 495150910111315151622991113141415177891011111214 251012131617171926101112141616172089101112121315 1011141518192022301112141617171922910111314141517 9068891010111567810111112145678991011 758101112121314197891213131417678910101113 255010121314151517239101114151516197891112121315 251114151618182027101112161717192289101213131517 1013161719202123311112141819192124910111415151619 TF1539_book.fm Page 6 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-7

TABLE 13.2Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift for Females (kg) (continued) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lift (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

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13-8 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.3Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lower for Males (kg) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lower (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

Knuckle Height to Floor LevelShoulder Height to Knuckle HeightArm Reach to Shoulder Height One Lower EveryOne Lower EveryOne Lower Every 591412530859141253085914125308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhr 90791012141516201011141415151619679910101113 7510131418202222291316181821212126910121214141418 7650141719232729303818202424272728341113151618181923 25172124293336374721252929343434421416192023232328 10202528343942445625293434393939491619222326262733 9081011131516172111121415171718227891012121215 7511141518212323301417202124242430911131416161620 755150141820242830314019212527313131381214161821212126 25182225303437394923263133383838471517202225252632 10212629364144465827313638444444551720242630303037 90911121517181924121417182121212689111214141417 75131617212425263417202324282828351113151619191924 2550172123273134354522253032363637451416192124242531 25212629343942445627313739444445561720242630303038 10243134404649516631364345525252652023283035353544 90810111517181924101114141515161978101112121215 75121516212426263413161818212121261011141517171721 7650151921273134354518202424272728341315171922222227 25192426343942445621252929343434421618212327272733 10252831404649516525293434393939491821252731313139 90911121517191925111214151717182289101214141417 75121517222526283514172021242424301012141619191924 495150162022293335374719212527313131381416182124242531 25202527364144465823263133383838471719232630303037 10232932424851546827313638444444551922263035353544 9010131417202122281214171821212126910121416161620 75141819242830314017202324282828351214171922222228 2550192426323740415422253032363637451618222529292936 25232932404649516527313739444445562023273135353644 10273438475458607731364345525252652326313641414252 TF1539_book.fm Page 8 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-9

TABLE 13.3Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lower for Males (kg) (continued) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lower (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

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13-10 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.4Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lower for Females (kg) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lower (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

Knuckle Height to Floor LevelShoulder Height to Knuckle HeightArm Reach to Shoulder Height One Lower EveryOne Lower EveryOne Lower Every 59141253085914125308591412530 secminhrsecminhrsecmin 905677889126678910101355567779 756889101011147881011121215566789911 76507910111212131789101213141418788810101013 259111212141415209111113151717218991011121215 1010131314151617231112131517191924910101112141417 9067789101014788910111114566678810 757891011121317899111213131777889101012 7551508101112141415201011111315161620899911121215 2510121314161718241113131517191923910111112131317 10111314161819202713151517192121261012121214151519 906889101011147881011121215566789911 758101011121213178991213151519778910111113 255091112131415162110111114161818228991012131316 2511131415171719251113131619202026910111213151519 10121516171920212813151519212323291012121315171721 90567889101366789101013555678810 756889101112167881011121215566899912 76508910111313141989101213141418788910111114 259111213151617229111113151717218991112131316 1010131315171819251112131517191924910101213151519 90677910101115788910111114566789911 75789111213141889101112131317778810101013 49515081011131515162210111113151616208991011131316 2510121315171819261113131517191923910111213151518 10111314171920222913151517192121261012121315161621 906889101112157881011121215566899912 7581010111313141989101213151519778910121214 255091112141516172310111114161818228991113141417 2511131416181920271113131619202026910111315161620 10121516182021233013151519212323291012121516181823 TF1539_book.fm Page 10 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-11

TABLE 13.4Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lower for Females (kg) (continued) Width of Box a (cm)Vertical Distance of Lower (cm)Percent of Industrial Population

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13-12 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.5Maximum Acceptable Force of Push for Males (kg) Height from Floor to Hands (cm) Percent of Industrial Population

2.1-m Push7.6-m Push15.2-m Push30.5-m Push45.7-m Push61.0-m Push One Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push Every 612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Initial Force (the force required to get an object in motion) 902022252526263114162121222226161819192021251516191924131416162012141418 752629323234344118202727282834212325252627321921252531161821212616181823 144503236404042425123253333353542262931313333402427313138202326263320222228 253843474750516127314040424251313537374040482832373746242732323923272734 104449555558587031354646484958364043434546553237424253283136364527313139 902124262628283416182323252530182122222324281719222227141619192314161620 752831343436364421233030323239242728283030362124282835182124243018212126 95503438434345455426293838404048293335353738452730353544232630303722262632 254146515154556531354545484858354042424545543236424252273136364527313138 104753595962637535405252555666404649495252623741484860323641415231353544 901922242425263113142020212126151719192020241416191923121416162012141417 752528313133334016192626272833192124242626311821242430161821212615181822 64503135393941415020233232343541232730303233392326303037202226263219222228 253842464649505925283939414150283236363939472831363645242731313923262633 104348535357576828324545474857323742424445543236414152273136364426303038 TF1539_book.fm Page 12 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-13

TABLE 13.5Maximum Acceptable Force of Push for Males (kg) (continued) Height from Floor to Hands (cm) Percent of Industrial Population

2.1-m Push7.6-m Push15.2-m Push30.5-m Push45.7-m Push61.0-m Push One Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push Every 612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Sustained Force (the force required to keep an object in motion) 90101315161818228913131516188911121314168101213167810111378911 75131721222425301013171820212511131516181822111316182110111315189111315 144501722272831323813162223262732141720202324281517202328121417192312141619 252127333438404716202829323339172024252829341821252934151821242815172024 102531384045465419233233383946202428293334402125293339182124283317202328 901013161719192381013131515188101112131316810121316789111378911 7514182222252631111317182021251113151618182111131618219111315189111215 95501823282933344014172223262732141719202323281517202327121417192312141619 252228343540414917212729323339202124252829341821252833151821242815172023 102633404146485720243233373845212528293233402125293339172024273217202327 90101316161819238101213141518810111112131589111315789111378910 7514182122252631111317171920241113141517172111131517209111214179101214 64501823282932333914172122252631141719192222271416192226121416182212141518 252228343539414817212627313237182123242728331720242732141720232714171922 102632394146485620253032363744212527283132382024283237172023263116192226 Note: Values in bold italics exceed 8-hour physiological criteria (see text).

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13-14 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.6Maximum Acceptable Force of Push for Females (kg) Height from Floor to Hands (cm) Percent of Industrial Population

2.1-m Push7.6-m Push15.2-m Push30.5-m Push45.7-m Push61.0-m Push One Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push Every 612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Initial Force (the force required to get an object in motion) 901415171820212215161616181920121414141516171213141517121314151712131415 751718212224252718191920222324151717171920211516171921151617192114151719 135502022252629303221232324262729182020202223251819212225181921222517182022 252425293033353725262728313234202323242627292022242629202224262920212326 102628333438394128303031343638232626262931322325272933232527293322242629 901415171820212214151617191921111314141616171214151618121415161812131416 751718212224252717182020222325141617171920211516181921151618192115161719 89502022252629303220212324272830161920212324251820212326182021232618192023 252425293033353723252728313334192223242728292123242630212324263020222427 102628333438394126283132353739222426273031332426283033242628303323252630 90111214141617181112141416161791112121314151112121315111212131510111213 751415171719202114151717192021111314151617181314151618131415161812131416 57501617202123242516182021232425141517181920211517181922151718192215161719 251920232427283019212324272829161820202324251819212225181921222517192023 102123262730313322232627303133182022232526282022232528202223252819212325 TF1539_book.fm Page 14 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-15

TABLE 13.6Maximum Acceptable Force of Push for Females (kg) (continued) Height from Floor to Hands (cm) Percent of Industrial Population

2.1-m Push7.6-m Push15.2-m Push30.5-m Push45.7-m Push61.0-m Push One Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push EveryOne Push Every 612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Sustained Force (the force required to keep an object in motion) 9068101011121467778911566677956668555684446 759121414161721910111112131678991011137899127888116669 13550121619202123281214141516172110111212141418101112121691011111588912 251620242527293615171818202227121415161718221314151521111313141910101115 101823282932344218202122242632141718182022271517171825141516172212121317 906799101113678899115667781056679566684456 75811131315161991011111313177891011111469910137889126679 8950111518182021261213151517182291113131415191012121317101111121689912 251418222325273315171919212328121416161819241315151622121414152011111215 101722262730323917202223252733141719192123281618181926141617182413131418 905688991267778911566677956668555674446 75791112131417810101112121578991010137889127788116668 575010131516171823111314141617219111212131417101111121691010111588811 251216192022232914171818202126121415151718221214141520111313141910101114 101519232326283417202121232531141617182021261516171824131516162212121317 Note: Values in bold italics exceed 8-hour physiological criteria (see text).

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13-16 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.7Maximum Acceptable Force of Pull for Males (kg) 2.1-m Pull7.6-m Pull15.2-m Pull30.5-m Pull45.7-m Pull61.0-m Pull Height from Floor to Hands (cm) One Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull Every Percent of Industrial Population

612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Initial Force (the force required to get an object in motion) 901416181819192311131616171821131515151617201213151519101113131610111114 751719222223242814152020212126161819192020241416191923121416162012141417 144502023262628283316182424252631192122222424291719222227151619192414161620 252427313132333919212828293036222526262828332022262632171922222816191924 102630343436374421243131333340242829293131382225292937202225253118212127 901922252527273215182323242429182021212323281618212126141618182313161619 752327313132333919212828293036222526262828332022262632171922222816191924 95502832363639394723263333353542262931313333402427313138202327273320232328 253337424245455426303939414149303436363839462731363645242731313823262633 103742484851516130334343464756333841414344523135404050273035354326303037 902225282830303618202626272833202324242626311821242430161821212615181822 752730343437374421243131333440242829293132382225292936192225253119212127 64503236414144445325293737404048293335353738452730353543232630303722262632 253742484851516130344444464756343941414344523135414150273035354326303037 104248545457586933384949525363384346464949593539464657303439394929343442 TF1539_book.fm Page 16 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-17

TABLE 13.7Maximum Acceptable Force of Pull for Males (kg) (continued) 2.1-m Pull7.6-m Pull15.2-m Pull30.5-m Pull45.7-m Pull61.0-m Pull Height from Floor to Hands (cm) One Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull Every Percent of Industrial Population

612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Sustained Force (the force required to keep an object in motion) 908101213151518681011121215789910111378911136789106679 75101316171920238101314161619910121214141791012141679101114781011 1445013162021232428101316171920231113141517172011131517209111214179101214 251520242528293412152020232428131517182021241315182024111315172011121417 101722272832333914172223262732141719202324281517202327121417192312141619 90101316171920248101314161619910121214141791012141779101214791012 75131721222526301113171820212511141515181822121316182110111315189111315 95501621262731323713172122252631141719192223271417192226121416192212141618 251926313337384516202627303137172022232627321720232732141719222614161922 102229363742435118232931343642192326273031371923273136161922253016192125 90111417182021259111415171720911121315151891113151889111215891012 751419232326273211141919222226121416171919231214171923101214161910121316 64501723282932344014182324272833151820212324281518212427131517202312141620 252027333539404817212728323339182124252829341821252833151821242815172023 102331384045465419243132373845202427283233392124283238172024273217202327 Note: Values in bold italics exceed 8-hour physiological criteria (see text).

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13-18 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

TABLE 13.8Maximum Acceptable Force of Pull for Females (kg) 2.1-m Pull7.6-m Pull15.2-m Pull30.5-m Pull45.7-m Pull61.0-m Pull Height from Floor to Hands (cm) One Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull Every Percent of Industrial Population

612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Initial Force (the force required to get an object in motion) 901316171820212213141616181920101213141516171213141517121314151712131415 751619202124252616171919212224121416161819201416171820141617182014151618 135501922242528293119202223252628141619192122241718202124171820212416181921 252125282932333521232526293032161921222526271921232427192123242719202225 102428313236373924262829323436182124252729302224252731222425273121232427 901416181921222314151617192021101214141617181314151618131415161812131416 751619212225262717181920222325121517171920211516181921151618192115161719 89501923252629303219212324262729141719202223251819212225181921222517182022 252226293033353722242627303133162022232627282022242529202224252920212326 102529323337394125272930333537182225262930322325262832232526283222242529 901517192022232415161718202122111315151718191314151719131415171913141517 751720222326272817192021232426131517182021221617182022161718202215161820 57502024262730323320222425282930151820212324261820222326182022232618192123 252327303135363823252729323335172123242728302123252730212325273021222427 102631343539404326283132353739192326273031332426283034242628303423252730 TF1539_book.fm Page 18 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

Psychophysical Tables: Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling, and Carrying 13-19

TABLE 13.8Maximum Acceptable Force of Pull for Females (kg) (continued) 2.1-m Pull7.6-m Pull15.2-m Pull30.5-m Pull45.7-m Pull61.0-m Pull Height from Floor to Hands (cm) One Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull EveryOne Pull Every Percent of Industrial Population

612125308152212530891412530812530812530825308 secminhrsecminhrsecminhrminhrminhrminhr Sustained Force (the force required to keep an object in motion) 90691010111215789910111367788911677810667795557 75812131415162091112121314187910101112158910101489991277710 13550101617181921251213151617182291113131415191112121317101111121689912 251319212123253114161819212227111415161719231315151621121314141910111115 101522242527293616192122242632131618182022271517171825141516172312121317 90691010111214789910101356778911677710566795557 758121313151619910111213141778101011121489910137899126779 895010151617192025111315151618229111213141518101212131791111121588912 251218202123243014161818202227111315151718221214151521111313141910101115 101421232426283516182121232531131517182021261516171824131516162212121317 9058991011136788910125677781066679566684556 75711121213141889111112131678991011137899127888116669 5750914151617182310121314151620810111213141791111121691010111488811 25111718192122271315161719202410121414161721111313141911121213179101013 101320212224263215171920222328121416161819241315161622121414152011111216 Note: Values in bold italics exceed 8-hour physiological criteria (see text).

TF1539_book.fm Page 19 Wednesday, July 28, 2004 10:36 AM

13-20 Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods

• Capability to measure subjective variables such as pain, fatigue, and discomfort — variables that cannot be measured objectively

• Industrial application that is less costly and time consuming than most other methods

• Capability of exposing subjects to hazardous tasks without excessive risk

Dalam dokumen Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods (Halaman 130-147)