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4. ANALYSIS
4.1. Case Study of Probabilistic Analysis of Earthquake Risk in Garmsar
The applied risk analysis method for Garmsar has been examined precisely in this part of study. According to data analysis and studies on active and quaternary faults as well as reliable collected seismic data, there are more than 100 linear seismic sources within 200 km area of Garmsar;
map of active faults of seismic sources has been plotted considering uncertainties existing in determination of sur- face center and magnitude of earthquakes. Hence, those regions with similar seismotectonics where concentration and scattering of seismic events were observed in pres- ence of active faults were modeled as seismic source; to increase reliability, models were determined using linear method alongside of active faults. Active faults of region are modeled spatially in many of seismic risk analyses then each spatial source is determined based on the pres- ence density of seismic events and extent or length of the source is divided by subzones with similar lengths finally site-to-subzone distance is calculated.
It should be mentioned that location, length and prop- erties of faults of the region exist in map of active faults and relevant Tables III and IV of the region. Using the designed software (PSHA), geographical location (latitude and longitude) should be entered to obtain length and dis- tance.
4.2. Seismic Risk Maps
Seismic risk maps are changed through time by complet- ing data associated with earthquake and identification of earthquake sources.
Common maps are designed based on probabilistic anal- yses and some risk measures and levels; most of these maps indicate PGA and or PGV showing probabilities of 2% and 10% for 50 years (with constant attenuation). As it was mentioned, PGA expresses acceleration rate on the rock (within 0 period) so PGA maps can be illustrated by calculating PGA of different locations and plotting some counters. The maps that have been usually used based
Table III. Probabilistic analysis of structures’ risks in Garmsar.
Return
Useful life of Risk level of Occurrence period Peak ground structure (year) structures (%) probability (year) acceleration (g)
50 2 0.000404 2475 0.65
10 0.0021 475 0.32
on 2% or 10% of useful life of structures (50 years) are now replaced with spectral acceleration maps. As their name suggest, spectral acceleration maps indicate peak acceleration (ground motion parameter) in different peri- ods with various occurrence probability and certain atten- uation within different return period.
All of aforementioned probabilities for PGA exceed- ing from a certain acceleration rate are considered for all of magnitudes and distances. It is assumed that earth- quakes follow Poisson Process; therefore, probability of PGA exceed from certain acceleration level caused by an earthquake is calculated at first using mentioned relation- ships; then, annual exceedance probability is calculated using Poisson Model then earthquake risk chart is plotted.
4.3. Seismic Risk Maps Changes
Seismic risk maps are usually changed through time by completing data associated with earthquake and identifi- cation of earthquake sources. Common maps are designed based on the probabilistic analyses and some risk measures and levels; most of these maps indicate PGA and or PGV showing probabilities of 2% and 10% for 50 years (with constant attenuation).
As it was mentioned, PGA expresses acceleration rate on the bedrock (within 0 period) so PGA maps can be illustrated by calculating PGA of different locations and plotting some counters. The maps that have been usu- ally used based on 2% or 10% of useful life of struc- tures (50 years) are now replaced with spectral acceleration Table IV. Coefficients of spectral attenuation relationship (Ghodrati).
Rock ground Soil ground
Period(s) C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
0.1 3.013 0.040 −0788 0.240 2.454 0.294 −1253 0.366 0.2 2.718 0.086 −0710 0.228 2.092 0.302 −1208 0.336 0.3 1.708 0.160 −0421 0.232 1.973 0.336 −1113 0.344 0.4 1.300 0.222 −0480 0.277 1.648 0.363 −1083 0.335 0.5 1.233 0.242 −0600 0.283 1.337 0.392 −1054 0.341 0.6 1.057 0.239 −0566 0,304 1.138 0.424 −1084 0.347 0.7 0.943 0.262 −0630 0.285 1.015 0.430 −1081 0.366 0.8 0.696 0.277 −0576 0.294 0.840 0.439 −1057 0.366 0.9 0.504 0.280 −0513 0.285 0.696 0.457 −1068 0.365 1 0.455 0.289 −0546 0.277 0.548 0.463 −1038 0.368 1.25 0.235 0.290 −0503 0.296 0.249 0.521 −1127 0.381 1.5 0.420 0.300 −0693 0.304 0.031 0.554 −1164 0.387 2 0.414 0.296 −0774 0.336 -0.180 0.574 −1218 0.396 3 0.407 0.312 −0945 0.343 -0.372 0.611 −1368 0.414 4 0.426 0.330 −1096 0.374 -0.485 0.623 −1437 0.436
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maps. As their name suggest, spectral acceleration maps indicate peak acceleration (ground motion parameter) in different periods of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 seconds with var- ious occurrence probability and certain attenuation within different return period.
In probabilistic method of earthquake risk analysis, ground strong motions are usually considered for differ- ent occurrence risk probability levels (different exceeding probabilities). Considering seismic rehabilitation guide- lines for existing buildings, two risk levels were chosen:
• “Risk level-1”: This risk level is determined based on the occurrence probability of 10% during 50 years that equals return period of 475 years. “Hazard level-1” is called “design basic earthquake” (DBE) in Iran’s 2800 standard.
• “Risk level-2”: This risk level is determined based on the occurrence probability of 10% in 50 years that equals return period of 2475 years. “Risk level-2” is called
“maximum possible earthquake” (MPE) in Iran’s 2800 standard.
The studied area should be reticulated for risk analysis before calculations. To this end, a 10×10 network or in other words 100 dots are placed on the map to cover the Garmsar City.
After reticulation using SEISRISK III Software, peak acceleration map at bedrock was determined for each risk levels (1 and 2) of these dots.
It should be noted that PGA maps at bedrock have been estimated for 10×10 network using Logic Tree Method and four different attenuation relationships that have been combined with calculation method of seismic parameters with different weights) for horizontal component at two risk levels 1 and 2.
4.4. Designed-Based Earthquakes of Site Area After probabilistic analysis of earthquake risk and plotting site seismic risk curve using Poisson Model and based on the useful life of the structure and acceptable risk per- cent for structures’ plan, design basic earthquakes are pre- sented in following Table IV based on seismic risk analysis considering acceleration map at bedrock with 2% and 10%
occurrence probabilities in 50 years for Garmsar.
As it was mentioned, DBE was selected for useful life of structure equal to 50 years and 10% risk. MPE was determined for useful life of structure equal to 50 years and 2% risk.
4.5. Determining Spectral Acceleration and Same Risk Spectrum for Garmsar
4.5.1. Design Spectra Based on the DBE and MPE Response spectrum is used to design a structure and ana- lyze it to reinforce it against earthquake. Response spec- trum that design coefficients are extracted from it is called design spectrum.
Ground Peak velocity and displacement are usually cal- culated for the site estimated by peak acceleration. The values related to mentioned contribution could be plotted on a triple diagram (Fig. 5). As there are numerous varia- tions in ground motion spectrum curves (caused by earth- quake), while a simple spectrum is required for structure design to indicate reactive behavior of structure against ground motion, time intervals of the restructure should be separated to use specific diagrams for each design (see Figs. 6–24).
4.5.2. Standard Design Spectrum
Standard design spectrum is calculated by multiplying building reflection spectrum values (B) by design basic acceleration (A) [standard 2800]. Standard design spec- trum for risk level 1 is calculated by multiplying coeffi- cient 0.7 by spectral values ofA×B; moreover, standard design spectrum for risk level 2 is calculated by multiply- ing coefficient 1.5 by spectralA×Bvalues.
4.5.3. Site Specific Design Spectrum
Site specific design spectrum is prepared to do calcula- tions related to special building improvement based on the specific risk analysis for the site. Deterministic and probabilistic approaches were used for risk analysis in this research.
4.5.4. Spectral Acceleration Maps
As their name suggest, spectral acceleration maps indicate peak acceleration (ground motion parameter) in different periods with various occurrence probability and certain attenuation within different return period. In this research, analysis was done based on the 2% and 10% occurrence probabilities during 50 years and 5% attenuation in dif- ferent periods of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 1.0 and 2.0 seconds using attenuation relationships of Akkar abd Bommer, Campbel and Bozorgnia, Berge-Thierry and Ghodrati.
4.5.4.1. Spectral Attenuation Relationship of Ghodrati.
In Ghodrati spectral attenuation model, parameters of mag- nitude and distance are considered directly in attenuation model. Moreover, effect of bed type, faults mechanism and tectonic conditions are included by classifying data to dif- ferent groups and obtaining models for each group.
The obtained models for Zagros area, Alborz and Cen- tral Iran are obtained for different site conditions for Sa parameter.
Some data with focal distance of 5< R <200 km have been used in this model; magnitude equals 45< Ms<7.5 based on the surface wave.
Site conditions of rock can be corresponded to shear waves’ velocity equal or above 375 (m/s) and site condi- tions of soil can be corresponded to shear wave velocity lower than 375 (m/s).
logSa=C1+C2MS+C3·logR
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In this relation, SA is based on centimeter perS2. 4.5.4.2. Spectral Attenuation Relationship of Cambell.
Complete definition of this attenuation relationship may be seen in empirical attenuation relationships of near-source for horizontal and vertical arrays of peak ground acceler- ation and spectral acceleration virtual factor. Present rela- tionships have been obtained from previous attenuation relationships corrected by the author during 1990–1994.
According to researches on soil mechanics laboratory of Semnan Province and results of geotechnical studies on several regional water organizations in different place of the city, soil type of this region is type III based con the soil categorization in standard 2800.
4.6. Uniform Hazard Spectrum
As the name indicates, a uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) is formed as a response spectrum that is related to spectral lengths with similar occurrence probability. Steps to form UHS are as follows:
1. Obtaining seismic hazard curve (SHC) for different spectral lengths; it should be noted that all of curves should be based on a constant attenuation level and differ- ent frequencies (for instance,f =1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 25 HZ); in addition, SHC should be obtained for PGA (for period 0).
2. The considered hazard level should be selected (for instance, an annual occurrence probability=0001).
3. Considering the value (annual occurrence probabil- ity) on Y axis and hazard curves and correspondingX value (that is ground motion parameter) for each curve, the result of this step is a set of values including Sa (f2,$c,), Sa (f1,$c,), PGA (), etc.
4. Dragging a graph in which Y-axis indicates acceler- ation and X-axis indicates frequency. Sa (f2, $c, ), Sa (f1, $c, ), values are shown in this graph. The result obtained from this step is a UHS curve indicating con- stant attenuation level ($) and a constant uniform level of hazard ().
5. UHS curves can be illustrated for different attenua- tion or hazard levels. UHS curves indicate that reduction in hazard level (annual occurrence probability) leads to increase in UHS based on the UHS curves.
To estimate possible earthquake damages, possible earth- quakes in the region should be estimated. To this end, spectral analysis of earthquake hazard in region should be implemented. As PGA indicates acceleration of rigid object (T =0), it cannot meet the need for design of structures with different periods (in particular, structures with high periods). Hence, detailed examination of struc- tures’ behavior and formulation of design guidelines make it required to illustrate spectral maps; hence, these maps are formed to use in design guidelines in United States, Canada and some other countries; in this regard, they are testing in NEHRP guideline.
5. CONCLUSION
Following PGA on bedrock was obtained by analyzing earthquake risk using probabilistic method:
1. PGA with occurrence probability of 10% in 50 years (475-years return period or hazard level 1 of seismic improvement guideline of existing buildings) in Garmsar City varies between 0.28 g and 0.34 g; this value is deter- mined to 0.3 g in standard 2800 (PGA with 10% occur- rence probability during 50 years in Garmsar can be 0.04 g higher than the guideline).
2. PGA with occurrence probability of 2% in 50 years (2475-years return period or hazard level 2 of seismic improvement guideline of existing buildings) in Garmsar City varies between 0.55 g and 0.65 g.
3. Uniform hazard spectra indicate that horizontal spectral acceleration has the highest value within 0.1 and 0.3 sec- onds periods so that an increased spectral acceleration is seen in 0.3 s period then a gradual reduction of spectral acceleration in spectra. This point can be seen in reflection spectrum of Iran’s standard 2800.
4. Spectral acceleration maps, in particular uniform haz- ard spectrum should be prepared using a fixed hazard level; in this project, these maps were prepared for differ- ent 2% and 10% occurrence probability levels in 50 years useful life of structure. Therefore, seismic hazard is fixed at each period of this spectrum contrary to other spectra and this helps designer to design at different hazard lev- els. Therefore, designer can have horizontal spectral accel- eration using uniform hazard spectra at each location of studied area and any required period with certain seismic hazard level.
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Received: 1 January 2019. Accepted: 11 March 2019.
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Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Vol. 16, 5347–5351, 2019
The Analysis of Application Information System as e-Business GO-BABY Application of
Child Care in Bandung
Andri Sahata Sitanggang
∗and R. Fenny Syafariani
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Komputer Indonesia, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
The purpose of this research is to provide solution by approach through analysis about the problem by homemakers who have children. The condition of being happens is limited have time in childcare are responsible for a woman and limited childcare in Bandung City. As for research, methodology is based on method action research, in the first year the interview, observation, documentation, and processing statistical data. Research methodology will produce calculation statistical housewives data, the problems, then solution in solving problems of application design mobile of GO-BABY is reservations online for child care based on android, and iOS, and does that which is the integration data to centralized system.
Keywords: GO-BABY, Online, Application, Android, iOS.
1. INTRODUCTION
Child care information system is a system was a col- lections of information through the creation of a system for the purpose help in providing facilities in child care though service functions an application in facilities moth- ers/woman in doing child care. Information systems is nec- essary to provide solutions to problems that occur. Some making especially for information systems, that support- ing information systems for children includes analysis and design in-patient information system in hospital, are the role of mother and children hospital is the saying this is the provision of the service the child health, mother, and the public in general, to help the hospital in data pro- cessing administration for health services to maternal and child [1], however analysis which was built by only to the hospital in resolving the hospital administration while those directly felt its benefit by mother or woman in the city of Bandung. Information system such as health ser- vices to patients through Information System Outpatient information system web-based for Clinic Winong where can help the performance of clinic in data processing patients and preparing reports community health [2]. These information systems except used for clinic, system estab- lished by only based of web and inaccessible directly by public who uses health. The two article it is give promi- nence of services to the public but cannot to give direct application that can be accessed by the public.
∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Therefore, this research built through problems that could support the creation of a system information for a child care through application that can be applied in public, this research would give a big impact directly easier application usage required based on the problem.
Through this application based on the design of the tech- nology that is had previously existed developed and used for mothers or woman in the city of Bandung by provid- ing services facilities childcare and nursery which will be built, so that mothers or woman can be increasing produc- tivity household welfare in there life.