CONCEPT HEADINGS - Wahyuni, Erzy Pratama Fadryan, and Andri Sahata Sitanggang ∗

RE S E ARCH AR TICLE

W. Wahyuni, Erzy Pratama Fadryan, and Andri Sahata Sitanggang ∗

2. CONCEPT HEADINGS

RE S E ARCH AR TICLE

Printed in the United States of America

Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Vol. 16, 5378–5383, 2019

Development of an Automated Compressor Unit for Gas Compression at the Periodic Connection of an Ejector

I. A. Sazonov, M. A. Mokhov

^∗

, Kh. A. Tumanyan, M. A. Frankov, and S. I. Markelov

National University of Oil and Gas, Gubkin University, 65 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia

The authors developed a new scientific approach for gas compression using ejector compressor units. A new patented technical solution opens up the prospect for the effective use of ejector compressor units when compressing various gases to pressures of 10…40 MPa. The goal of the research work is the development of automation systems using new scientific principles for gas compression. A new scientific approach is associated with the improvement of the ejector compressor unit, with the provision of conditions for the periodic connection of the ejector as part of the implementation of the cyclic low-frequency workflow. The results of scientific research can be used to create energy-efficient technologies for compressing and transferring various gases; it can be methane, associated petroleum gas, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, air, hydrogen or other gases. There is the prospect of using ejector compressors to create new internal combustion engines. Creating cheaper and more economical compressors will allow solving actual production problems in remote Arctic oil and gas fields.

Keywords: Oil and Gas Extraction, Ejector, Compressor, Well, Producing Layer.

1. INTRODUCTION

New and more efficient compressor technology is urgently needed for cost-effective oil and gas production in Arc- tic conditions. Due to the high cost of compressors, the practical use of such technologies as compressor-assisted gas lift, gas flooding technology into the producing layer for enhanced oil recovery, air flooding technology into the production layer for implementing oxidation processes within improving oil recovery, pumping technology for fluid-gas mixtures, is limited [29]. Expensive volumetric type compressors can be replaced with ejector compressor units, which are distinguished by high reliability and low price [1, 2]. Normally opportunities to change the flow of the power pump are provided for controlling the mode of operation. Besides, an adjustable ejector is used to change the cross-sectional area in the flow channel at the nozzle [3–9]. In some cases, the cyclic mode of working medium outflow through the nozzle of the jet apparatus is considered [5, 10–14]. However, such workflows have so far been poorly studied. With the development of computer technology, new opportunities are opening up to automate ejector systems when cyclically changing the values of operating parameters [5, 15–20, 30, 31]. In this regard, works on the automation of ejector systems can be entirely regarded as relevant.

∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

RE S E ARCH AR TICLE

technical result is to exclude the ingress of gas into the ﬂow part of the liquid pump. The liquid is prevented from entering the high-pressure gas pipeline [28]. The technical result is achieved by synchronizing the operation of the pump with the operation of the liquid–gas separator when the liquid level in the separator ﬂuctuates [26, 27].

Figure 1 shows the developed compressor unit design.

The compressor unit contains a working chamber (1) and an ejector with a mixing chamber (2) connected to a liquid pump (3), an overflow pipe (4), a suction gas valve (5), and a discharge gas valve (6) that separate the cavity of the working chamber (1) from the low pressure gas pipeline (7) and the high pressure gas pipeline (8), respectively. Liquid pump (3) is made in the form of a reversible pump. The working chamber (1) is made in the form of a liquid–gas separator. The mixing chamber (2) of the ejector communicates with the reversing fluid pump (3) through the nozzle (9) of the ejector. The entrance to the nozzle (9) of the ejector is hydraulically connected to the source of the working fluid (10). The entrance to the mixing chamber (2) of the ejector is connected through a suction gas valve 5 with a low-pressure gas pipeline (7). The bypass pipeline (4) connects the exit of the mixing chamber (2) of the ejector with the upper part of the liquid–

gas separator (1). An injection gas valve (6) separating the liquid–gas separator (1) from the high-pressure gas pipeline (8) is located in the upper part of the gas-liquid separator (1). Reversible liquid pump (3) is equipped with an adjustable electric drive (11) with a frequency reg- ulator (12). A reversing valve (13) is installed between

Fig. 1. Compressor unit design.

the ejector nozzle (9) and the reversing fluid pump (3), which allows flow in the direction from the reversing fluid pump (3) to the ejector nozzle (9), while the reversing fluid pump (3) continually communicates with the source of working fluid (10). A pipeline through which the working fluid continuously circulates, as shown in the figure, can be used as a source of working fluid (10). The upper part of the liquid–gas separator (1) is filled with gas, the lower part of the liquid–gas separator (1) is filled with the working fluid, the Figure shows the section (14) between the gaseous phase and the liquid phase. The liquid–gas separator (1) is equipped with a level gauge bypass chamber (15), which hydraulically connects the upper and lower parts of the liquid–gas separator (1). The chamber (15) contains the float gauge (16), and the outer wall of the chamber (15) contains two level sensors (18) and (19) installed at a distance from each other, corresponding to the minimum and maximum allowable lower and upper positions of the liquid level in the liquid–gas separator (1).

The level sensors (18) and (19) are connected via information communication lines (20) and (21), respectively, to the control unit (22), which is connected via the control line (23) to the frequency controller of the electric drive (12). An option of the compressor installation is possible when a permanent magnet (17) is attached to the ﬂoat gauge (16), the level gauge remote chamber (15) is made of a non-magnetic material, and the level sensors (18) and (19) are made in the form of sealed contact reed relays. The location for each level sensor is chosen from the condition of ensuring the synchronous operation of the liquid–gas separator and the reversible liquid pump.

Such synchronous operation should eliminate the manifes- tations of hydraulic shocks at the upper position of the liquid level in the working chamber (1). In this case, gas breakthroughs into the reversible liquid pump (3) should also be excluded when the liquid level in the working chamber (1) is in the lower position. This increases the reliability of the installation and its level of safety, elimi- nates emergencies during operation. The compressor unit works as follows. Reversible liquid pump (3) operates in a cyclic mode with a change in the direction of flow in each half cycle. Reversible fluid pump (3) delivers the working fluid from the working chamber (1) through the reversing valve (13) into the nozzle (9) of the ejector, while partially working fluid enters the pipeline (10). Due to the energy of the liquid jet at the inlet of the mixing chamber (2) of the ejector, the pressure decreases and gas from the low- pressure gas pipeline (7) enters the mixing chamber (2) through the open suction gas valve (5). At the exit of the mixing chamber (2) of the ejector increases the pressure in the flow of the mixture of liquid and gas due to the conversion of the kinetic energy of the liquid into potential energy, which is accompanied by an increase in pressure when the flow velocity of the liquid–gas flow decreases.

Through the bypass pipeline (4) compressed gas together

RE S E ARCH AR TICLE

with the liquid enters the working chamber (1), where the separation process is carried out with the separation of the liquid–gas mixture into liquid and gas phase. The liquid accumulates in the lower part of the working chamber (1), and the gas in the upper part, as in the well-known grav- ity separators. Compressed gas accumulates in the upper part of the working chamber (1), which leads to the displacement of the section (14) in the downward direction.

The liquid from the working chamber (1) is displaced by a reversing fluid pump (3) in the pipeline (10). When the boundary of section (14) approaches the minimum permissible lower position of the liquid level in the working chamber (1), the float gauge (16) will drop in the level gauge chamber (15) to the appropriate level, where the lower level sensor (18) is located. After that, a signal is transmitted from the level sensor (18) via the information communication line (20) to the control unit (22), and then a signal is sent through the control communication line (23) to the frequency controller (12) to turn off the liquid pump (3) or to change the direction of rotation of the electric drive (11). In the latter case, the compressor unit will continue to work, and the liquid from the pipeline (10) will begin to be pumped by the reversing fluid pump (3) towards the working chamber (1). This will lead to a pressure increase in the working chamber (1), respectively, the reversing valve (13) will close, and the suction gas valve (5) will also close. The flow in the mixing chamber (2) of the ejector stops. Thus, the ejector is switched off while the working chamber is filled with liquid. At this time, the boundary of section (14) will begin to shift in the upward direction. The working chamber (1) will keep compressing the gas, which is accompanied by a corresponding increase in pressure. With the displacement of section (14) upwards, a moment will come when the pressure in the working chamber (1) becomes equal to the pressure in the high-pressure gas pipeline (8). Such a pressure equalization will open the discharge gas valve (6). With the further displacement of the section (14) upward, the compressed gas from the working chamber (1) is forced into the high-pressure gas pipeline (8) through the open gas discharge valve 6. The end of the gas displacement cycle is caused by moving the float gauge (16) to the upper-level sensor (19), the location of which corresponds to the maximum permissible upper position of the liquid level in the working chamber (1). After that, a signal is transmitted from the level sensor (19) via the information communication line (21) to the control unit (22) and further through the control communication line (23) to the frequency controller (12). The electric actuator (11) changes the direction of rotation of the rotor of the liquid pump (3) and, accord- ingly, changes the direction of fluid flow in the liquid–gas separator (1) in the opposite direction. Then the operating cycle is repeated. The advantage of the inventive device is to increase the reliability and safety level of operation of the compressor unit since it ensures synchronous operation

of the liquid–gas separator (1) and the reversible liquid pump (3) when the liquid level in the liquid–gas separator (1) ﬂuctuates. This prevents the displacement of the boundary of section (14) below the minimum acceptable value when the level sensor (18) is triggered. The ingress of gas into the reversing liquid pump (3) is eliminated. The ingress of liquid into the high-pressure gas pipeline (8) is prevented when the section (14) is displaced in the upward direction when the level sensor (19) is triggered in the maximum permissible upper position of the liquid level.

In addition to improving the safety of work when using the claimed device provides a higher quality compressible gas according to the moisture content in the gas. Pressure sensor readings were recorded in the course of the experimental work: ﬂuid pressure at the inlet to the ejector nozzle (P0), the gas pressure at the inlet to the ejector (P1), the gas pressure at the outlet of the ejector (P4). Moreover, also, the parameter called the relative head pressure,h= P4−P1/P0−P1, was calculated to assess the working conditions of the ejector.

4. DISCUSSION

Within the framework of the applied research and experimental development, the new scientific principles have been developed to compress the gas to pressures of 10…40 MPa using ejector systems, working in impulse mode at low frequencies. The study considers new possibilities of controlling an ejector system while regulating outflow conditions at the nozzle unit outlet, using high-speed systems for controlling the flow of fluid or gas. New directions for researching jet compressor installations have been outlined, where low-frequency and high-frequency impulse processes are combined. The authors carried a series of research tests of a new compressor unit. During the tests, the ejector was put into operation periodically, for pre-compression and gas transfer. Some results, obtained after processing the experimental data, are presented in Figure 2.

When the ejector operated, the relative head pressure was maintained at the level of h=02. Moreover, after

Fig. 2. The test results of the experimental compressor unit.

RE S E ARCH AR TICLE

Fig. 3. Results of computer simulation of an ejector equipped with an adjustable nozzle: 1—Nozzle; 2—Regulating needle; 3—Mixing chamber.

switching the fluid circulation system, the ejector was switched off and stopped pumping gas. At the same time, the power pump continued to pump fluid into the separator, and the gas pressure continued to increase. The relative head pressure increased to the level h=1. At the same time, the final gas pressure is five times higher than the gas pressure recorded during the operation of the ejector. The scientific and technical literature relatively weakly covers the issues of regulating the mode of operation of the ejector by changing the direction of the jet leaving the nozzle.

The scientific and practical interest lies in the question of expanding the possibilities for controlling the operation of the ejector. In this connection, questions of improving the system for regulating an ejector. The working process in the ejector’s mixing chamber primarily depends on the working fluid flow direction at the ejector. The parameters of the working fluid flow can be considered as control parameters for controlling the ejector’s operation. By changing the working fluid flow direction, the ejector’s operation mode can be changed as well. Figure 3 shows the individual results of the computer simulation of an ejector. This example shows an ejector equipped with a conical nozzle (1). Inside the nozzle (1) is placed a

Fig. 4. Adjustable nozzle for experimental ejector: 1—Nozzle; 2—

Regulating needle.

Fig. 5. 3D model of the regulating needle.

regulating needle (2) having an outer conical surface when the longitudinal displacement of the needle (2) changes the cross-sectional area of the annular ﬂow channel formed between the inner surface of the nozzle (1) and the outer surface of the needle (2). At the radial displacement of the needle (2), the direction of ﬂow changes at the exit of the nozzle (1).

In the presented example, in Figure 3, the jet of liquid, after exiting the nozzle (1), deviated to the upper wall of the mixing chamber (2). The mobility of the regulating needle in three planes can be achieved through the use of a spherical hinge, as shown in Figure 4.

Additive technology was used for the manufacture of experimental samples of the ejector. Figure 5 shows one of the options for the regulating needle.

Fig. 6. Regulating needle printed on a 3D-printer.

RE S E ARCH AR TICLE

Fig. 7. The printed adjustable nozzle.

The regulating needle and other details of the experimental ejector are made on a 3D-printer. Photos of the printed parts are shown in Figures 6 and 7.

The presented examples show that the regulating needle can be displaced not only along the longitudinal axis of the nozzle but also in the radial direction relative to this longitudinal axis of the nozzle. In this case, the possibilities for regulating the ejector are greatly expanded. In this case, it is possible to regulate not only the working fluid flow rate, but it is also possible to control the direction of the working fluid jet flowing out the nozzle. Adjusting the ejector with consideration of changes in the working fluid jet direction is still understudied. The modern computer technologies allow for appearing additional opportunities for studying the ejector’s working process, taking into account changes in the direction of the working fluid jet. The individual results of the work done can be used in other industries, including the creation of inkjet control systems for unmanned aerial or sea-based unmanned vehicles. Today, unmanned vehicles are widely used in the performance of research, rescue or search operations. One of the promising areas of development for the ongoing research is associated with internal combustion engines, where the combustion of the air-and-fuel mixture is carried out at a constant volume or constant pressure [5, 19].

5. CONCLUSION

The authors developed a new scientiﬁc approach to improve ejector compressor units. The manuscript considered the task of ensuring the conditions for the periodic connection of the ejector in the framework of the implementation of the cyclic low-frequency workﬂow. This technical solution opens up the prospect for the effective use of ejector compressor units when compressing various gases to pressures of 10…40 MPa. In this design, cheaper jet compressors are capable of replacing expensive volumetric type compressors. The authors developed options for

automated systems to control the compressor unit when using new scientific principles for gas compression. The manuscript considered some ways of adjusting the nozzle apparatus, where it is possible to regulate not only the flow rate of the working fluid but also control the direction of the jet of working fluid flowing through the nozzle. In this regard, the individual results of the work done can be used in other industries, including the creation of inkjet control systems for unmanned aerial or sea-based unmanned vehicles. One of the directions of development of work may be associated with the area of internal combustion engines, where the combustion of the air-and-fuel mixture is carried out at a constant volume, or at constant pressure, as part of a program to create new technology for Arctic conditions.

Acknowledgments: The work is carried out with the ﬁnancial support of the state represented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Unique identiﬁer of works (project) is RFMEFI57417X0152.

References

1. Sazonov, Yu.A., Mokhov, M.A., Tumanyan, Kh.A., Frankov, M.A.

and Azarin, K.I.,2018. Development of compressor technologies for oil and gas production.Oil Industry,2018(5), pp.78–82.

2. Sazonov, Yu.A., Mokhov, M.A., Tumanyan, Kh.A., Frankov, M.A.

and Azarin, K.I.,2018. Development of technologies with the cycli- cal ejector operation in oil and gas production.Oil Industry,2018(7), pp.100–102.

3. Sazonov, I.A., Mokhov, M.A., Frankov, M.A. and Tumanyan, Kh.A., 2019. The RF Patent No. 2 680 021. Compressor unit.

4. Sazonov, I.A., Mokhov, M.A., Frankov, M.A. and Tumanyan, Kh.A., 2019. The RF Patent No. 2 680 028. Compressor unit.

5. Sazonov, I.A.,2012. Basics of calculation and design of pumping and ejector plants. State Unitary Enterprise Publishing House

“Oil and Gas” of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University), Moscow.

6. Lea, J.F. and Winkler, H.W.,2010. What is new in artiﬁcial lift. Part 1—Introducing developments in natural gas well dewatering.World Oil, Vol. March, pp.51–59.

7. Brink, M.,2014. Jet pump technology for artiﬁcial lift in oil and gas production.Elomatic Magazine, 1, pp.40–43.

8. Bin Madasa, A.K., Darmi, R.B. and Baharun, H.B.,2016. Exploring motivational factors in tesl through the lens of the self-determination theory.Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 5(1), pp.46–52.

9. Singh, M.K., Prasad, D., Singh, A.K., Jha, M. and Tandon, R.,2013.

SPE 166077-MS. Large Scale Jet Pump. Performance Optimization in a Viscous Oil Field. SPE, Cairn India Ltd. Copyright 2013, Soci- ety of Petroleum Engineers, Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

10. Morishima, S.,2008. The US Patent No. 7438535. Structure of ejector pump.

11. Castel, Y.,1996. The US Patent No. 5575625. Multiphase pump with sequential jets.

12. Castel, Y.,1997. The US Patent No. 5616006. Pumping method and device with sequential jets.

13. Castel, Y.,1998. The US Patent No. 5716196. Pumping method and device with sequential jets.

14. Mahdi Nasiri, Behrouz Minaei and Mansour Rezghi,2014. Fuzzy dynamic tensor decomposition algorithm for recommender system.

UCT Journal of Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, (2), pp.52–55.

Dalam dokumen The Effect of Time and Volume Stater of Bioethanol Content from Coconut Fiber Waste and Mengkudu (Halaman 155-161)