An Anthropometric Analysis of Seated and Standing People
4.4 Anthropometric Parameters in the Literature
104 A. Nucara et al.
Fig. 4.5 Projected area factors of standing ( left ) and seated ( right ) people referring to the southern Italian population (Calvino et al. 2009 ) . Calvino and his co-workers, have evaluated the mean values of the projected area factors, for standing and seated people, selecting the subjects whose weight and height values fall within the 10th and the 90th percentiles, with respect to statistical data for the southern Italian population
Fig. 4.6 Algorithm for calculating project area of the human body (Tanabe et al. 2000 ) . The Tanabe numerical simu- lation method for predicting the effective radiating area and the project area of the human body (Tanabe et al. 2000 ) is based on the solar gain simulation, according to which body shape, obtained by means of commercially available software, is divided into quadrilateral surface elements
105 4 An Anthropometric Analysis of Seated and Standing People
seated posture. Data for the projected area factors (Fig. 4.2 ) are available in graphical form (Fanger 1970 ) ; nevertheless we can also recall a polynomial algorithm, proposed by Rizzo et al. ( 1991 ) , for an easy computation of the mean projected area factors for standing and seated people:
( )
= =
α β =
∑∑
4 3 α βi jp
0 0
, ij
i j
f A (4.34)
where a and b are azimuth and zenith angles respectively, and A ij are proper coeffi cients depending on the posture of those involved (see Table 4.5 ).
Fig. 4.7 Projected area factors of standing ( left ) and seated ( right ) people, referring to the Tanabe’s samples (Tanabe et al. 2000 ) . Tanabe and his co-workers applied their numerical simulation method to 91 directions of the ray, obtain- ing the mean values of the projected area factors, for standing and seated people
Fig. 4.8 Algorithm for calculating project area of the human body (Lo Curcio 2009 ) . The Lo Curcio numerical simula- tion method utilizes commercially available software (Poser ® ) to obtain a body-shape digital model and to photograph it from several viewing angles with a virtual camera; the images are then processed to deduce the projected areas
106 A. Nucara et al.
Table 4.4 The main anthropometric characteristics of the body shape of models analyzed by the Lo Curcio’s study ISO 7250
( 1995 )
Anthropometric
measurements Italian
Australian
& British Chinese Japanese German US Male
subjects
4.01.02 Stature (mm) 1,714 1,759 1,686 1,685 1,771 1,769 4.01.04 Shoulder height (mm) 1,405 1,451 1,388 1,368 1,463 1,459 4.01.05 Elbow height (mm) 1,082 1,109 946 1,061 1,116 1,115
4.01.07 Crotch height (mm) 834 818 784 790 824 826
4.01.08 Knee height (mm) 454 468 432 430 475 475
4.02.09 Shoulder breadth (mm) 459 472 439 448 475 482 4.02.14 Knee-cap height (mm) 530 508 473 474 511 511 Female
subjects
4.01.02 Stature (mm) 1,590 1,632 1,569 1,565 1,655 1,630 4.01.04 Shoulder height (mm) 1,304 1,339 1,275 1,278 1,358 1,337 4.01.05 Elbow height (mm) 1,000 1,028 1,027 987 1,043 1,027
4.01.07 Crotch height (mm) 757 744 723 700 755 743
4.01.08 Knee height (mm) 431 431 395 395 437 430
4.02.09 Shoulder breadth (mm) 406 449 394 411 448 457 4.02.14 Knee-cap height (mm) 483 471 460 458 478 470 This table reports the main anthropometric characteristics of the Lo Curcio’s body shape models utilized to evaluated the infl uence of gender and nationality on the projected area factors and the effective radiating area
Fig. 4.9 Digital shape model of human body in standing posture of male ( up ) and female ( down ) samples. Lo Curcio applied his algorithm to six male and six female digital body shape models, representative of Italian, Australian and British, Chinese, Japanese, German, and United States ethnic groups
107 4 An Anthropometric Analysis of Seated and Standing People
Table 4.5 Coeffi cients A ij for standing and seated subjects A ij
i -th index
0 1 2 3 4
Seated posture j th index 0 +2.884 E-01 +2.225 E-03 −9.292 E-05 +9.027 E-07 −2.517 E-09 1 +2.225 E-03 −7.653 E-05 +4.021 E-06 −4.632 E-08 +1.380 E-10 2 −5.472 E-05 +7.286 E-07 −6.215 E-08 +7.690 E-10 −2.341 E-12 3 +1.802 E-07 −1.457 E-09 +3.152 E-10 −4.015 E-12 +1.231 E-14 Standing posture j th index 0 +3.453 E-01 +1.945 E-03 −1.023 E-04 +1.003 E-06 −2.747 E-09 1 +6.930 E-04 +1.122 E-05 −1.502 E-07 +4.040 E-10 +8.461 E-13 2 −7.319 E-05 −1.288 E-06 +3.676 E-08 −3.036 E-10 +7.489 E-13 3 +3.675 E-07 +1.030 E-08 −2.517 E-10 +1.969 E-12 −4.715 E-15 This table reports coeffi cients A ij of a polynomial algorithm, proposed by Rizzo et al. ( 1991 ) , for an easy computation of the mean projected area factors for standing and seated people ( ( )
= =
α β =
∑∑
4 3 α βi jp
0 0
, ij
i j
f A where a and b are azimuth and zenith angles respectively)
Fig. 4.10 Projected area factors of standing ( left ) and seated ( right ) people, referring to the Italian male sample (Lo Curcio 2009 ) . Lo Curcio has evaluated the mean values of the projected area factors, for standing and seated subjects, male and female, starting from the statistical analysis of the anthropometric characteristics of several ethnic groups; in the fi gure are reported the results obtained for the Italian, male sample
4.4.1 Comparison with Fanger’s Data of Projected Area Factors
In this section, we will compare the trends for the projected area factor relating to the standing and seated postures of Lo Curcio’s ( 2009 ) study with those of Fanger ( 1970 ) . The analysis reveals that there is a strong agreement between the data of the two studies as regards the standing posture. In particular, the mean excursion of differences is contained in the range (−0.020, +0.020), for male and female subjects, with the exception of the 90° azimuth angle, for which the differences reach values equal to −0.040 for female subjects and −0.030 for male subjects. This consideration highlights an underestimation of the projected area factors in Lo Curcio’s study with respect to Fanger’s study for positions close to the azimuth angle of 90°. This is probably due to the absence of hair in Lo Curcio’s digital model study. However, the analysis of data relating to the seated posture reveals a signifi cant agreement between the two studies, with the exception of the 30° zenith angle, for which the differ- ence reaches a value of 0.080 (for an azimuth angle of 180°). This latter observation indicates a signifi cant disagreement only for a zenith angle of 30° for the seated posture, which has also been demonstrated by the studies of Tanabe et al. ( 2000 ) and Calvino et al. ( 2009 ) .
108 A. Nucara et al.
4.4.2 Influence of Gender and Nationality on Projected Area Factors
A comparison of the available data relating to project area factors pertaining to people of different gender and nationality reveals a high level of agreement. Indeed, the observed excursions of differences of project area factors are very low; the mean ranges of excursions are:
(−0.017, +0.017) varying the nationality, for standing posture (reference: Italian sample);
−
(−0.018, +0.014) varying the nationality, for seated posture (reference: Italian sample);
−
(−0.011, +0.017) varying the gender, for standing posture;
−
(−0.023, +0.028) varying the gender, for seated posture.
−
The projected area factor thus does not depend signifi cantly on the different anthropometric charac- teristics existing between the various ethnic groups worldwide. Furthermore, passing from standing to seated posture, the range of excursion of the projected area factor remains almost unvaried with changing nationality, while it shows a slight increase with varying gender. As a general consideration, these changes are mainly highlighted in the sitting posture and are probably due to the geometric differences between male and female subjects.
4.4.3 Comparison of Available Effective Radiating Area Values
We will proceed in this section, to compare values of effective radiating area, as available in the current literature. A comparative summary of the effective radiating area and effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures are reported in Tables 4.6 – 4.8 .
Table 4.6 The effective radiating area and the effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures Posture Parameters
Literature reference
Rizzo et al. Tanabe et al. Fanger et al. Horikoshi et al. Miyazaki et al.
Standing A r (m 2 ) 1.424 1.276 1.262 1.312 1.317 f r (–) 0.806 0.744 0.725 ± 0.013 0.803 ± 0.005 0.834 Seated A r (m 2 ) 1.300 1.176 1.211 1.214 1.224 f r (−) 0.735 0.691 0.696 ± 0.017 0.740 ± 0.012 0.775
This table reports the effective radiating area and effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures, as available in the current literature
Table 4.7 The effective radiating area and effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures (male subjects) (Lo Curcio 2009 )
Posture Parameters
Australian
British Italian Chinese Japanese German US Standing A r (m 2 ) 1.388 1.253 1.210 1.197 1.449 1.460
f r (−) 0.771 0.784 0.790 0.788 0.777 0.774
Seated A r (m 2 ) 1.326 1.196 1.153 1.145 1.361 1.381
f r (−) 0.737 0.748 0.752 0.753 0.730 0.732
This table reports the effective radiating area and effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures for male subjects as a function of posture and nationality, obtained by Lo Curcio ( 2009 ) . This results regard subject characterized by the main anthropometric characteristics reported in Table 4.4
109 4 An Anthropometric Analysis of Seated and Standing People
Table 4.8 The effective radiating area and effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures (female subject) (Lo Curcio 2009 )
Posture Parameters
Australian
British Italian Chinese Japanese German US Standing A r (m 2 ) 1.254 1.107 1.074 1.082 1.263 1.261
f r (−) 0.802 0.810 0.824 0.822 0.809 0.794
Seated A r (m 2 ) 1.181 1.020 0.991 1.013 1.168 1.182
f r (−) 0.756 0.747 0.760 0.769 0.748 0.744
This table reports the effective radiating area and effective radiating area factor for standing and seated postures for female subjects as a function of posture and nationality, obtained by Lo Curcio ( 2009 ) . This results regard subject characterized by the main anthropometric features reported in Table 4.4
In order to enhance data comparison, we report only graphs of the effective radiating area and the effective radiating area factor as a function of gender, posture and nationality (see Figs.
4.11 – 4.14 ).
These graphs show a correlation of the data from Lo Curcio’s study, for male subjects, using data currently available in literature.
Fig. 4.11 The effective radiating area and the effective radiating area factor versus nationality (only male subjects) and literature studies (standing posture).
The graph of the effective radiating area and the effective radiating area factor for male subjects in standing posture shows a correlation of the data from Lo Curcio’s study and data currently available in literature
Fig. 4.12 The effective radiating area and the effective radiating area factor versus nationality (only male subjects) and literature studies (seated posture). The graph of the effective radiating area and the effective radiating area factor for male subjects in seated posture shows a correlation of the data from Lo Curcio’s study and data currently available in literature
110 A. Nucara et al.