Appendix 1
Sukabumi Lebak
Bogor
Cianjur
Garut Bandung Purwakarta
Karawang
Subang
Appendix - 2
Settlement Extraction from Landsat Imagery by means of ER Mapper and ArcView/ArcGIS
Images Enhancement using Histogram in ER Mapper
Landsat 7 ETM+
Path/Row: 122/65 Aq. Date: 07/18/2001
Band 321
Band 542 Enhanced Images
Classification using ISOCLASS Unsupervised method next page...
Reclassify land cover for settlement area (Class 5,6,7)
(ISOCLASS unsupervised method) continued...
Unsupervised Classification
Filter for spatial generation
Classess of Landcover
Reclassify
Convert & Query next page...
(ISOCLASS unsupervised method) continued...
Convert all classification result (raster) from both images to vector by means of ArcGIS/ArcView software.
Classified Imagery
Query Settlement
> 10 Hectare
settlement area
Appendix - 3
Creating Alteration Zone by means of ER Mapper
Make virtual dataset of landsat imagery, consists of : 1. Band 1345
2. Band 1457
Create PCA for each virtual dataset included PC1,PC2,PC3, and PC4
1. PC1234 from Virtual dataset Band 1345 2. PC1234 from Virtual dataset Band 1457
Iron Oxide is correlated in Band 1 and Band 3 and saved in PC4 and Clay hydroxile saved in Band 5 and Band 7
Make virtual dataset of PC4 from PC4 of Band 1,3 and PC4 from PC4 of Band 5,7
1. PC Iron from PC4 of Band1,3 2. PC Clay from PC4 of Band 5,7
Put PC Iron in Red Layer, PC Clay in Blue Layer and Green Layer is Additional among each PC's with formula : PC4 Iron + PC4 Clay
Enhanced the histogram and filter each layer with Median 3x3
Appendix - 4
Slope Generating from SRTM by means of Global Mapper & ArcGIS
SRTM image by Global Mapper
Export to TIFF
Reduce minus value from SRTM using formula in ArcGIS
Create contour interval 45 meter from SRTM using formula in ArcGIS
Creating TIN
next page...
Creating TIN using formula in ArcGIS
(Slope generating from SRTM) continued...
Creating DEM from TIN using ArcGIS
Creating slope in percent using formula in ArcGIS
Reclassify slope
Reclassify slope in percent using formula in ArcGIS
(Slope generating from SRTM) continued...
0 - 5 5 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 50 50 - 3171.601563 NoData
1 2 3 4 5 NoData
Appendix - 5
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
4,600
Relative Duration of Major Geologic
Intervals E r a P e r i o d E p o c h
Approximate Duration in Millons of Years
Milllions of Years Ago Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian Precambrian 4,030
70 70
570 500 35
50
430 395 20
45 55 35
345 325 280 225
54 190
71 136
11.0 65
16.0 12.0 19.0 4.5 2.5 Approx. the last
54 38 26 7 2.5 10,000 years
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian
Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Pennsylvanian Mississippian
Carboniferrous
Tertiary Quarternary
Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene
T HE A PPLICATION OF GIS AND R EMOTE S ENSING FOR D ETERMINING S ENSITIVE A REA
B ASED O N G EOLOGICAL H AZARD P ERSPECTIVES
EFO HADI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2006
STATEMENT
I, Efo Hadi, here by stated that this thesis entitled:
The Application of GIS and Remote Sensing for Determining Sensitive Area
Based on Geological Hazard Perspectives
Are result of my own work during the period of January to August 2006 and that it has not been published before. The content of the thesis has been examined by the advising committee and external examiner.
Bogor, August 2006
Efo Hadi
ABSTRACT
EFO HADI (2006). The Application of GIS and Remote Sensing for Determining Sensitive Area Based On Geological Hazard Perspectives. Under the supervision of KUDANG BORO SEMINAR and IWAN SETIAWAN
Geological hazards is hazard which is usually classified as geological:
earthquakes, faulting, tsunamis, volcanoes, avalanches, landslides, and floods. It is a well known fact that geological hazard disaster strikes countries, causes enormous destruction and creates human sufferings and produces negative impacts on national economies. Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of geological hazard disaster strikes according to vulnerability of the area. Worldwide growth of population and particularly concentration of man and his works into urban areas, has heightened such treats to level where large-scale, and often costly, planning to reduce the hazard has become essential in many country.
By using GIS and Remote sensing technology to determine sensitive area based on geological hazard persepectives, constitute the new point of view in performing hte research. Remote sensing can enable geomorphic study of areas that are inacessible to field-investigation and GIS can performing spatial analysis by an unique way. Such conducting unsupervised to determine settlement area, generating slope from satellite imagery and with GIS all result can be map and analysis by using spatial analysis. To develop knowledge base which will use as an input for decision support system.
The core and simultaneously benefit of this research is the capabilities of GIS and Remote Sensing technology that can help geoscientist especially geologist to capture, manipulate and analyze of information about an object without physical contact as preliminary survey (reconnaissance), mainly for geomorphic study of areas that are inaccesible to field-base investigation.
Moreover, by utilizing the available sources of data (data provider) GIS and Remote Sensing can be used more effective and efficient compared to the current or traditional methods for interpreting extremely large cover research area.
The sensitive area in research area, occupied by volcanic and sedimentary breccias, conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, claystone and alluvium, with slope controlled bigger than 15%. In some places, its also occupied by igneous rock with slope controlled bigger dan 50%, particularly the area with dominantly contrlolled by geologic structure. Determination concerning unstable zone in term of ‘sensitive area’ in research area immensely supported by principal component analysis in determining iron-oxide and clay-hydroxyl (alteration zone) combined with geomorphological interpretation (geology structure & drainage pattern), slope and rock characteristics weighting. There are 215 villages in Banten and West Java province which occupied sensitive area, thus detail field-investigation can be focused concerning those areas.
THE APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING FOR DETERMINING SENSITIVE AREA
BASED ON GEOLOGICAL HAZARD PERSPECTIVES
EFO HADI
A Thesis for the degree of Master of Science Of Bogor Agricultural University
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
August 2006
Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management
: Study Program
G.051034011 :
Student ID.
Efo Hadi :
Name
The Application of GIS and Remote Sensing for Determining Sensitive Area Based On Geological Hazard Perspectives
: Research Title
Approved by, Advisory Board
Ir. Iwan Setiawan, PM Co-Supervisor DR. Ir. Kudang Boro Seminar, M.Sc.
Supervisor
Endorsed by,
Dean of Graduate School
DR. Ir. Khairil A. Notodiputro, MS Program Coordinator
DR. Ir. Tania June
Date: August 28, 2006
CURRICULUM VITAE
Efo Hadi was born in Jakarta, Capital City of Indonesia at September 24, 1963. He spent of his childhood and school from elementary to SMU at Jakarta. He achieved his undergraduate degree from Department of Geological Engineering, Universitas Pakuan, Bogor in 1995. Since 1987, during undergraduate study, he worked as geologist assistant in several mining companies in Indonesia, particularly for geological data processing by means of computer technology.
In the year 2003, Efo Hadi pursued his master degree at MIT (Master of Science in Information Technology) for Natural Resource Management Program at Bogor Agricultural University. He proposed a method for Determining Sensitive Area based on Geological Hazard Prespectives by using GIS and Remote sensing Application.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Intiallly, I would like to express my gratefulness to ALLAH SWT for the favors and mercies to me during the time. I wish to thank to my supervisor DR. Ir.
Kudang Boro Seminar, M.Sc and my co-supervisor Ir. Iwan Setiawan, PM for the guidance, advices, comments, encouragement and also constructive criticism during the supervision of my research through all months until the research was finished.
I wish also to thank and give most appreciation to MIT student’s batch 2003 for the togetherness, assistances, and the enlightment we shared for all this time, how we support each other during study until the last semester of our study.
It is really a big gift and honor to me for knowing great people with different background and expertise like you guys. I would like to thank also to the staff of the Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management (MIT) Program for the good cooperation and facilitation, special thank also to MIT lectures for sharing and imparting their knowledge and experiences during the time.
Finally, I deeply wish to express my most gratefulness to my beloved wife, Vietnami Ardya Gharini Kusumawardhani, for her support, patient, caring, devotion, and everything during my study, especially to watch over our doughters (Maulidina Inayah and Nabila Lam’anah) and son (Ahmad Sya’roni). Thank also to my mother and father (alm.), sister, uncles, aunts, parent in law for your support and caring. Last but not least, I wish to dedicate this thesis to my dear uncle, Prof. DR. Harsono Suwardi, MA for spirit you inspired me in finishing this research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
45 Geological Hazard Sensitive Area
4.6. . . . 44 Geomorphological Interpretation
4.5. . . . 43 Rock Type Risk Zone
4.4. . . . 42 Slope Stability Risk Zone
4.3. . . . 40 Land Stability Risk Zone
4.2. . . . 39 Settlement Area
4.1. . . . RESULT AND DISCUSSION
IV.
38 Geological Hazard Mitigation Map
3.7. . . . 35 Geomorphological Interpretation
3.6. . . . 34 3.5.2. Vector Data Preparation, Classification and Analysis . . . .
33 3.5.1. Images Data Preparation, Classification and Analysis . . . .
32 Methodology
3.5. . . . 31 Required Tools
3.4. . . . 28 Data Sources
3.3. . . . 28 Research Area
3.2. . . . 28 Time and Location
3.1. . . . RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
III.
22 Geology of Research Area
2.5. . . . 20 2.4.3. Geological Risk Map . . . .
19 2.4.2. Sensitive Area . . . .
18 2.4.1. Plate Tectonics At A Glance . . . .
14 2.4. Geological Hazards . . . .
12 2.3. Decision Support System . . . .
11 2.2.1. Classification of Remotely Sensed Imagery . . . .
9 2.2. Remote Sensing And Interpretation . . . .
5 2.1. Geographic Information System (GIS) . . . . LITERATURE REVIEW
II.
4 1.5. Thesis Structure . . . .
3 1.4. Benefit of Research . . . .
3 1.3. Objectives . . . .
2 1.2. Scope of The Research . . . .
1 1.1. Background . . . . INTRODUCTION
I.
vi List of Appendices . . . .
v List of Tables . . . .
iii List of Figures . . . .
i Table of Contents . . . .
Page
54 REFERENCES . . . .
52 Recommendations
5.2. . . . 52 Conclusions
5.1. . . . CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
V.
Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.6. . . . . 44 Structural Geology interpretation by fault pattern of back-hill, valley
and main stream of research area Figure 4.5.
. . . . 44 Risk Zone by Rock Type
Figure 4.4. . . . . 43 Slope Stability Risk Zone Map
Figure 4.3. . . . . 41 Mineralization Zone indicating Land Stability Risk Zone
Figure 4.2. . . . .
39 Result of unsupervised settlement area
Figure 4.1. . . . . 37 Types of drainage patterns (Thornbury, 1989)
Figure 3.7. . . . .
36 Dendritic pattern (Thornbury, 1989)
Figure 3.6. . . . . 32 Methodology of Research
Figure 3.5. . . . . 30 Landsat 7ETM+ of research area
Figure 3.4. . . . . 30 Geologic Map of Study Area
Figure 3.3. . . . . 29 SRTM of Study Area
Figure 3.2. . . . . 29 Administration Map from BAKOSURTANAL
Figure 3.1. . . . .
26 Southeast Asia Seismic Zonation Map Planned by USGS (USGS in
Irsyam, 2006) Figure 2.11.
. . . . 25 Active Tectonic of Indonesia: Crustal motion from GPS study. (Bock
et all. 2004 in Natawijaya & Latif, 2006) Figure 2.10.
. . . . 23 Physiographic Distribution Map of West Java (Asikin, 1986)
Figure 2.9. . . . .
22 Research area (Landsat TM Path/Row: 122/65)
Figure 2.8. . . . .
19 The rock cycle, interpreted in plate-tectonic terms. (Source:
Montgomery, 1991, p. 140) Figure 2.7.
. . . . 18 Lithosphere plate movements (Source: Asikin, 2003)
Figure 2.6. . . . .
17 Volcanism and Plate Tectonic (Source: After Montgomery, 1991, p.
180) Figure 2.5.
. . . . 16 Location of modern volcanoes and earthquake around the world
(Source: After Montgomery, 1991, p. 126) Figure 2.4.
. . . . 14 General Tectonic Pattern of Indonesia (Source: USGS)
Figure 2.3. . . . .
11 A. Geology structure interpretation on satellite image showing the
direction of earth surface movement (strike-slip fault). B. (Top) The occurrence processes of fault and slip; (Middle) Elastic energy will assembled within the earth; (Below) Earthquake damage settlement along the fault line.
Figure 2.2.
. . . . 5 Component of GIS (Eastman, J.R, 2003)
Figure 2.1. . . . . 3 Research Scope that will be Applicated By Using Remote Sensing
and GIS (Asikin, 2003) Figure 1.1.
. . . . Page Caption
48 Geological Hazard Risky Settlement
Figure 4.10. . . . . 48 Geological Hazard Settlement Sensitive Area
Figure 4.9. . . . .
47 Sensitive Area over Rock Type
Figure 4.8. . . . . 45 Drainage pattern interpretation of research area
Figure 4.7. . . . .
45 Rose-diagram of 150 lineaments of research area, show the
Southwest-Northeast direction of fault system of research area
(N10o-20oE) . . . . Page Caption
LIST OF TABLES
49 Risky Settlement Area in West Java and Banten
Table 4.4. . . . .
43 Rock Type Distribution Weighting
Table 4.3. . . . . 42 Slope Distribution Weighting
Table 4.2. . . . . 42 Mineral Distribution Weighting
Table 4.1. . . . . 35 Rock type and physical characteristics in research area (Sampurno,
1975) Table 3.2.
. . . . 34 Characteristics of the slope categories for land development (Howard
& Remson, 1978) Table 3.1.
. . . . 23 Study Area of Research
Table 2.1. . . . . Page Caption
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 5. Geologic Time Scale
Appendix 4. Slope Generating from SRTM by means of Global Mapper &
ArcGIS
Appendix 3. Creating Alteration Zone by means of ER Mapper
Appendix 2. Settlement Extraction from Landsat Imagery by means of ER Mapper and ArcView/ArGIS
Appendix 1. Geological Hazard Sensitive Area Maps
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Geological hazards is hazard which is usually classified as geological:
earthquakes, faulting, tsunamis, volcanoes, avalanches, landslides, and floods. It is a well known fact that geological hazard disaster strikes countries, causes enormous destruction and creates human sufferings and produces negative impacts on national economies. Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of geological hazard disaster strikes according to vulnerability of the area. Worldwide growth of population and particularly concentration of man and his works into urban areas, has heightened such treats to level where large-scale, and often costly, planning to reduce the hazard has become essential in many country.
Overall assessment of actions needed is complicated in many ways. In fact, the source of major geological hazard may be, at the same time, a great asset to community. A mountain range providing water, irrigation, and recreation may lead to killer flood; rich volcanic soil for agriculture may surround a still lethal volcano; by products of great active fault or rift are often minerals, natural resources, beneficial climatic effects and magnificent scenery. Volcanic and geothermal areas may provide geothermal steam for power generation.
The area under study it self is located in the West Java province that represent a part of Java Island in Indonesia which has a complex geologic structure pattern that controled the development of existing land forms.
According to Sampurno (1975) this area has many experiences of suffering hazard from landslides compared to other areas. Those hazard are progressively felt nowadays due to mass movements or landslide is endangering human life and their properties, such as houses, roads and rail roads, rice fields and farms, ranch, irrigation channel and others.
Although landslide is influenced by steepness of slope factor, rain falls, water stream, vegetation, and the result of man activities such as digging and others that can enlarger particular slope angle, however the major dominant control factor of those hazard is beginning from geologic structure which includes stratigraphic implications and tectonic activities to constructs the land forms from within the earth’s.
In the framework of this research, GIS and remote sensing technology will be used to determine geological hazard sensitive area. Remote sensing is used for geological interpretation such geomorphology, drainage and structure patterns which indicate the general tectonic patterns. While GIS is used for spatial analysis to determine geological hazard sensitive area by overlying the geological interpretation result with geologic map and other maps that required in analysis.
1.2 Scope of The Research
Geological hazard is disaster generated by effect of direct or indirect corresponding natural phenomenon with geologic processes including man.
The scope of this research is how GIS and Remote Sensing technology simultaneously can be used to determining geological hazard sensitive area based on geomorphological interpretation from satellite imagery, distribution of rocks and minerals characteristics and degree of slope steepness.
Figure 1.2. Research scope that will be applicated by using Remote Sensing & GIS. (Asikin, 2003)
1.3 Objectives
The main purpose of the research is using GIS and Remote Sensing technology to determine sensitive area based on geological hazard perspectives. It will have a function to support a decision support system in order to take decision for placement of settlement location in West Java area. The result will contribute as a knowledge base which can be utilized by public, city planners, city officials and also policy makers to make future decision concerning the places of suitable settlement in order to obtain the sustainable development.
1.4 Benefit of Research
The core and simultaneously benefit of this research is how GIS and Remote Sensing technology will helps geoscientist especially geologist to capture, manipulate and analyze of information about an object without physical contact as preliminary survey (reconnaissance), mainly for geomorphic study of areas that are inaccesible to field-base investigation. Moreover, by utilizing the available
sources of data (data provider) GIS and Remote Sensing can be used more effective and efficient compared to the current or traditional methods particularly for interpreting extremely large cover research area.
Finally, the result of the research will be mapped in digital and paper forms that come with additional data showing further information, created with GIS software and intentionally published in digital map which entitled as Geological Hazard Sensitive Area Map.
1.5 Thesis Structure
The thesis is structured into five chapters, each of which is described as follows:
Chapter 1 describes research background, scope and objectives;
Chapter 2 describes literature review related to the theory of Geological Hazard, remote sensing and spatial analysis in GIS and decision support system weighting methods;
Chapter 3 describes research methodology includes data source, tools used in the research, location and also weighting procedures;
Chapter 4 represent results and discussions of the research, and Chapter 5 consists of conclusions and recommendations.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
To determine geological hazard sensitive area by using GIS and remote sensing approach needs fundamental building theory to stretch the system thinking of building thesis structure.
2.1 Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data. GIS is typically made up of variety of different components. Figure 2.1 gives a broad overview of the software components typically found in a GIS.
Figure 2.1. Components of GIS (Eastman, J.R, 2003)
Central to the systems is the database - a collection of maps and associated information in digital form. Since the database is concerned with earth surface
futures, it can be seen to be compromised of two elements: (i) a spatial database describing the geography (shape and position) of earth surface features, and (ii) an attribute database describing the characteristics or qualities of these features. Thus for example, a property parcel defined in the spatial database and qualities such as its land use, owner, property valuation, and so on, in the attribute database.
In some systems, the spatial and attribute database are rigidly distinguished from one another, while in others they are closely integrated into a single entity, hence the line extending only half-way through the middle circle of Figure 2.1.
However, it also offers the option of keeping some elements of the attribute database quite separate.
Surrounding the central database, there are a series of software components.
The most basic of these is the Cartographic Display System. Cartographic Display System allows one to take selected elements of the database and produce map output on the screen or some hardcopy device such as a printer or plotter.
Software systems that are only capable of accessing and displaying elements of the database are often referred to as Viewers or Electronic Atlases.
After cartographic display, the next most essential element is a Map Digitizing System. With a Map Digitizing System, one can take existing paper maps and convert them into digital form, thus further developing the database. In the most common method of digitizing, one attaches the paper map to a digitizing tablet or board, then traces the feature of interest with stylus or puck according to the procedures required by the digitizing software. Many Map Digitizing Software also allow for editing of the digitized data. Scanners may also be used to digitized data such as aerial photographs. The result is a graphic image, rather than the