Bl.OperationsAnalysis and Modeling (3-1-3)
Prerequisites: finite mathematics, elementary statistics, ele- mentary computer programming.
Approach: This course is based on the use of analytical models as aids in the formulation afid resolution of system alternatives.
Emphasis is on problem formulation and resolution relying upon available analysis packages. The discussion of projects should focus on the decision itself and on the use of models to consider alternatives and test assumptions. Problems of data acquisition, preparation, and maintenance should be stressed.
Projects should be drawn from the information system design area. The course might conclude with each student participating in the formulation of a simulation project that includes several of the analytical models introduced early in the course.
Content:
1. Characterization of scheduling situations (20%)
Characterization of a set of interlocking activities as a network.
Popular algorithms for formulating and solving critical path models.
Problems of manipulating estimates and range of accuracy measure- ments. Job scheduling and dispatching rules. Use of network models for control of projects. Scheduling in operating systems.
2. Analysis of allocation problems with mathematical programming (20%)
Methods of formulating and solving linear programming prob- lems using packaged computer programs. Linear programming as an aid to planning the allocation of interdependent resources. Value of models in the sensitivity testing of formulations. Evolutionary nature of large models as a decision making aid. Applications to scheduling and computer network design. Optimization of computer networks.
Note: particular attention should be paid to the data management re- quirements of LP models allowing examination of the general notions of constraints, objective functions, and optimization in modeling.
3. Queueing models (20%)
Concept of queueing models and their general applicability to a broad range of situations. Considerations of the many queueing proc- cesses within computer systems.
4. Inventory models (10%)
Inventory models ranging from simple, single product to multiple product under uncertainty. The data base as an inventory. Possible application of LP or dynamic programming analyses to inventory.
5. Use of simulation models (30%)
Examples and class projects to explore the need for problem definition and reliance upon tailoring standard concepts to new situa- tions, especially through dynamic models. Note: the analysis of the user and operating system parts of a time-sharing system might serve as class projects to integrate this topic with prior ones.
References: Several good textbooks (see Bibliography) contain teaching materials on the range of decision models covered in this course. The Journal of the ACM has published many specific papers on the use of operations analysis techniques in the design of computer systems.
1. Characterization of scheduling situations Conway et al. (1967); Denning (1967).
2. Analysis of allocation problems with mathematical programming Aho et al. (1971); Day (1965); Ramamoorthy and Chandy (1970);
Theiss (1965).
3. Queueing models
Abate et al. (1968); Coffman (1969); Frank (1969); Gaver (1966).
4. Inventory models
Gaver and Lewis (1971); Martin (1967); Sharpe (1969); Wood- rum (1970).
5. Use of simulation models
Lum et al. (1970); Senko et al. (1969); Sutherland (1971).
Bibliography:
Abate, J., Dubner, H., and Weinberg, S.B. (1968). Queueing analysis of the IBM 2314 disk storage facility. J. ACM 15, 4, 577-89. CR 10, 9(69)17,499.
Ackoff, R., and Sasieni, M. (1968) Fundamentals of Operations Re- search. Wiley, New York.
A good basic text for the not too mathematically inclined. Easy to read.
Aho, A., Denning, P.J., and Ullman, J.D. (1971) Principles of optimal page replacement./. A CM 18, I, 80-93. CR 12, 7(71)21, 554.
A dynamic programming model for optimizing paging.
Coffman, E.G.Jr. (1969) Analysis of a drum input/output queue under scheduled operation in a paged computer svstem. J.
ACM 16, 1, 73 90.
Conway. R., Maxwell, W„ and Miller, L. (1967) Theory of Schedul- ing. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Comprehensive treatment of scheduling problems and the tech- niques for solving them, including simulation.
Day, R.H. (1965) On optimal extracting from a multiple file data storage system: an application of integer programming. Opera- tions Research 13. 3, 482-94.
Denning, P.J. (1967) Effects of scheduling on file memory operations.
Proc. AFIPS SJCC, Vol. 30, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J.
9-21. CR8, 6(67)13, 301.
Frank, H. (1969) Analysis and optimization of disk storage devices for time-sharing systems. J. ACM 16, 4. 602 -20. CR II, 2(70)18, 503.
Gaver, D. (1966) Probability Models for Multiprogramming Compu- ter Systems. Doc. AD 640-706, Carnegie-Mellon U., Pittsburgh, Pa. CR 9, 1(68)13,459.
Gaver, D.P.. and Lewis. P.A.W. (1971) Probability models for buffer storage allocation problems. J. ACM IS, 4, 186 98. CR 12. 9(71) 21. 870.
Hillier, F., and Lieberman, G. (1967) Introduction to Operations Re- search. Holden-Day, San Francisco.
An excellent textbook, with good coverage of probabilistic models.
Lum, V., Ling, H., and Senko, M. (1970) Analysis of a complex data management access method by simulation modeling. Proc.
AFIPS FJCC Vol. 37, AFIPS Press, Montvale. N.J. 211 22.
Martin. J. (1967) Design of ReaLTime Computer Systems. Prentice- Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. CR 9. 2(68)13,607.
This well-written volume stresses the use of quantitative analyses at all stages in the design of information systems and gives ex- amples of the techniques.
Ramamoorthy, C.V., and Chandy, K.M. (1970) Optimization of memory hierarchies in multiprogrammed systems. J. ACM 17.
3,426-45.
Shows the use of both linear and integer programming models.
Senko. M., Lum, V., and Owens, P. (1969) A file organization and evaluation model (FOREM). Proc. IFIP Congress 68. CR 11, 4(70)18.813.
A description of a generalized simulation model for file systems.
Sharpe. W.F. (1969) The Economics of Computers. Columbia U.
Press, New York.
Quantitative analyses from an economist's perspective.
Sutherland, J.W. (1971) The configurator: today and tomorrow (Pt. 1) and Tackle systems selection systematically (Pt. 2). Computer Decisions (Feb., Apr.), 38 43:14 19, CR 12, 7(71)21,521.
A two-part article on the use of simulation and analytical methods in the selection of a computer configuration.
Teichroew, D. (1964) An Introduction to Management Science. Wiley.
New York.
Broad coverage of operations research/management science techniques.
Theiss, H.E. (1965) Mathematical programming techniques for opti- mal computer use. Proc. 1965 ACM National Conference, 501 12. CR 7, 1(66)8864.
Veinott, A. (1965) Mathematical Studies in Management Science.
Crowell Collier and Macmillan, New York.
Deals mainly with the probabilistic techniques—especially inven- tory theory.
Wagner, H. (1970) Principles of Management Science. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. CR 12, 2(71)20, 616.
Truly comprehensive, well written, and usable. Emphasizes deterministic models, but provides good coverage of the other areas.
Woodrum, L.J. (1970) A model of floating buffering. IBM Systems J.
9,2, 118-44. CR 11, 11(70)20, 149.
Uses ideas of Markov and semi-Markov processes.
B2. Human and Organizational Behavior (3-1-3)
Prerequisite: elementary psychology.Approach: Th is course examines the principles of human be- havior in individuals, groups, and organizations in the contexts rele- vant to information systems.
Beha viorally-onented reference material relating specifically to information systems is sparse, and particularly so for the final section on implementation. The cited references frequently have a manage- ment or engineering orientation, leaving the behavioral implications to be supplied by the instructor or by the class.
An appropriate computer game or interactive laboratory experi- ment could be used as an effective tool to demonstrate aspects of individual, interpersonal, and group behavior, with the student popu- lation itself as subject.^
Content:
1. Individual behavior (20%)
Human sensing and processing functions. Visual, auditory, motor, and linguistic mechanisms. Perception, cognition, and learning.
Human factors engineering in information systems.
2. Interpersonal and group behavior (20%)
Personality and role. Motivation, participation, and communica- tion. Influence and effectiveness. Authority and leadership. Mecha- nisms for group action. The impact of information systems on inter- personal and group behavior.
3. Organizational structure and behavior (25%)
Organization theory. Impact of information systems on organiza- tional structures and behavior. Implications for management.
4. The process of organizational change (25%)
Resistance to and acceptance of change. The management of change. Problems of adjustment to the information systems environ- ment.
5. The implementation and introduction of information systems (10%)
Interaction between information analysis and system design groups and the remainder of the organization. Information system project teams and their management. Preparation for installation and operation. Note: this section is background for material covered more extensively in courses Dl and D2.
References: No one book covers the full scope of the course.
Fogel (1967), Katz and Kahn (1966). and Likert (1967) are books on individual and organizational behavior written from the systems point of view. Wadia (1968) is a book of readings which cover the behavioral sciences aspects of the course fairly well. Bennis (1968) is an excellent treatment of organizational change, of which Tol'fler (1970) is.a popular treatment. Tomeski (1970) and Withington (1969) give insight into the impact of the computer on organizations and people.
1. Individual behavior
Berelson and Steiner (1964) Ch. 5: Chapanis (1965); David (1967);
Davies and Tune (1969); DeGreene (1970); Fogel (1967); Gregory (1966); Meister and Rabideau (1965); Miller (1967).
2. Interpersonal and group behavior
Argyris (1957); Argyris (1971); Berelson and Steiner (1964) Ch. 6, 8; Cartwright and Lippit (1957): DeGreene (1970); Haines et al. (1961);
Likert (1953); MacKinnon (1962); Schein (1971); Shostrum (1967);
Zalkind and Costello (1962).
3. Organizational structure and behavior
Argyris (1957); Bavelas (1960); Beckett (1967); Berelson and Steiner (1964) Ch. 9; Cyert and March (1963); DeCarlo (1967); Hage (1965): Katz and Kahn (1966); Klahrand Leavitt (1967); Likert (1967):
March and Simon (1958): McGregor (1960): Simon (1964); Steiner (1964): Whisler (1967); Woodward (1965).
4. The process of organizational change
Bennis (1966); Burns and Stalker (1961); DeCarlo (1967); Ginz- burg and Reilley (1957); Fuller (1969): Lippitt (1969); Lippitt et al.
(1958); Morison (1966); Tannenbaum (1968); Toffler (1970); Whisler (1970).
5. The implementation and introduction of information systems Canning (1957) Ch. 6 9; Canning and Sisson (1967) Ch. 3, 4;
Head (1964); Johnson et al. (1967) Ch. 10, 14; Meadow (1970) Ch. 12;
Orden (I960); Orlicky (1969) Ch. 5 8; Postley (I960): Sackman (1967); Simon and Newell (I960): Sisson and Canning (1967): Tomeski (1970) Ch. 13, 14; Withington (1966) Ch. 8.9.
Bibliography:
Argyris, C. (1971) Management information systems: the challenge to rationality and emotionality. Management Science 17,6, B275 92.
Argyris. C. (1957) The individual and organization: some problems of mutual adjustment. Administrative Science Quarterly 2, 1 24.
Bavelas. A. Communication and organization, [n Shultz and Whisler (1960).
Beckett, J. A. The total-systems concept: its implications for manage- ment. In Myers (1967).
Bennis, W.G. (1968) Changing Organizations. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Berelson. B„ and Steiner, G.A. (1964) Human Behavior: An Inventory of Scientific Findings. Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich, New York.
A compendium of behavioral sciences accomplishments. Ch. 5 on learning and thinking. Ch. 6 on motivation, Ch. 8 on small group relationships, and Ch. 9 on organizations are relevant to the course.
Burns. T„ and Stalker, G.M. (1961) The Management of Innovation.
Tavistock Publications, London.
A treatment of the external and internal constraints affecting organizational change.
Canning. R.G. (1957) Installing Electronic Data Processing Systems.
Wiley, New York.
Ch. 6-10 cover the programming, installation, and operation phases of information systems development. Appendices discuss human factors.
Canning, R.G., and Sisson, R.L. (1967) The Management of Data Processing. Wiley, New York. CR 9,4(68)13,939.
Ch. 3, 5, and 6 treat the organization and staffing of a data proc- essing operation.
Cartwright, D., and Lippit, R. (1957) Group dynamics and the indi- vidual. Internal. J. of Group Psychotherapy 7, 86- 102. In Wadia (1968).
Chapanis, A. (1965) Man-Machine Engineering. Wadsworth, Belmont, Calir.
Cyert, R.. and March, J.G. (1963) Behavioral Theory of the Firm.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
A behavioral view of the functioning of organizations.
David, F..E. Jr. Physiological and psychological considerations. In Karplus (1967).
Davies, D.R., and Tune, G.S. (1969) Human Vigilance Performance.
American Elsevier, New York.
A study of human factors in operations with high attention re- quirements.
DeCarlo, C.R. (1967) Changes in management environment and their effect upon values. In Myers (1967).
DeGreene, K.B. (Ed.). (1970) Systems Psychology. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Fogel, L.J. (1967) Human Information Processing. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Looks at the human as an input, decision-making, output processor.
Fuller, R.B. (1969) Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Southern Illinois U. Press, Carbondale, III.
A treatise on the need for human adaptation to changed environ- mental circumstances, by one of the more innovative thinkers of our time.
Ginzberg, E.. and Reilley, E.W. (1957) Effecting Change in Large Or- ganizations. Columbia U. Press, New York.
A step-by-step analysis for managing organizational change.
Gregory, R.L. (1966) Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Huge, J. (1965) An axiomatic theory of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 10, 289 -320.
Haines, G., Heider, F., and Remington, D. (1961) The computer as a small group member. Administrative Science Quarterly 6, 3, 360 74.
Head, R.V. (1964) Real-Time Business Systems. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Karplus, W.J. (Ed.) (1967) On-Line Computing: Time-Shared Man- Computer Systems. McGraw-Hill, New York. CR 8 3(67)11,952.
Katz, D„ and Kahn, R.L. (1966) The Social Psychology of Organiza- tions. Wiley, New York.
A particular point of view on organizational behavior. See also annotation in bibliography for Course A1.
Klahr, D., and Leavitt, H.J. (1967) Tasks, organization structures, and computer programs. In Myers(l967).
Likert, R. (1953) Motivation: the core of management. Personnel Series No. 155, American Management Assoc., 3-21. In Wadia (1968).
Likert, R. (1967) The Human Organization: Its Management and Value. McGraw-Hill, New York.
A systems approach to organizational behavior.
Lippitt, G.L. (1969) Organization Renewal: Achieving Viability in a Changing World. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
An analysis of the dynamics of organizational change.
Lippitt, R„ Watson, J., and Westley, B. (1958) The Dynamics of Planned Change. Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich, New York.
MacKinnon, D.W. (1962) What makes a person creative? The Satur- day Review (Feb. 10), 15 69. In Wadia (1968).
March, J.G., and Simon, H.A. (1958) Organizations. Wiley, New York.
McGregor, D. (I960) The role of staff in modern industry. In Shultz and Whisler (1960).
Meadow, C.T. (1970) Man-Machine Communication. Wiley, New York. CR 12,4(71)20, 918.
Meister, D., and Rabideau, G.F. (1965) Human Factors Evaluation in System Development. Wiley, New York.
An analysis of human interaction with dynamic systems.
Miller, G.A. (1967) The Psychology of Communication. Basic Books, New York.
A collection of perceptive articles on human communication, in- cluding the author's well-known "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" paper.
Morison, E.E. (1966) Men, Machines, and Modern Times. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. CR 8, 2(67)11, 356.
A set of anecdotal case studies, bearing on the position of man pitted against technology.
Myers, C.A. (Ed.) (1967) The Impact of Computers on Management.
M IT Press, Cambridge, Mass. CR 8, 4(67) 12, 265.
Orden, A. (1960) Man-machine computer systems. In Shultz and Whisler (1960).
Orlicky, J. (1969) The Successful Computer System: Its Planning, Development and Management in a Business Enterprise.
McGraw-Hill, New York. CR 10, 11(69)17, 820.
Introduction to planning for the MIS.
Postley, J. A. (I960) Computers and People. McGraw-Hill, New York.
CR I, 5(60)300.
Sackman, H. (1967) Computers, System Science and Evolving So- ciety: The Challenge of Man-Machine Digital Systems. Wiley, New York. CR 9, 5(68)14, 154.
Ch. 9, 11, and 12 are relevant to behavioral considerations.
Schein, E.H. (1961) Management development as a process of influ- ence. Industrial Management Review (May), 59-77. In Wadia (1968).
ShostrUm, E.L. (1967) Man, the Manipulator: The Inner Journey from Manipulation to Actualization. Abingdon Press, Nashville, Tenn.
Shultz, G.P., and Whisler. T.L. (Eds.) (I960) Management Organiza- tion and the Computer. The Free Press, Glencoe, 111.
Simon, H. A., and Newell, A. (I960) What have computers to do with management?
In Shultz and Whisler (1960).
Simon, H.A. (1964) On the concept of organizational goal. Adminis- trative Science Quarterly 9, 1 22. In Wadia (1968).
Sisson, R.L., and Canning, R.G. (1967) A Manager s Guide to Com- puter Processing. Wiley, New York.
Steiner, G.A. (1964) The creative organization. Stanford U. Graduate School of Business Bulletin 33, 12-16. In Wadia (1968).
Toffler, A. (1970) Future Shock. Random House, New York.
A much talked-about analysis of the impact of rapid external change on human behavior.
Tomeski, E.A. (1970) The Computer Revolution: The Executive and the New Information Technology. Crowell Collier and Macmillan, New York.
Covers both new patterns of administration brought about by information technology and the administration of that new tech- nology itself.
Wadia, M.S. (Ed.) (1968) Management and the Behavioral Sciences.
Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Whisler, T.L. (1967) The impact of information technology on organi- zational control. In Myers (1967).
Whisler, T.L. (1970) Information Technology and Operational Change. Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif.
Withington, F.C. (1969) The Real Computer: Its Influences, Uses and Effects. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Insightful discussion of the myth and the reality of the impact of the computer on people.
Woodward, J. (1965) Industrial Organization, Theory and Practice.
Oxford U. Press, Oxford, England.
Zalkind, S.S., and Costello, T.W. (1962) Perception: implications for administration. Administrative Science Quarterly 7, 218-35.
In Wadia (1968).