LIST OF SOME DOMINANT PLANTS OF T H E LOWLAND DRY ZONE (Nomenclature and classification from Fernando 1968)
TREES AND TREE-LIKE PLANTS
Ara Zone Adina cordifolia
Alphonsea selerocarpa Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Berrya cordifolia
Cassia fistula Cassia marginata Chloroxylon swietenia Cordia domestica Diospyros ebenum Diospyros ovalifolia
* Dry petes [=Hemicyclia] sepiara Elaedendron glaucum
Euphorbia antiquorum Ficus glomerulosa
*Ficus parasitica Gleniea zeylanica Grewia polygama
*Manilkara hexandra Nephilium longana Pleurostylia wightii Pterospermum canescens Sapindus emarginatus Schleichera trijuga Sterculia foetida Strychnos nux-vomica Syzygium cuminii Vitex pinnata Walsura piscida
West Area
* Acacia leucophila Acacia planifrons Cassia timorensis
*Ferronia elephantum Fragerea zeylanicus Limonia crenulata
Nephelium gardneri
*Phoenix zeylanica
*Salvadora persica Sapium insigne
Vitex negundo
*Zizyphus jubata
Allophyllus cobbe Croton aromaticus Ehretia buxifolia Glycosmis pentaphylla Ixora arborea Mallotus sp.
Memycylon sp.
SHRUBS Ara Zone
Murraya koenigii Phyllanthus sp.
Polyalthia korotoni Randia dumetorum Stenosiphonium cordifolium Tarana asiatica
Webera corymbosa
•Indicates intensive feeding by elephants (Norris 1959, McKay 1971).
115
West Area
* Acacia eburnea Grewia orientalis Azima tetracantha Plumbago zeylanicu Cassia spinosum Sanseviera zeylanica Cissus quadrangularis Wrightia zeylanica Gardenia coronavia
GRASSES AND FORBS Ara Zone
Aliscarpus vaginalis Digitaria marginata
*Amphilophis pertusa Echinochloa colonum Apcopis wightii Eragrostcella hitaria Aristida setaceae *Eragrostris coramandeliana
*Bracharia reptens Euphorbia geniculata Celosia argentea Indigofera achinata
*Chloris barbata Ipomoea angustifolia
*Chloris inflata Leptochloa neesii
*Cymbopogon confertifloris *Paspalum conjugatum Cyrtococcum trigonum Phaseolus trilobus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Ruellia ringens Desmodium heterophyllum Syndrella nodiflora Desmodium triflorum Tridax procumbens
West Area
Acanthospermum hespidium Enteropegon monostachys Aristidia depressa Lopholepus ornithocephala
*Cynodon dactylum
•Indicates intensive feeding by elephants (Norris 1959, McKay 1971).
Index
Activity Rhythms Axis, 40 Elephas, 23 Panthera, 69 Sus, 58 Age Classes
Axis, 37 Bubalus, 30 Cervus, 47 Elephas, 11 SW, 55 Agnostic Behavior
Axis, 42 Bubalus, 33 Elephas, 24 Stu, 59
Antipredator Behavior .dxw, 44
Bubalus, 33 Cervus, 50 Discussion, 87 Elephas, 25
£UJ, 60
Auditory Communication
^4xw, 41, 88 Canis, 62 Elephas, 23-24, 88 Muntiacus, 88 Panthera, 71-72 Avifauna, 78 j4*ij a*«, 37-47, 84
Barking Deer (i«« Muntiacus muntjac) Biomass, 101
Breeding Season (see Reproduction) Bubalus bubalis, 30-36, 85
Canis aureus, 61—63 Care of the Young
Axis, 43 Bubalus, 34 Cervus, 49 Discussion, 89 Elephas, 26 Sus, 59 Carnivora Canis, 61 FWw, 75 Herpestes, 75 Melursus, 63 Panthera, 65 Paradoxurus, 75 Viverricula, 75 Census Methods, 110
Cervus unicolor, 47—50 Chemical Communication
^*u, 42 C<mu, 62 Elephas, 24 Panthera, 71
•Siu, 58-59 Chital (J«« ./4xw axw) Civet (xee Viverricula) Climate, 4
Communication (J«<? airo Auditory Communication; Chemi- cal Communication)
Axis, 41 Elephas, 23 Panthera, 71 Social Structure, 88 Competition, 98-101
Courtship (see Male-Female Interactions) Displacement
Elephas, 25 Displays
Axis, 42 Bubalus, 34 Elephas, 24
SIM, 58
Drought Periods, 6—7 Ecological Separation, 98 Elephant (see Elephas maximus) Elephas maximus, 11-29, 86 Evolution of Social Behavior, 81
Feeding (see Habitat Utilization; Predation) Female Interactions
Axis, 43 Elephas, 28 Sus, 59 Fruiting Season, 9 Geology, 4 Habitat Utilization
Axis, 39 Bubalus, 32 Cervus, 49 Discussion, 90-97 Elephas, 18-22 Sus, 57
Hare (see Lepus nigricollis) Herpestes, 75
Home Range Axis, 38 Bubalus, 30, 32 Canu, 62 Cervus, 49 Elephas, 17
117
118
Melursus, 64 Panthera, 66 Sus, 57
Interspecific Behavior Axis, 45
Elephas, 28 Sus, 60
Jackal (see Cants aureus) Leopard (see Panthera pardus) Lepus nigricollis, 77
Macaca sinica, 76 Male Interactions
Axis, 42 Elephas, 24, 28 Sus, 59
Male-Female Interactions 4 x « , 42
Elephas, 26 .SUJ, 59
Mammalian Fauna, 10 Management, 104
Marking (see Chemical Communication) Maternal Behavior (see Care of the Young) Melursus ursinus, 63—64
Mobbing, 44-45, 87-88 Movements (see Home Range) Muntiacus muntjac, 51-53, 83
Olfactory Communication (see Chemical Communication) Panthera pardus, 65-74
Paradoxurus, 75 Population Trends
Axis, 45 Bubalus, 36 Canis, 63 Cervus, 50 Elephas, 29 Sus, 60 Predation Canis, 63 Panthera, 69, 74 Presbytis entellus, 75 Presbytis senex, 75 Primates, 75-76
Reproduction (see also Sexual Behavior) Birth Peaks
Axis, 45 Bubalus, 36
Sus, 60 Panthera, 70 Rutting
Axis, 45 Bubalus, 33 Reptiles, 79
Resources, Interspersion of, 94 Sambar (see Cervus unicolor) Sexual Behavior
Axis, 42 Bubalus, 33 Cervus, 49 Elephas, 26 Stu, 59 Social Groupings
Axis, 37 Bubalus, 30 Canis, 61 Cervus, 48 Elephas, 13 Muntiacus, 51 Panthera, 70 JUJ, 55 Tragulus, 52 Social Roles
Canu, 62 Elephas, 28 Panthera, 73 Spacing
Bubalus, 30 Canty, 62 Elephas, 17 Panthera, 66, 70, 71 Spotted Deer (;«e ^xw ax«) Succession, 91-94, 96 St« icro/a, 55-60, 84 Tactile Communication, 24 Tatera indica, 77
Termites, 79 Tradition, 17-18 Tragulus meminna, 52, 54 Vegetation, 7
Villu, 4
Visual Communication (j«e Displays) Viverricula, 75
Water Buffalo (j«« Bubalus bubalis)
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O <*B4—3t2/l
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