Polymers are used in fabricating mouth protectors because they can be formed to fit the occlusal sur- faces, they are light weight, and they are resilient.
Mouth protectors are routinely used in football, soc- cer, ice hockey, basketball, wrestling, field hockey, softball, and other sports. As a result of the possi- bilities of orofacial injury, high-school athletes are required to wear internal mouth protectors, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has adopted a mouth protector rule. As a result of these actions, more professional athletes are wear- ing mouth protectors. Because of the increased use of mouth protectors, it is estimated that 50,000 orofacial injuries are prevented each year.
The rationale for the use of mouth protectors is that the mouth protector acts like a shock absorber when the athlete receives a blow to the mouth or chin. The mouth protector absorbs 80% to 90% of the energy of the blow and distributes the remaining energy uniformly to the entire arch, resulting in less trauma to the oral structures.
Stock, mouth-formed (boil-and-bite), and custom mouth protectors are the three types available and all provide some protection to the athlete. Custom- made mouth protectors are usually vacuum formed from sheets of flexible, thermoplastic polymers about 14 cm2 in area and 1.6 to 3 mm in thickness; they may be clear or colored. In most instances the sheets are of a single material, but they may be laminates of two or more thermoplastic polymers. Laminated mouth BOX 9.1
P R I N C I P A L I N G R E D I E N T S O F A C R Y L I C D E N T U R E
B A S E : P O W D E R A N D L I Q U I D
Powder
Acrylic polymer (or copolymer) beads Initiator
Pigments Dyes Opacifier Plasticizer
Dyed organic fibers Inorganic particles
Liquid Monomer Inhibitor Accelerator Plasticizer
Cross-linking agent
protectors are fabricated so that the softer of the two layers contacts the teeth and soft tissue.
Most sheets for custom mouth protectors are vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers. Manufacturers use sev- eral different hardnesses of the material, with copo- lymers containing more polyethylene being harder.
The advantages of custom-made mouth protec- tors are (1) excellent fit, (2) comfort, (3) ease of speak- ing, and (4) durability; these qualities are poor for stock protectors and poor to good for mouth-formed protectors. In spite of the advantages of custom- made protectors, they are not as common as stock or mouth-formed protectors because of their higher cost.
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171 Various metallic materials are used in dentistry to restore or repair individual teeth, and to replace sin- gle or multiple missing teeth, as well as entire den- tal arches. The metals used for direct restoration of tooth structure lost due to caries or fracture include dental amalgam and direct gold, though the latter is used on a very limited basis in contemporary restor- ative dentistry. Many metals are used for the indi- rect replacement of lost or damaged teeth or parts of teeth, including high-noble metals, noble metals, and predominantly base metals. The designation of these types of dental metals is based on their composition.
A variety of base metals are used in dental pros- thetics, such as partial dentures, and as implants to restore lost tooth roots. These materials vary widely in terms of their composition, structures, and prop- erties, and thus are indicated for specific applica- tions based on the requirements of the given clinical situation.