Lord Ayyappan of Sabrimali in Kerala is a divinity with a synthetic character. He is said on the one hand to be the son of SHIVA and MOHINI, VISHNU’s female form. He is also said to be an incarnation of the Buddha. Furthermore he is honored in Kerala by Muslims. According to the myth, the god transformed himself into a baby who was found by the king Pandalam, who was childless.
Ayyappan was then adopted as his heir. After a short time, Pandalam’s queen produced her own son, and she tried afterward to get rid of Ayyap- pan. She pretended she was ill and said only tiger’s milk could cure her.
Ayyappan went off to the forest and returned riding a tigress. In his search for tiger’s milk, Ayyappan had been sent to heaven by Lord Shiva to kill a demoness, Mahishi. Ayyappan had suc- ceeded in ejecting her from heaven and making her fall to Earth. The demoness asked him to take her as his wife, but, he, being celibate, decided not to accept her. However, Mahishi is given a promi- nent place at the Ayyappan shrine.
In recent years a winter pilgrimage has been instituted to the Ayyappan shrine; it takes place between December 15 and January 15, depend- ing on the lunar calendar. This men-only event involves an arduous climb up the hills of the Western Ghats and has become popular through- out India. Participants dress in black, take a vow of celibacy for the duration of the celebration, prepare for the pilgrimage by singing praises to Ayyappan, and then head off on the long trek. All castes and creeds are allowed to enter the Ayyap- pan, shrine, but women in their fertile years are not permitted as Ayyappan is said to be “lord of celibacy.” Ayyappan is sometimes also referred to as Shasta, or “ruler of the realm.”
Further reading: E. Valentine Daniel, Fluid Signs:
Being a Person the Tamil Way (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Lord Ayyappan, the Dharma K 58 Ayurveda
Sasta (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966); N. T.
Nair, The Worship of Lord Ayyappan (Singapore: Print- world Services, 1995); Radhika Sekar, The Sabarimalai Pilgrimage and Ayyappan Cults (Delhi: Motilal Banar-
sidass, 1992); P. T. Thomas, Sabarimalai and Its Shasta (Madras: Christian Literature Society, 1973); K. R.
Vaidyanathan, Pilgrimage to Sabari (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1978)
Ayyappan 59 J
AF J:
Baba
Baba is a word from the Hindi language that means
“father” and is used commonly as an honorific for sages, gurus, and saints. A person called Baba may or may not have taken the vows of renunciation that are signified by the title SWAMI.
Babaji
(birth possibly 203 C.E.) the eternal yogi Babaji (Revered Father) is a legendary immortalYOGI who is said to have instructed many of the great historic yogis, in the service of his goal of human spiritual evolution. He is particularly associated with the modern yoga movement of the SELF-REALIZATION FELLOWSHIP.
Historical information regarding Babaji is diffi- cult to obtain. Paramahansa YOGANANDA, founder of the fellowship and the first author to create wide recognition of Babaji, dedicates one chap- ter of his book Autobiography of a Yogi to Babaji, whose other names are Mahamuni Babaji Maharaj (Supreme Ecstatic Master), Maha Yogi (Great Yogi), and Trambak Baba or Shiva Baba (both incarnations of SHIVA). According to Yogananda, Babaji chooses to live in obscurity in the Himala- yas, beyond a holy place called BADRINATH, and has intentionally kept secret any information about
his birthplace and date of birth, which is believed to have occurred so long ago as to be beyond consideration.
Babaji is said to work in the background to guide the evolution of human consciousness;
at certain times he appears and initiates certain people to advance their spiritual evolution and to promote new paths for humanity. He is not nor- mally accessible, appearing only when he desires, often at melas (festivals). Babaji is not “religious”;
rather, his goal is to help everyone achieve SELF-
REALIZATION by means of several forms of the sci- ence of YOGA.
Babaji is said to have given yoga initiation to the historical teachers SHANKARA (seventh century C.E.) of the Swami Order and KABIR, (15th century C.E.), the famous medieval Hindi saint-poet. Around 800–900 C.E., he appeared as GORAKHNATH and initiated disciples into HATHA
and KUNDALINI yoga disciplines. According to Yogananda, around 1860 Babaji taught KRIYAYOGA
(the main teaching of the Self-Realization Fellow- ship), to LAHIRI MAHASAYA (1828–95), the GURU
responsible for reviving the discipline. Yogananda claimed that Babaji also appeared to him early in the 20th century and gave him his mission to teach in the West.
B
Stories attest to Babaji’s ability to become invisible at will. Because of this and his implicit instruction to his disciples to keep silent about him, little is known about his life. He can speak in any language but generally uses Hindi. His body is forever young, immortal, and not in need of food. Yogananda is said to have demonstrated this ability by the incorruptibility of his own body after his death in 1952, perhaps a capac- ity that develops after intense practice of kriya yoga.
Since Yogananda’s death, many more stories relating to Babaji have emerged. He has been iden- tified with an unnamed person who lived in the foothills of the Himalayas in the Kumaon region from around 1890 to 1922. His followers, acting on his statements, expected him to return after his departure in 1922 and established a number of ASHRAMS for him throughout India. Another teacher, Mahendra Baba (d. 1969), throughout the 1950s and 1960s predicted Babaji’s return.
Blessed from childhood with appearances from Babaji, Mahendra Baba (d. 1969), a sainted figure himself, devoted his life to facilitating the reap- pearance of Babaji. Mahendra restored the old
ASHRAMS, wrote books about Babaji, and asked everyone to receive Babaji. However, Mahendra died before Babaji returned.
In June 1970, a young man identified as Hai- dakhan (also spelled Hariakhan) Baba appeared and moved among the Babaji ashrams for 14 years. From 1970 until his death on February 14, 1984, he traveled around India teaching and healing as more ashrams were opened for him.
Tens of thousands of Hindus traveled to see him.
Haidakhan Baba/Babaji stayed in the countryside, where he could teach the traditional sacred prin- ciples. He taught by example how to attain spiri- tual awakening silently. Babaji told his devotees that he appeared in many incarnations to restore the SANATANADHARMA, the eternal truth of creation that has manifested and operates in harmony with Divine Will. He urged his students to live in truth and simplicity, regardless of religious affiliation.
According to Babaji, true devotion will replace material obsessions and will cultivate the pres- ence of divine wisdom. He urged people at all times to chant the name of God, using the man- tra Om Namah Shiva, literally “I take refuge in God.” Babaji’s followers sing a song to him each morning and evening in a service called an arati.
They practice a fire ceremony called the yagya or hawan. Babaji advocated above all things a dedi- cation to serve humanity through karma yoga, selfless action.
Leonard Orr and Sondra Ray, founders of the
“rebirthing” movement, were among his Ameri- can disciples, and BABA HARI DASS of Santa Cruz, California, published a book about stories col- lected about Haidakhan Baba, Hariakhan Baba Known, Unknown.
The Haidakhan Samaj was established in 1980 near Nainital, Uttar Pradesh state, India, as a cen- tral headquarters for the teachings of Haidakhan Baba/Babaji. The American headquarters of the Haidakhan Samaj is located in Crestone, Colo- rado. American devotees publish American Hai- dakhan Samaj Newsletter. The movement counts more than 8,000 members worldwide.
Another Indian teacher, S. A. A. Ramaiah, independently of the Haidakhan Baba movement and Self-Realization Fellowship, claimed that in 1942 he and a journalist, V. T. Neelakantan, became students of Babaji in spirit and received directly from him the texts of three books, The Voice of Babaji and Mysticism Unlocked, Babaji’s Masterkey to All Ills, and Babaji’s Death of Death.
Ramaiah reports that Babaji revealed his actual beginning in human form in 203 C.E. in Tamil Nadu, India, as the son of a priest of Shiva.
Ramaiah reports that Babaji traveled during the third century to the southern tip of Sri Lanka, where he studied with a guru and had a vision of Lord Muruga, son of Shiva. After studies in Tamil Nadu, he eventually went to the Himalayas to practice kriya yoga. Through his practice he was transformed into a SIDDHA (a perfected person with supernatural abilities) and his body became K 62 Babaji
free of the effects of aging, disease, and death.
Since that time, he has continued to exist, main- tain a youthful appearance, and become the guide and inspiration of many of India’s great spiritual teachers.
In 1951 Ramaiah founded the INTERNATIONAL
BABAJI KRIYA YOGA SANGAM, which now has loca- tions in 50 countries and teaches all of the kriya yoga material that Yogananda deemed inappropri- ate for introduction to the West in the early 20th century. Since Ramaiah’s death, the Babaji Kriya Yoga Sangam has been led by Marshall Govindan, who was initiated by Ramaiah in 1971.
Another guru, Swami Satyaswarananda of San Diego, California, claims to have had contact with Babaji. At Babaji’s instruction, he has republished the writings of Lahiri Mahasaya in a series called Sanskrit Classics.
Further reading: Shedha Goodman, Babaji, Meeting with Truth at Hariakhan Vishvwa Mahadham (Farming- dale, N.Y.: Coleman, 1986); Marshall Govindan, Babaji and the 18 Siddha Kriya Yoga Traditions. 2d ed. (Freiberg, Germany: Hans Nietsch Verlag, 1999); Baba Hari Dass, Hariakhan Baba Known, Unknown (Davis, Calif.: Shri Rama Foundation, 1975); Leonard Orr and Makham Singh, Babaji (San Francisco: Author, 1979); Swami Satyeswarananda, Babaji. Vol. 1, The Divine Himalayan Yogi, 3d ed. (San Diego, Calif.: Sanskrit Classics, 1993);
Paramahansa Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi (Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1971).