LITERATURE REVIEW
C. Psychology
4. Certain Mental Condition Which Might Be Experienced by the Main Character
The delire des negations was initially defined by Parisian neurologist Dr. Jules Cotard (1840–1889). A variety of delusions, including the steadfast and unwavering conviction that one had lost organs, blood, or other physical components as well as the conviction that one had passed away or lost one's soul, are together referred to as Cotard's syndrome or Cotard's delusion. The delusion manifests itself most profoundly as the assertion that one did not exist. Cotard's condition had been associated with organic lesions of the nondominant temporoparietal cortex, migraine, and psychoses including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The only
syndrome of delusional psychosis that can be self-certified is Cotard's delusion. A former military surgeon and Parisian neurologist and psychiatrist named Jules Cotard
a. Delusion
According to Leeser and O'Donohue (1999 : 687-694) delusions are false ideas that represent abnormalities, variations, or irregularities in the content of thoughts that are revealed to people. False beliefs were unaffected by a person's IQ, cultural background, or religious views. The degree to which the person accepted the assumptions as true was a key element of delusion.
Delusional people firmly hold onto their viewed even in the face of conflicting messages. Overvalued opinions, which were illogical ideas that a person had but about which those affected had at least some uncertainty, were difficult to distinguish from delusions. When someone had delusions, they were believed to be real. Delusional condition could make it challenging for suffered to build social connections, communicated with others, and lead fulfilling lived.
Delusions might develop into more serious psychotic symptoms in later phases. Both the patient and others around him may be at danger from this illness. As a result, those who had delusional disorder need to see a psychiatrist for an evaluation and treatment. To assessed the patient's condition, a psychiatrist might conducted a psychiatric evaluation.
There are several symptoms that arose from delusions, namely:
1. Behavioral symptoms:
a. Antagonistic behavior, such as filing lawsuits or sending many letters of protest.
b. Aggressive behavior towards others that was consistent with delusions.
c. Other behaviors that were consistent with delusions, such as scratching one‟s skin if one believes one‟s body is infested with insects.
d. Poor occupational functioning directly related to the delusional belief.
e. Compared to the decline in the severity of voice abnormalities, which frequently reverberate in the sufferer's mind.
2. Cognitive symptoms:
a. Experiencing a delusion or delusions. Poor insight into irrationality of one‟s delusional belief.
b. Believing that others are attempting to harm the person persecutory type.
c. Belief that others are in love with the person Erotomanic type.
d. Belief that one has great talents or a history of important achievements grandiose type.
e. Believing that one‟s spouse or significant other is unfaithful jealous type.
f. Belief that one‟s body had a foul odor, was malfunctioning or misshapen, or is 17 infested.
g. Other delusional belief mixed or unspecified type.
3. Psychosocial symptoms:
a. Social difficulties related to one‟s delusion.
b. Tension in romantic relationships related to the delusions Irritability. According to Mullen in Munro, (1999 ; 70) the characteristics of a delusion included :
a. The belief being held with total conviction.
b. It is experienced as a self-evident truth, usually with a sense of great personal significance. For example, believing that other people were trying to hurt that person. They had an unshakable belief in something that is not true and was not based on reality.
c. It is not amenable to reason nor modifiable by experience.
d. The content is inherently unlikely.
e. The belief is not held by those of a common social and cultural background.
There is delusional mood before the delusion, which vanishes along with the sense of confidence that comes with the hallucination.
Ningsih (2022 : 17) b. Skizofrenia
Actually, schizophrenia was first referred by Dr. Kraepelin (1855–1926) as dementia praecox, which was also a Greek term
meaning decline in intellectual function dementia at a young age praecox. This condition was characterized by symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations and was characterized by thinking abilities that get progressively worse. The word schizophrenia was coined by Eugen Bleuler because this illness causes a separation between thoughts, emotions, and actions. Since schizophrenia was not always accompanied by a declined in mental ability and did not necessarily happened at a young age, it was replaced the name dementia praecox.
Schizophrenia was a chronic psychiatric disorder that caused suffered to have difficulty distinguishing what was real and what was not. Schizophrenia could cause several symptoms, such as hallucinations, thinking confusion, and changed in behavior. In addition, schizophrenia could also cause delusions. There were various kinds of delusions that can appear in people with schizophrenia, one of which is megalomania.
c. Bipolar
Bipolar disorder was a psychiatric disorder that caused suffered to experience drastic emotional changed. People with bipolar disorder can usually experience two main phases, namely mania very happy and depression very sad. In certain cases, bipolar disorder could cause symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, such as megalomania.
Usually, these symptoms appeared when people with bipolar disorder
experience a mania phase.
d. Dementia
Dementia was a disease that caused a decreased in memory and thinking. This condition could had an impact on the lifestyle, social skills, and daily activities of the suffered. Dementia could cause delusions, such as paranoid delusions, that make the suffered suspect that someone was going to hurt or poison them. Not only that, delusions of grandeur or megalomania could also occur in people with dementia.
e. Delirium
Delirium was a sudden change in the brain that caused the suffered to experience severe confusion, decreased awareness of the surrounding environment, or sometimes a changed in perception in the form of megalomania. Delirium is usually caused by a severe infection, alcohol poisoning, or lack of oxygen.
f. Dissociative Identity Disorder(DID)
DID was a dissociative disorder in which a person had two or more different personalities or alternating personalities. DID was formerly known as split personality multiple personality disorder is a psychological disorder in which sufferers would created two or more personalities and emotional conditions, each of which had different perceptions and interactions with their environment. Two or more of these personalities repeatedly control the person's behavior, with some
memory loss among the personalities. The original personality is very likely to experience amnesia for the new personality Halgin (2012:
266).
Diagnostic Criteria.
I. Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states,which may be described in some cultures as an experience of possession. the disruption in identity involves marked discontinuity in sense of self and senseof agency, accompanied by related alterations in affect, behavior, conscious-ness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning. These signs and symptoms probably observed by others or reported by the individual.
II. Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal infor-mation, and/or traumatic events that were inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.
III. The symptoms caused clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occu- pational, or other important areas of functioning.
IV. The symptoms were not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance blackouts or chaotic behavior during alcohol intoxication or another me-dical condition
g. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
Obsessive Compulsive patients could neutralize their
obsessions with rituals, including his own routine. Patients that engage in this ritual behavior developed unique routines that set them apart from other people. The ritual was carried out immediately at specific times and under specific conditions Wilson. (2001: 8-11). OCD patients constantly double-check even the slightest details. If he did not doing the habitual, he would experience anxiety even about something really unimportant. Wilson (2001: 8–11)
h. Depression
The symptoms of depression, a common mental condition, include gloomy mood, lack of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or food, low energy, and trouble concentrating. These issues could develop into chronic or reoccurring issued that significantly limit people's capacity to carry out their everyday tasks. Bhowmik at all (2012: 37). Conclusion, Depression could be defined as a persistently depressing sensation that interferes with a person's thoughts and behavior in daily life. The death of a loved one is one of the causes of depression. Mood fluctuations may result from depression. Those who are depressed frequently experience sadness and lose interest in daily activities. The worst result is that they opt to end their lives since they have lost all hope.