CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODRESEARCH METHOD
C. Action Plan
1. Classroom Action Research
The research is aimed to increase teaching and learning process, so the researcher using classroom action research.
Anne explains that Action Research is to intervene in a deliberate way in the problematic situation in order to bring about changes and, even better, improvements in practice.30 It means that action research is given by teacher with directive from teacher that is done by students.
Eileen states that action research is classroom action research is a process in which participants examine their own educational practice systematically and carefully, using the techniques of research.31 It means that action research is a practical way of looking at your practice in order to check whether it is as you feel it should be.
30 Anne Burns, Doing Action Researchin English Language Teaching;A Guide for Practitioners, (New York: Routledge 270 Madison Ave, 2010).p.2
31 Eileen Ferrance. Themes in Education: Action Research, (New York: Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory At Brown University. 2000), p.1
The purpose of action research is to generate living theories about how learning has improved practice and is informing new practices. The main social purpose of action research includes the following:
1. It aims improve workplace practices through improving learning.
2. It aims to promote the ongoing democratic evaluation of learning and practices.
3. It aims to create good social orders by influencing the education of social formation.
Action research is a form of collective self-reflective enquiry undertaken by participants is social situation in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own social or education practice, as well as their understanding of these. It is practices and the situation in which these practices are carried out.32 The idea of self-reflection is central. In traditional form of research, researcher does research on themselves in company with other people, and those other are doing the same.
In the classroom action research, the writer would like to hold the research in two cycles. There is a relationship between one and the other. They are:
a. Planning b. Acting c. Observing
32 Jean McNiff with Jack Whitehead, Action Research: principles and practice, (London and New York: Routledge Falmer Taylor and Francis, 2002), p.24.
Plan
Observ e Reflect
Act Plan
Observ e Reflect
Act d. Reflecting33
Picture 1
Sequences of action-reflection cycles.34
Classroom Action Research (CAR) Cycles are:
1) Cycle I a) Planning
Planning is the first steps in each activity. Without planning the activity that the writer does would not be focus. The planning would be reference in doing action.
(1) The writer prepares the lesson plan, the material and the picture as media.
(2) The writer plans to give the task and evaluation.
(3) The writers prepare the test (pre-test and post-test).
(4) The writer prepare observation sheet to know the problem in teaching learning writing paragraph.
33 Ibid., p. 41.
34 Ibid. p. 41.
b) Acting
The second step in the action research is acting. It is the realization from the planning which has made by the writer. Without the action, the planning is just imagination that never is real. The action research would be conducted at the eighth grade at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Way Jepara of the east Lampung, at least for three meetings or more until achieve to criteria. The steps are as follows:
(1) Pre-teaching activities
(a) Greeting, prays, taking attendance list (b) Apperception
(c) Introducing today’s lesson and explain the goal of the learning (2) Process of learning
The teachers use an observation sheet. It is used to make some notes of the activities in the process of learning writing paragraph through mind mapping.
(3) Evaluation
A pre-test is given to the students to know the early students ability before treatment and a post test is used mind mapping to know the students ability after they are taught picture. It is aimed to see whether the students’ scores increase or not.
c) Observing
The observation is the activity of recording the event and action.
In this research the observation would do in a learning process related
as the schedule. The observation in teaching learning process is recorded by using note. The writer asked the English teacher become observed. The collaborator observes the student activities, in this research the researcher acted as a teacher who implemented the pictures in treatment. This is to know how far the students writing paragraph through mind mapping.
d) Reflecting
The reflection is the fourth step that was be done. The researcher would try to analyze the observation and test result that was done. It is also know whether there is effect to the students’ learning process.
The first step that would be done in this reflecting is analyzing the quantities data, the researcher would evaluate the score of each assignment. Subject can be successful if they got the improvement score. The second, after collecting the data, the researcher would evaluate the teaching learning process. By reflection, the researcher would know the strength and weakness from the action.
2) Cycle II a) Planning
(1) Identifies the problem and finds the problem from the first cycle (2) Make a lesson plan
(3) Prepare the material, method and strategy of teaching (4) Prepare format to observe
(5) Prepare the instrument of evaluation
b) Acting
The researcher applies the action plan II c) Observing
In this step, the researcher observes the process of teaching learning by using format of observation to collect the data in action plan II.
d) Reflecting
In this step, the researcher would compare the score of pre-test and post-test. The researcher reviews and reflects on students’ activity and teacher performance whether it is positive or negative, the second cycle enough or need for the next step.
D. Data Collection Technique
Data is collected by using instrument as bellow:
1. Observation
Observation is a process of watching or listening to professional action either while it is happening, or from a taped sequence. Observation is data collection technique by directly observing to the object that is examined.
Moreover, Edi states that observations can be defined as election, alteration, registration and coding series of action and situation connecting with organism which is suitable with empiric purpose35.
35 Edi Kusnadi, Metodology Penelitian, (Stain Metro: Ramayana Pers, 2008), p. 98.
In collecting data, the researcher observed students’ learning process and put it into the data paper. This data consists of name of the student who is actively involved in the learning process. The data is made in order to know students’ development and as reference for the teacher to arise the participation of the student who have not involved yet.
2. Test
In this research, researcher uses tests for the instrument. A test, in simple terms, is a method of measuring a person’s ability, knowledge, or performance in a given domain.36The test would be used by the researcher is pre-test and post-test. The material in pre-test and post-test are different but have same difficulties. The types of the test are writing paragraph through descriptive paragraph. The test was divided into two parts, as follow:
a. Pre-Test
The pre-test would be given at the first meeting before doing treatments in order to know ability of the students before doing the action research. The researcher uses descriptive text.
b. Post-Test
The post-test is given after the treatments. The post-test was held in order to know whether the treatments gave any contribution to the students’ achievement in the class or not. This step would be done after the treatment to know the influence of the mind mapping technique, whether it is able to increase the writing paragraph.
36 H Douglas Brown, Language Assessment; Principles and Classroom Practice, (California: Longman, 2003), p. 3.
3. Documentation
Documentation is data collection technique by investigating object written such as book, magazine, document, note, and other.37 The researcher uses this method to get the data from the school, such as the total of students, total of teachers and the condition of the school.