CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
C. Research Procedure
1. Classroom Action Research (CAR)
Action research is concerned equally with changing individuals, on the one hand, and, on the other, the culture of the groups, institutions and societies to which they belong. The culture of a group can be defined in terms of the characteristic substance and forms of the language and discourses, activities and practices, and social relationships and organization which constitute the interactions of the group.35
Action research is any systematic inquiry conducted by teacher researchers to gather information about the ways that their particular school operates, how they teach, and how well their students learn. The information is gathered with the goals of gaining insight, developing reflective practice, effecting positive changes in the school environment and on educational practices in general, and improving student outcomes.36
Next, Valsa Koshy define action research as an enquiry,undertaken with rigour and understanding so as to constantly refinepractice; the emerging evidence-based outcomes will then contribute tothe researching practitioner‟s continuing professional development.37
35Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison, Research Methods in Education Fifth edition, (London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer) 2000. P. 226
36David Hopkins with the assistance of Elpida Ahtaridou,A teacher’s guide to classroom researchFourth edition, (London: McGraw-Hill Education) 2008. P.48
37Valsa Koshy, Action Researh for Improving Practice, (London: Paul Chapman Publshing, 2005), p.2
From some theories above, it can be concluded that Classroom Action Research (CAR) is an obvious research that is used to increase,modify, and evaluate their work in teaching and learning process in the classroom.
In this research, the researcher hold the research in two cycles. The each cycle consists of planning, action, observing, reflecting. The „action research spiral‟ based on Kemmis and McTaggart.38
The cycle of the classroom action research
Based on the action research spiral above , it means that classroom action research is process that has cycles which have four aspect
38David Hopkins with the assistance of Elpida Ahtaridou,A teacher’s guide., P.51
(planning, acting, observing, and reflecting). Those aspect are to increase the result and quality of teaching and learning process.
In the classrom action research, the researcher has to implement the good procedure as well. In this research one of the procedure was the researcher conduct at least two cycles, if the first cycle failed, it was continued in the second cycle. It conducted for the purpose of increasing the students‟ writing skill. It was illustrated like these procedures as follow:
a. Cycle I 1) Planning
Planning is the first stage which must be passed in each activity. Researcher explains what, why, when, where, who, and doing action.Valsa Koshy explain that “It is useful to initiate a literature search as soon as we have a selected a topic and to start making notes and summaries.”39It means that planning was the first step and the researcher had to make a preparation before doing an action research. The preparation could be seen as follows:
(a) The researcher prepared the lesson plan about material that used Three step interview strategy by guiding and consideration from the English Teachers‟ the Eighth Grade (VIII) at SMPN 5 Metro.
39Valsa Koshy, Action Researh for Improving., p.40
(b) The researcher prepared step of action and the material that used in writing learning.
(c) The researcher prepared the instrument for the research.
2) Action
In this action, the researcher gave pre-test, treatment, and post- test to the students. The students were instructed to write the simple descriptive paragraph before and after treatment.
In the implementation action research there were some activities as follows:
Pre teaching activities (a) Greeting and pray together.
(b) checked attendence list.
(c) giving information about the material.
While teaching activities
(a) The researcher applied the lesson plan
(b) The researcher explained descriptive paragraph
(c) The teacher divided the students into some groups, in one group there were 4 students, 2 members of group become a pair.
(d) The teacher gave the topic and provides think time before started to apply Three Step Interview strategy.
(e) The teacher asked the students to make a list of question and after that interviewed their partner.
(f) The first partner interviewed the second partner then the the second partner interviewed the first partner related to the topic.
(g) Then each members of the team wrote the descriptive paragraph related to result of interview and shared their job in front of the class.
Post teaching activities:
(a) The researcher asked the students about the difficulties of the lesson.
(b) The researcher evaluated the students‟ project.
3) Observation
Observing was the activity of recording or documenting the event and action. The observation was done in teaching learning process. Based on the observation, the researcher can be determine whether there were anything that the researcher has to be improve descriptive paragraph writing. In this step, the researcher observed the process of teaching learning by using format observation.
4) Reflecting
Reflection is the last step in this process. In this step the researcher analyze and observe the test result during teaching learning process. In this step the researcher used the data for
evaluation in order to make the improvement for the second cycle. Cycle 1 was failed, it must review in cycle 2.
b. Cycle 2
cycle 1 is fail, it must be review in cycle 2. If in the cycle 1 is succesful, cycle 2 is continuation from cycle 1.The result in cycle 1 is for evaluation material and for reflection to the second research.The minimum cycle in Classroom Action Research (CAR) is two cycle.
1) Planning
(a) The researcher identified the problem and find the problem from the reflection result in cycle I.
(b) The researcher discussed with the teacher about obstacles in students‟ learning activity.
(c) The researcher revised lesson plan with consideration from the teacher.
(d) The researcher prepared and modified the material with three step interviewstrategy.
2) Action
(a) The researcher thougt the student about the material according to new lesson plan.
(b) The researcher modified three step interviewstrategy by giving the meaning of keyword and getting students to bring dictionary.
3) Observing
In this step, the researcher observed the students‟ learning activity in the classroom such as; class situation, learning process, activeness. The teacher gave the test after class action research in cycle 2, then the teacher calculated the increasing score test after cycle I and score test after cycle 2.
4) Reflecting
In the reflection, the researcher analyzed the result of the action.
By reflecting, the researcher knew the strength and weakness of action the researcher compared the score distribution of pretest and post-test. If from the cycle 2 all of the students were succesfull, the cycle able to be stopped until cycle 2 only.