CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITELATURE
C. Concept of speaking
Speaking is one of the important skill in learning process beside writing, listening, reading. Speaking is an process of constructing meaning that involves produce, receive and process an information, Brown (2007) . Its way and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking. Speaking is once of way to give information with other people. Speaking is action of conveying information or expressing someone’s feeling in speech. It means that express an information from people to another peole with purpose to convice others.
According to Harmer (2007) speaking is act in real time, when the someone make a conversation, they will produce a words and interlocutor will give a respond. While speaking, someone cannot revise or take out what they have spoken with other people. It is describe speaking which directly speech a
language. Moreover many people make a link with the ability to speak with how good they are in English language.
Leong and Ahmadi (2017) state that speaking is a foremost skills for a the effectiveness of communication. Speaking is interactive process give a meaning that involves a producing, receiving and processing a information.
Speaking is ability that to giving something orally, coherently, fluently and appropriately in giving a meaning context to serve both transactional and interactional purpose using correct pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and adopting the pragmatic and discourse rules of the spoken language.
According to Hornby in Jumardin (2016) Speaking is a language that use in ordinary voice, uttering a words, recognize to be able use a language, describes something by a words and make a speech. When begin speaking with people it have a relationshipthat is communication. Speaking is a process interaction with two or more peopleto make learners understand about what are saying.
Based on the explanation about, it concluded that a speaking is a way to increase a conversation with other people to give an idea, felling, thought. It can make be a communication be efficiently. Speaking is also a media of transaction between a speaker and listener.
2. The types of Speaking
According to Brown (2007) There are some types in speaking such as imitative, intensive, responsive, interactive and extensive.
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a. Imitation
This part, a student was trying to repeat what was reasonably said to them, adherence to pronunciation as defined by the teacher. It does not mean if the student comprehends what they are saying or taking on a conversation. The purpose is only to type what was supposed to them.
b. Intensive
This a second type of speaking frequently in assessment context. This type to include direct response task, reading aloud, sentence and dialog completion.
c. Responsive
Responsive is slightly more complicated than intensive, but the difference is blurry. At this level, the dialog includes a simple question with a follow-up question or two. Conversations take place by this point but are unaffected in content.
d. Interactive
This part interactive speaking is in the length and complexity of the interaction, which sometimes includes multiple exchanges and or multiple participants. Brown (2007) the fundamental difference between responsive and interactive speaking based on the lenght and complexityof the interaction, usually involving excanges or on participatn. The purpose of the interaction in the form of transactional language in order provide certain oe personal information that aims to maintain social relationship.One example of an interactive assessment is formal and informal monologues such as a lecture delivered in a relaxed manner.
e. Extensive
Extensive is a way for people to get information from what has been heard or read, extensive oral assignment include lecture, presentation, and stoytelling where the opportunity for oral interaction of the listener is limited.
3. The aims of speaking
The aim of the speaking aspect in the language classroom is to promote communication acquisition as well as real word communication both within outside the classroom. Acording to Nation and Newton (2009) teacher should use a balanced activity method that integrates language organized output, and communicative output to help students improve communicative efficiensy in speaking. Therefore, the goal of gaining oral fluency would to achive this goalsestablishing content and events that are exlusive that encourage exchange of knowledge. Orade (2012) define that mostly people judge one master English when individuals can speak in English. Brown (2001) also add that goals of speaking to enable students to interact with each others.
People communicate for a purpose, according Harmer (2007) such to say something, and they use a general approach to imply that the speaker define that decisions to talk to other people. They serve a communicative purpose, the speaker says something because they want something to happen as result of their word. They may want to captivate the audience in order to provide facts, express pleasure, agree or complain, or be rude or flattering.
In conclusion, the aims of speaking is communicative effectivness, students should to communicative effectiveness, to make the most of their
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current skills. They should try to avoid confusion due to pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary errors, and to observe the social and cultural rules that apply in every communication situation
4. Component of Speaking
According to Harmer (2007) students must be to pronounce phonemes correctly, use acceptable stress and intonation pattern and speak in related voice in order to speak fluently in English. But there is a lot more to it.
Speakers of English, especially where it is primery language, will need to be able to speak in avariety of genres and contex, as well as use a variety of conversational and repairt thecniques. They will also have to be able to winstand traditional role swaps.
Futhermore, speaking fluently necessitates not only a thorough understanding of language characteristics, but also the ability to process information and language, Harmer 2007. There are six key factors that can help someone become more fluent and courageous while speaking. They are self-assurance, fluency, and precision, as well as choosing the right words, demonstrating our intentions, keeping listeners engaged, and sounding normal. As a result, many second language or foreign language learners place a high emphasis on speaking in English.
As a result, learners often assess their language learning performance as well as the efficacy of their English course based on how much they believe they have progressed in their spoken language proficiency, especially in improving speaking skill, which can lead to increased fluency, trust, bravery,
the ability to correctly pronounce phonemes, and the use of acceptable stress and intonation patterns and talk in logical manner
5. The Criteria of Assessing of Speaking
The achievement of communicative competence is one of the goals of teaching speaking. Speaking isn't just talking; it's far more than that. As a result, language learners should be able to think critically and sensitively.
Brown (2012) claims that speaking is a dynamic ability involving components such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, and fluency.
1. Pronunciation
The student's method of pronouncing English words is called pronunciation.One of the most difficult language components is pronounciation, which is made up of elements or concepts that decide how sounds differ and pattern in a language.
2. Grammar
It is about how to construct right sentences in a conversation. It will help you improve your ability to understand and respond quickly, as well as your ability to communicate. Grammar is also useful for learning the proper way to achieve proficiency in a language in both oral and written form.
3. Vocabulary
The required diction used in speech is referred to as vocabulary. Learners who have a small vocabulary find it difficult to learn a language. One
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cannot effectively communicate or articulate ideas in both oral and written form without a proper vocabulary.
4. Fluency
Fluency is described as the ability to communicate effectively and fluently in a professional setting. To put it another way, fluency means being able to keep the language flowing. It's possible that there will be errors, fillers, and repetition.
5. Comprehension
Understanding is a complicated phenomenon that has been studied and clarified in a variety of ways. The ability to comprehend spoken meaning is referred to as comprehension. Some circumstances require comprehension, such as addressing work or issues, making plans, talking at a social event, watching a movie, or being interviewed. Pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension are the five skills in speaking.