CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
B. Some Partinent Ideas
2. Concept of Translation
According to Munday (2004) defines that translation is a phenomenon that has a huge effect on everyday life. Next, Newmark (1988) says that translation is a process of rendering meaning, ideas, or messages of a text from one language to other language. There are some considerations which follow this process, which mainly related to the accuracy, clarity and naturalness of the meaning, ideas, or messages of the translation. It means that it is an important thing to consider whether the readers of the target text accept equivalent information as the readers of the source text do. These considerations are clarified in some definition of translation stated by some experts.
Furthermore, Lawrence (1995) says that translation is a process by which the chain of signifiers that constitutes the source-language text is replaced by a chain of signifiers in the target language which the translator provides on the strength of an interpretation. Moreover, Paul
(2009) said that translation is undoubtedly one person‟s subjective reading of the source text, and, inevitably, it is reflected through that translator‟s subjectivity.
Conversely, Hatim and Munday (2004) define translation is “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)”. In this definition they do not explicitly express that the object being transferred is meaning or message. They emphasis on translation as a process. However, Robinson (2003) says that translation is a text from the perspective of "external knowledge,"
but an activity (aiming at the production of a text) from the perspective of "internal knowledge.
Translation is a process which is intended to find meaning equivalence in the target text. The term meaning equivalence because it is the meaning which is transferred in the target language. In this case, translators are faced with text as unit of meaning in the form of sets of words or sentences.
b. Types of Translation
Catford (1978) divides translation into distinctive types, namely:
1) Full Translation and Partial Translation
In full translation, the entire is submitted to the translation process, that is, every part of the source language text is replaced by text material. By text Catford means any stretch of language, spoken or written, which is under discussion and according to
circumstances a text, may be a whole library of books, a single volume, a chapter, a paragraph, a sentences, a clause, ect. Example:
“How are you doing?” (English) “Apa kabar?” (Indonesian)In a partial translation, some part (s) of the SL text are left untranslated.
They are simply transferred to the TL text. In a literary translation, it is uncommon for some SL lexical items to be treated in this way.
Example: I like hamburger (English) saya suka hamburger (Indonesian).
2) Total and Restricted Translation
A total translation means replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonology/graphology by non-equivalent TL phonology/ graphology. Example: If there is one woman in the world who deserves our great admiration, it is Florence Nightingale (English) Jika ada seorang e\wanita di duniaini yang patut mendapatkan penghargaan tinggi dari kita, dialah Florence Nightingale. Restricted translation means replacement of SL textual material by equivalent TL textual material at only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
3) Rank of Translation
The rank translation there is rank bound and unbound translation. Rank-bound translation is translation in which the
selection of TL equivalents in deliberately confined to one rank or a few ranks in the hierarchy of grammatical units, usually at word or morpheme rank, that is, setting up word-to-word or morpheme- to-morpheme equivalence. In contrast with this, normal translation in which the equivalence shifts freely up and down the rank scale is called unbounded translation. Sometimes it tends to be at the higher ranks, sometimes between larger units that the sentences.
There are three types of translation, such as: full translation and partial translation, total and restriced translation, and rank of translation. In summary, notwithstanding, translations have many various types, but, all of them have different portions in a translation as well as their function.
c. Process of Translation
A translator must comprehend about process of transferring the message from the source language into the target language. According to Nida and Taber (1974), there are three steps in process of translation.
1) Analysis
For the first, the translator analyses structurally clearest forms in source language. The translator should have knowledge and master the linguistics structure of the source and receptor language. The translator analyses combination, meaning of words
and grammatically. In the text analysis, translator also should know the meaning of difficult vocabulary, strange words and to pay attention on the title, paragraph used, clause, idioms, collocations, etc.
2) Transfer
After finishing the process of analysis, the next process is transferring material which is source language into the mind of translator and recasting within a target language. In other word, the translator should replace the ideas from the source language into the target language without change the meaning of source language. In replacing the message, the translator has to be careful because it is difficult to build and arrange the sentences from the source language into the target language.
3) Restructuring
For the last stage, the purpose of the restructuring is to get the final acceptable message fully in the receptor or target language.
There are ways to find out equivalence meaning or message about the result of translation. The translator should try to decide the essence message of the source language and then re-composition, it means the translator can translate text freely with own words or sentence in order to provide the most appropriate communication in the target language.
d. Translation Evaluation
Nababan (2012) states a good translation has to fulfill criteria such as accuracy and acceptability in order to avoid ambiguity and awkwardness in translation result. He further proposes a standard assessment to measure quality of translation.
1) Accuracy
Accuracy is important aspect in translation assessment.
Nababan states that accuracy refer to an equivalence between source text and target text on the level of meaning. A translation is categorized accurate if meaning in target text is equivalence with the source text, there is no additional or deleting information from ST into TT. In other hand, a translation will be considered less- accurate or even inaccurate if it inadvertently omits some piece of information, adds some information which is not available in the source text, zero meaning (when the form used does not communicate any meaning at all) and differences in meaning.
2) Acceptability
Another important criteria in translation quality assessment is acceptability. Acceptability is a target-reader approach where a translation follows the norms of the target language (TL) and culture. The concept is reinforced by Nababan. He said that a message in source text must be expressed accordance with structure, norm and culture of the target language. Nababan
argues that a translation may be accurate but can not be accepted by target reader. It is possible due to the way the text expressed is opposite of structure, norm and culture of the target text. In English culture, for example, it is common for a grandson greets his/her grandfather by saying “how are you john‟. From this sentence we could see that the grandson directly call his/her grandfather‟s childname. In Indonesian culture, especially in Javanese, such kind of surname is impolite.
3. Concept of Correlation Research