CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Related Findings
2. Concept of Vocabulary
Vocabulary is all about words that use everything. According to Laufer in Tintari (2016) stated that vocabulary learning is at the heart of language learning and language use. In fact it is what makes the essence of a language.
Without vocabularies, speakers cannot convey the meaning and communicate with each other in a particular language.
As stated by Bull (2008) vocabulary is all the words that a person know and use to communicate, express their idea or their language.
b. Types of Vocabulary
There are two types of vocabulary according to Harmer in Alqatahni (2015) as follow:
1. Active vocabulary is vocabulary that always is used when speaking and writing.
2. Passive vocabulary is vocabulary that very rarely use, even this vocabulary never use.
c. The Important of Vocabulary
Vocabulary is important thing that connect with skills in English such as listening, writing, reading and speaking. There are many important of vocabulary such as to communicate and to understand what someone says, to express ideas, to comprehend the reading materials and the most important is to help students in learning English.
According to Green in Pundi (2011) Vocabulary is very important because vocabulary has become powerful to improve achievement. If the students‟
vocabulary mastery directly their achievements will also increase. While Alexander in Pundi (2011) Said that vocabulary is really important because when learners improve their vocabulary, their academic, competence and confidence will improve. Another opinion from Nation in Alqathani (2015) said that learn vocabulary can improve students‟ language. Vocabulary has an important role in all language skill (listening, reading, speaking and writing.
d. Class of Vocabulary or Word Classes
According to Bagus in Susanti (2012) there are five word classes, this is based on the category of syntax, function and meaning. Those are Noun, Verb, Adjective, adverb and word of task. Word of task consists of pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection. While modern grammars normally introduced four major word classes (verb, adjective, noun and adverb) and five other word classes (determiners, pronoun, interjection, preposition and conjunction).
Radford in Damayanti (2009) divide word classes into two parts that namely content words and function words. Content words consist of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. While function words consists of proposition.
The explanation word classes above as follow:
1. Noun
Noun is a word used to identify any of class of people, place or things.
According to Dykes (2007:22) the word noun is from the Latin “Nomen” that means “Name”, so noun is the name of a thing, for example: Girls, sugar, city, Jakarta, love, garden, team and etcetera.
2. Verb
Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing for example: doing, eat, write and etcetera. According to Dykes (2007:41) Verb comes from the Latin “verbum” with the meaning „word‟.
Verbs are doing, being or having words.
3. Adjective
Adjective is something that explained the noun or pronoun For example:
beautiful, beautiful girls it means beautiful explain girls (noun). According to Dykes (2007:53) adjective comes from Latin “ad jacere” with the meaning throw to or add. In grammatical sense, this means to add the characteristics of something, i.e to qualify it.
4. Adverb
Adverb is part of word classes which give description of a verb. Adverb also can modify verb, adjective or adverb. An adverb can give description or explain when, how and where something happen. Example: quickly, mostly, never, here, tomorrow, slowly, very.
5. Pronoun/ Substitute Noun
According to Dykes (2007:35) pronoun comes from the Latin pronomen with meaning “for a noun” or substitute noun. For example she goes to Malino next week.
6. Preposition
A preposition is part of sentence which explains the connection between noun, pronoun, and other word in a sentence. Preposition can give information or show relation, place or time. Example: in, on, from, between, among, near, above, at.
7. Conjunction
Conjunction is word classes to connect 2 words, phrase and idea or clause in a sentence. Conjunction function is to show or inform relation between two sentences which have connection. Example: and, or, if, since, but.
8. Interjection
Interjection is word expression could be a word or phrase to show emotion or feeling from the people. Generally this word classes use exclamation words.
Example: Hi!, Oh!, Wow!
3. Concept of Noun a. Definition of Noun
Noun is a word used to identify any of class of people, place or things.
According to Dykes (2007:22) the word noun is from the Latin “Nomen” that means “Name”, so noun is the name of a thing, for example: Girls, sugar, city, Jakarta, love, garden, team and etcetera.
b. Kinds of Noun
According to Dykes (2007) there are several kinds of noun:
1. Countable noun and Uncountable noun
Countable noun is kinds of noun that can be counted and have the amount.
For example: apple, mango
Uncountable noun is kinds of noun that cannot be counted unless by using the media. For example: Sugar, oil, water, sand.
2. Proper noun and common noun
Proper noun is a kind of noun. It is very specific classification and usually using capital letters in initial letters. For example: Gramedia, Jakarta, Bandung, Indonesia.
Common noun is a kind of noun it is general classification. For example:
city, shop, market.
3. Abstract noun and Concrete noun
Abstract noun is a kind of noun that cannot be observed with five senses. For example: love, hate, romance, idea.
Concrete noun is a kind of noun that can be observed with the five senses.
For example: house, book, and people.
4. Collective noun
Collective noun is a kind of noun that consists of name of group. For example: Class, team, and pair.
c. Function of Noun
Noun has several functions as follows:
1. Noun as a subject in a sentence
Example: Iwan has read the book for 3 hours.
Sinta write letter to Wawan.
2. Noun as a complement object in a sentence.
Example: Ani is a student.
She was a doctor.
3. Noun as indirect object
Example: He gave her honey a flower.
My mother brought my sister a cute doll.
4. Noun as direct object
Example: He bought a laptop last week Mery burned the trash
5. Noun as an adverb
Example: He has arrived at the airport They learn English at the school 4. Concept of Verb
a. Definition of Verb
Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing for example: doing, eat, write and etcetera. According to Dykes (2007:41) Verb comes from the Latin “verbum” with the meaning „word‟.
Verbs are doing, being or having words.
For example: -My mother cooks a food in the kitchen.
-The monkey climbs a tree.
While According to Seaton (2007) verb is action word that tell what people, animal or things are doing. There are also verbs that do not indicate action or activity but the verbs explain about condition example: become, need and etcetera.
b. Kinds of verb
There two kinds of verb, namely finite and nonfinite verb as follows:
1. Finite Verb and Nonfinite verb
Finite Verb is a verb that is influenced by tenses (present and past), person (first, second and third), and number (Singular and plural). Types of finite consist of transitive and intransitive, linking verb, auxiliary, regular and irregular verb and action and non-action verb/Stative verb.
For example of sentence:
Based on Agreement Example Sentence
Present Lisa drinks a coffee
Past Lisa Drank a coffee
First I drink in the Café
Second You drink in the Café
Third He drinks in the Café
Singular Siska drinks a cup tea
Plural Siska and 1 drink a cup a tea
a. Transitive and Intransitive
Transitive verb is a verb that need object (direct object).
Example sentence: -My mother buys some vegetable in the market.
-Rudi kicks the ball in the field this afternoon Intransitive is a verb that no need object (direct object).
Example sentence: -My uncle caught long day.
-The patient cannot breathe easily b. Action and Stative
Action verb is a verb is used to state that something happened.
Example: -The girl sings a beautiful song.
-My mother cooks delicious food for me
Stative is a verb is used to express condition that not change.
Example: - The girl loves her mom so much.
-We need your help for this problem.
c. Auxiliary verb
The functions of auxiliary verb are to explanation more main verb in a sentence, part of Auxiliary verb are is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to must, and etcetera. For example she is working in the office.
2. Nonfinite Verb
Nonfinite verb is the opposite of finite verb. Types of nonfinite consists of infinitive, bare infinitive, presents participle and past participle.
a. Infinitive
Infinitive is a kind of verb is added „TO‟ in front of verb. Where this verb can function as adjective, noun and adverb
Example Putri asked me to call you.
b. Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitive is infinitive without particle „TO‟ where in this verb not just can function as adjective, noun, and adverb but also can function as a verb. Example: - He may forget his promise
- She made her daughter eat up many tomatoes.
c. Present Participle
Presents participle is farmed by adding suffix -ing to bare infinitive.
Presents participle can function as an adjective and verb. This verb is used with the auxiliary verb to form continuous and perfect continuous tenses.
Example: - She is eating meatball
- The children have been playing football for two hour.
d. Past Participle
Past participle can find in Regular and Irregular verb.
Regular (kata kerja beraturan) is a verb that changes regularly.
Where past tense and past participle are generally by adding suffix –ed to base form example: Walk – Walked –Walked. For verbs ending –e, then past tenses and past participle by adding suffix –d example: Bake –Baked –Baked. For verb ending –y, then past tenses and past participle by adding suffix –d, so add –ied example: Cry – Cried – Cried. For verbs ending vocal +L, so double L example: Control –Controlled –Controlled.
Irregular is a verb that irregular (tidak beraturan) And it change not regularly.
For example: Eat – Ate – Eaten.
TEACHING READING SKILL
EXTENSIVE READING APPROACH
NOUN VERB