CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
D. Concept of Writing
There were some additional reasons for writing that may be even more important stated by:
a) Bell and Burnaby in Erniwaty (2007: 5) point out that writing is an extremely complex cognitive activity in which the reasearcher is required to demonstrate control of a number of variables simultaneously.
b) Byrne (1989: 1) argued that writing is clearly much more than the production of sounds. The symbol should be arranged according to certain conversion, to form words, and words have to be arranged to form sentences.
c) Harmer (1998: 86) stated that writing is a process and that we write is often heavily influenced by constraints of genres, then these elements have to be present in learning activities.
d) Oshima and Hogue (1997: 2) stated writing is a progressive activity.
This mean that when you first write something down, you have already been thinking about what you are going to say and how you are going to say it. Then after yoy have finished writing, you read over what you have written and make changes and correction.
e) Yuharniati (2002: 7), writing is a tool of communication message in which are produced in written-form.
20
f) Writing is a productive skill and, such as, the way we treat it in the classroom has some similarities with the teaching and learning of speaking. (Pollards : 2008: 49)
Based on the various definitions above, the researcher can conclude that writing is a tool of communication to express our ideas or to deliver the ideas through written-form.
2. Writing Process
Meyers (2005:3‐11) also states “No two reasearchers approach writing in exactly the sameway.” However, they generally follow a series of actions as follows:
a) Explore ideas
In this step, a reasearcher usually considers three main things, subject, purpose, and audience.
b) Pre-write
Pre-writing is a process in which a reasearcher puts his/her ideas into words. This process can be done through several methods such as brainstorming, clustering, or free writing.
c) Organize
Organizing is the process of selecting, subtracting, and adding ideas, and then outlining them.
d) Write a first draft
In this step, a reasearcher writes quickly to record his or her thoughts and then puts notes and new ideas in the margins.
21
e) Revise the draft
Revising is an important step, especially in writing in the second language.
In this step, a reasearcher should change and correct his or her work.
f) Produce the final copy
Producing the final copy was the final step in which a reasearcher edits thewriting once again and makes a copy which is cleaned from errors.Related to the writing process, White and Arndt as quoted by Harmer (1998:258) assist that
“process writing is an interrelated set ofrecursive stages which include (1) drafting, (2) structuring (ordering information, experimenting with
arrangement, etc.), (3) reviewing (checking context, connections, assessing impact, editing), (4) focusing (that is making sure you are getting the message across you want to get across), and (5) generating ideas and evaluation (assessing the draft and/or subsequent drafts).”
3. Components of Writing
To requiring mastery not only of grammatical and rhetorical devised but also conceptual and judgmental elements. Heaton in Rahmat (2011: 13) stated that the components of writing there are five areas. They are as follows:
a) Grammar
Grammar played important roles in the writing. In the govern utterances that we produce to be right or orderly. Therefore, it also has great influence on the quality of writing.
In order to have a good grammar in the writing, reasearcher should pay attention to the use of grammatical rule concerning tenses, preposition,
22
conjunction, clause, adjective, adverb, articles, etc. The lack of good grammar will make the content of writing vague and can make misunderstanding, for example the use of tenses.
b) Vocabulary
Vocabulary was one of language aspects dealing with the process of writing. The reasearcher always thinks about putting words into sentences, putting sentences into paragraph until they can create a place of writing.
It is clear now that we cannot write or express our ideas if we do not have vocabularies. Therefore, we cannot understand the writing passage without having many vocabularies.
Vocabulary was also one of the important components of writing should be taken into consideration by the English learner and English teachers because there is no doubt that learning a language always means firstly learning the words of the language itself.
c) Mechanics
The use of the mechanics was due to capitalization, punctuation and spelling appropriately. These aspect was very important since it leads readers to understand or recognize immediately what the reasearcher means to express definitely the use mechanic in writing will make readers easy to group the conveying ideas or massage to the written materials. Furthermore, the explanation about mechanic according to Heaton in Rahmat (2011: 13) as follows:
1) Capitalization
The use of capitalization in writing can clarify the ideas if the sentences
23
are not capitalized correctly, ambiguous and misunderstanding will appear.
It also helps us to differentiate from sentence to the others. The word that is capitalized at the beginning are: the first word of own word that presents a dialogue the name of people, the name of form etc.
2) Punctuation
Punctuation can help readers to identify words are to be taken as an unmet of meaning and suggest how the units of it related to each other.
3) Spelling
There are three important roles follow in using spelling appropriately. They are suffixes addition, such as adding (gerund, present participle). Plural formation such as adding „s‟ „es‟ or changing „y‟ to „i‟
if the finally „y‟ is preceded consonant such as „fly‟ becomes „flies‟, the handling of „ie‟ or „ai‟ within the words.
d) Content/Fluency
The content or Fluency of writing should be clear to readers so that the reader can understand the massage convened and gain information form.
In order to have a good of contain of writing, its context should be well unified and completed. This term is usually known as unity and completeness, which become the characteristic of the good writing.
e) Form/ Organization
In form of the writing concerns with the ways through reasearcher arranges and organizes the ideas order massage in the writing. There are
24
many ways used by the reasearchers to organizes or arrange the writing.
This form is mainly recognized as order.
1) Chronological Order
This type or form is commonly used in the narration and exposition; it deals the events with the process that is described from beginning to the end.
2) Order of Importance
This type of form is a way of organizing supporting details according to their importance. When a reasearcher arranges details in this way, how star the least important ones. Or he may start it with the least important ones and then process to the most ones.
3) General to Particular Order (Deductive)
This type of form is commonly used in the expository writing. In this type, the main idea is stated in the first sentence and then moves the supporting sentence. This type is usually known as educative order. The supporting sentences explain the general idea of the topic sentence in the first sentence.
4) Particular to General Order (Inductive)
This type of form is usually as inductive order. Here, the reasearcher will lead readers through various kinds of supporting sentences concluding sentences. The topic sentences are placed in the end of writing.
25
5) General to Particular-General Order
This type of form begins with a generalization and then follows with particular statement to support that generalization. In the final sentences, the main idea will be restarted in the topic sentences, but slightly in different words.
6) Questions to Answer Order
This type of form with the question and the answer of it will follow. The answer should be contained with enough fact and order detail until they are acceptable to readers.
4. The Purpose of Writing
Writing is more than picking up a pen and putting words on paper. Writing requires thought and planning if it is to mean anything to the receiver who reads it.Beginning reasearchers run into difficulties because they often consider only themselveswhen they write. They forget that the real purpose for writing is to send a messageto someone, the reader.
The purposes of writing influence the writing products. Consequently, the purpose of writing process directs and controls all the decisions of the students thought. According to Hugo (1986:24), the seven purposes inwriting activities are as follows:
a. Assignment Purpose: the reasearcher just completes the task given;
b. Altruistic Purpose: the reasearcher intends to entertain the reader through his writing order, so they can serve the life in the easy, simple and enjoyable way;
26
c. Informative Purpose: the reasearcher introduces and expresses what he really feels or thinks to the readers;
d. Creative Purpose: the reasearcher wants to perform artistic norms by him/herself;
e. Problem Solving Purpose: the reasearcher wants to explain and analyze the problem in his/her mind so that the reader understands it;
f. Persuasive Purpose: the reasearcher wants to persuade or convince the reader about his/her idea; and
g. Self Expression Purpose: the reasearcher introduces and expresses what he/she really feels or thinks to the reader.
As stated on the description, then it could be said that the purpose of writing will affect the language choose and how to use the language to deliver the message through written form.
The reasearcher assumes that in teaching writing report text using documentary films in BBC VCD can be implemented through the following steps:
a. Building knowledge of the fields related to the report text.
b. Giving model of report text to the students
c. Explaining briefly about report text, the purpose, the generic structures and language features of report text.
d. Showing the documentary films in BBC VCD based on the given topic.
e. Discussing some questions related to the films.
f. Giving keywords and explaining them.
g. Asking students to build their idea of what they watch on the films.
27
h. Giving students chance to construct their report text based on the documentary films showed.
E. Concept of Report