EVOLUTIONS AND PORT CITY DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA
6. Conclusions
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Last but not least, port city development may cause land-use conflic- tion, environment pollution and transportation congestion. We see that unrestrained investment may not be a good strategy as seen in the case of the Japanese ports, where there are insufficient traffic and excessive capacity. Instead of being overly port centered, a lot of other factors will need to be considered as well. For example, Hong Kong, having a high population density, high labor cost, limited inland space and traffic capacity, may face problems related to (noise and air) pollutions, congestions and financial impediments in its future development. In Japan, private transport is very expensive and public transportation is often too crowded. Nevertheless, the impact of the latter in terms of pollution and traffic congestion is less severe on a per head basis. In Korea, traffic congestions have resulted in long hours of jams during peak period. For the developing countries like India, [Pacione, 2006] highlighted problems such as the inadequacy of infrastructure (i.e., safe drinking water, hygienic sewage and low cost housing), inability to handle natural disasters (i.e., flooding) and control environmental pollution (gaseous emissions). It may be fortunate for China, who has benefited from the experiences of these developed countries, to construct an artificial port totally on the sea far away from the Shanghai city. Such decision not only helps to alleviate problems related to congestions and pollution, it also effectively solves the problem that the water near Shanghai city is not deep enough for large vessels. Another alternative to reduce environmental pollution in the port city is the development of dry port. The dry port concept is based on a seaport directly connected by rail with inland intermodal terminals where shippers can leave and/or collect their goods in intermodal loading units as if directly at the seaport [Roso, 2007].
some possible opportunities and threats facing the future developments of the port and maritime industry in Asia. We conclude the chapter with our beliefs that growths in the Asia’s economy and its maritime trade are promising.
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