CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
D. Culture Oriented Materials
Culture is activity of though and sensitiveness to beauty and human feeling. Culture may be described as socially acquired knowledge the someone has by virtue of this being a member of particular society. Culture is a way of life.
Culture is the context within which we exist think feel, relate to others it is the give that binds a group of people together.
Definition about culture is take in the sense in which it is use by cultural anthropologists according to whom culture is something that everybody has, in contrast with the culture which is found only in cultured circles.(Hudson. R. A, 1980:73).
Brown (1980:122) argues that “no man in an island entire of itself, every
collected identify of which each of use is part. Culture is a “blue print”. It guides the behaviour of people in a community and is developed in family life. This blue print control our behaviour in groups and makes us sensitive to matters of status.
Culture helps us to know what we can do as individuals and what our responsibilities are as members of group (Larson and Smalley in Brown, 1980:
122).
Culture is control of people’s behaviour in community and development in family life. It also helps people to know what others expect from them what will happen if they life up to their exception. Furthermore, Brown ( 1980:123) state that culture as the idea, customs, skills, arts and tools which characterized a given group of people in a given period of time, and help people to know what they can do as individual and as a member of group.
Tomasson (1986:12) state that society’s culture consists of whatever is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its member.
The term culture oriented materials here means the reading materials containing the students culture either in the target language or in a general sense refer, literature, music, painting, etc, but. Embraces all aspect of pattern of life, the value, the problems and achievement of national group. This material concern with the culture in the rural areas of the students or of the citizen area.
E. Theoretical Framework
Reading material as one element in English language teaching has important role. Because reading material as one factor that might influence the students reading comprehension.
Theoretical framework explain about the process of teaching English in students’ reading comprehension, especially about the Buginese culture by using culture oriented materials.
The theoretical framework is put in the diagram below
Figure 2.1 concepts framework
1. Input refers to giving reading material that covers some topics.
2. Process refers to the teaching and learning through Culture Oriented Materials.
3. Output refers to improvement of the students’ reading comprehension
INPUT The Teaching of
Reading
PROCESS Culture Oriented
Material
OUTPUT The students
Reading Comprehension
F. HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis if this research is formulated as follows : 1. Null Hypothesis (H0)
Cultural oriented material does not improve the students’ reading comprehension.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Cultural oriented material improves the student’s reading comprehension.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter present research design and variable, population, sample, sampling technique, instrument of the research, procedure of collecting data and tecnique of data analysis.
A. Research Design
This research applied pre-experimental design with one groups namely pre-test and post-test design. The design is formulated as the following tables:
Table 3.1 Research Design
Pre-test Treatment Post-test
(O1) X (O2)
Where: O1 the pre-test
O2 the post-test
X the treatment
(Gay, 1981:22)
B. Variable and Indicators of the Research 1. Variable
There were two variables of the research namely, independent variable and
a. Independent variable was the use of culture oriented materials for the experimental class.
b. Dependent variable was the students’ reading comprehension.
2. Indicator
The indicators of this research were the use of culture oriented materials especially about Buginese culture, which was used to improve students’
reading comprehension. Where the reading comprehension was included in the literal reading category that involves thinking the ideas and facts that are directly stated on the printed pages. It was the skill of getting the literal meaning of word idea or sentence in a text.
C. Population and Sample 1. Population
The population of the research was taken from the students at the second year students of SMA Negeri 8 Selayar. This population consisted of the students of XI class. Which consisted of two classes of this grade namely XI IPA and XI IPS. XI IPA was consisted of 25 students and XI IPS was consisted of 30 students. The total of population were 55 students.
2. Sample
The sampling technique of this research used purposive sampling, which every member of the population has the same opportunity to be the sample of the research. The researcher taken was XI IPA consisting of 25 students.
D. Instruments of the research
In collecting data, the research used one kind of instrument namely reading test that which was consisted of essay test where it was administrated in pre-test and post-test as the instrument of the research.
Pre-test was intended to find out the prior levels of students reading comprehension, while post-test was intended to find out the effectiveness and the improvement of the treatment. The test for pre-test was the same for as post –test these consisted of 5 items.
E. Procedure of data collection 1. Pre-test
Before giving the treatment, the researcher give a pre-test to the sample. There aimed to identifying the students’ prior knowledge of Reading Comprehension.
2. Treatment
The students were treating by using teaching speech technique. In this case, the researcher taught the students by using Culture Oriented Materials in reading comprehension. The research used speech technique to present this method. Treatments were held for 4 (four) meetings where the topic present in the classroom, through Culture Oriented Materials.
a. First Meeting: The researcher gave the students’ reading material “the history of Buginesse and world origin Buginesse” with text book to
b. Second Meeting : The researcher gave the students’ reading material “a traditional wedding ceremony in the east area of bulukumba,” with text book to improve reading comprehension.
c. Third Meeting : The researcher gave the students’ reading material
“Datok Tiro” with text book to exercise to improve reading comprehension.
d. Fourth Meeting : The researcher gave the students’ reading material
“Phinisi” with text book to exercise to improve reading comprehension.
3. Post-test
The researcher gave post-test to find the value or the students’in learning reading comprehension. In this part, the students’ gave the test with the same question with pre-test. It was to know the students’ before and after giving treatment by using culture oriented materials to improve reading comprehension.
F. Technique of data analysis
The data collected through the pre-test and post-test were analyzed statistically through the following steps:
Rubric Assessment of literal comprehension in reading comprehension by using this formula :
NO Main Idea Score 1 Clearly identified the main idea by providing strong
evidence, details relating to the main idea.
4
2 Identified main idea and provided adequate evidence, details relating to the main idea.
3
3 Limited main idea identification and limited evidence, details relating to the main idea.
2
4 Did not identify the main idea of the story or provided any limited evidence, details relating to the main idea.
1
NO Criteria Supporting Details Score
1 Relevant, telling, quality details give reader important information that goes beyond the obvious or predictable.
4
2 Supporting details and information were relevant, but one key issues maybe unsupported or more predictable than others.
3
3 Supporting details and information were relevant, but one key issues maybe unsupported or fairly predictable.
2
4 Supporting details and information were relevant, but several key issues were unsupported or were fairly predictable.
1
(Harmer, 1996) in Nirwana (2014:28)
Where:
t = test of significance
D = the different of mean score D2 = deviation standard quadrate Ʃ = sigma
N = number of students
1. Scoring the students’ correct answer in pre-test and post-test by using this formula
Score =
x 100
(Sugiono, 1997:52) 2. Classifying the students’ score into seven base on the following criteria:
No Score Criteria
1 9.6 to 10 Excellent
2 8.6 to 9.5 Very Good
3 7.6 to 8.5 Good
4 6.6 to 7.5 Fairly Good
5 5.6 to 6.5 Fair
6 3.6 to 5.5 Poor
7 0 to 3.5 Very Poor
(Layman, in Nirwana 2014:30) 3. Test significance
Calculating the value of the t-test to show the mean score of pre-test was significantly different from that of the post test by applying this formula:
t =
̅√
(Gay, 1981: 331)
4. Calculating the mean score.
The mean score that the students achieve both pre-test (X1) and post- test (X2) in their reading comprehension test were calcuted by using the mean score formula as follows :
=
∑(Gay, 1981: 298) Where :
𝑋 = mean score
∑ 𝑥 = total score
N = number of students
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher present findings of the research and discussion. Finding consists of the ability to identify the main idea and supporting details of the text through culture oriented materials. The discussion of the research cover further explanations of the findings.
A. Findings
In these findings, the researcher presents the effectiveness of culture oriented materials to identify the main idea of paragraph and supporting details in the text trough culture oriented materials and provides the answer of the problem statement that was presented in the first chapter. These findings are described as follows:
1. The result of the students Pre-test and Post-test Table 4.1
Calculating the result of the students score in Pre-test and Post-test The mean score are presented following table
Indicator Pre-test (X1)
Post-test (X2)
Mean Score
Improvement (X2 – X1)
Main Idea 5.344 7.384 5.48 2.04%
Supporting Details 5.616 7.576 7.48 1.96%
The table 4.1 above shows the mean score of pre-test indicator main idea was 5.344 and indicator supporting details was 5.616 and the main score post-test indicator main idea was 7.384 and indicator supporting details was 7.576. it shows that the mean score of post-test was higher then the mean score of pre-test. In addition, the mean score of gain (D) is 2. It show that is an increasing for each student after threatment.
2. The Students’ Literal Reading Comprehension Component of Main Idea and Supporting Details
a. Main Idea
The effectiveness of culture oriented materials in improving the students’
reading comprehension of text in term of main idea can be seen the different by considering the result of the students’ pre-test and post-test.
Table 4.2
The classification and percentage of the Students’ Literal Reading Comprehension in Component Main Idea
No. Criteria Score Pre-test Post-test Frequency % Frequency %
1 Excellent 9.6 – 10 - - 1 4%
2 Very Good 8.6 - 9.5 - - 5 20%
3 Good 7.6 - 8.5 3 12% 7 28%
4 Fairly Good 6.6 - 7.5 5 20% 5 20%
5 Fair 5.6 - 6.5 3 12% 6 24%
6 Poor 3.6 - 5.5 8 32% 1 4%
Diagram 4.2 Frequency Pre-test
Frequency Post-test
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0
3
5
3 8
6
0.00% 0.00%
12.00%
20.00%
12.00%
32.00%
24.00%
Pre-test Percentage Pre-test Frequency
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
5 7
5 6
1 0
4.00%
20.00%
28.00%
20.00%
24.00%
4.00%
0.00%
Pre-test Percentage Pre-test Frequency
The table and diagram show that the percentage of students main idea in reading. Pre-test indicated that 3 students (12%) got good, 5 students (16%) got fairly good, 3 students (12%) got fair, 8 students (32%) got poor and 6 students (24%) got very poor.
After taking treatment in four meeting by using culture oriented materials, the percentage of students main idea in post test are 1 students (4%) got excellent, 5 students (20%) got very good, 7 students (28%) got good, 5 students (20%) got fairly good, 6 students (24%) got fair and 1 students (4%) got poor.
b. Supporting Details
The effectiveness of culture oriented materials in improving the students’
reading comprehension of text in term of supporting details can be seen the different by considering the result of the students’ pre-test and post-test.
Table 4.3
The classification and percentage of the Students’ Literal Reading Comprehension in Component Supporting Details
No. Criteria Score Pre-test Post-test Frequency % Frequency %
1 Excellent 9.6 – 10 - - 1 4%
2 Very Good 8.6 - 9.5 1 4% 4 16%
3 Good 7.6 - 8.5 4 16% 4 16%
4 Fairly Good 6.6 - 7.5 1 4% 11 44%
5 Fair 5.6 - 6.5 4 16% 4 16%
6 Poor 3.6 - 5.5 12 48% 1 4%
7 Very Poor 0 - 3.5 2 8% -
The table and diagram show that the percentage of students supporting details in reading. Post-test indicated that 1 students (4%) got very good, 4 students (16%) got good, 1 students (4%) got fairly good, 4 students (16%) got fair and 12 students (48%) got poor and 2 students (8%) got very poor.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 1
4
1
4
12
0.00% 4.00% 2
16.00%
4.00%
16.00%
48.00%
8.00%
Frequency Pre-test
Pre-test Percentage Pre-test Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1
4 4
11
4
1 0
4.00%
16.00% 16.00%
44.00%
16.00%
4.00%
0.00%
Frequency Post-test
Pre-test Percentage Pre-test Frequency
After taking treatment in four meeting by using culture oriented materials, the percentage of students supporting detail in post test are 1 students (4%) got excellent, 4 students (16%) got very good, 4 students (16%) got good, 11 students (44%) got fairly good, 4 students (16%) got fair and 1 students (4%) got poor.
3. Test Calculation
The following table shows the result of t-test calculation:
Table 4.4 t-test calculation
t-test value t-table value
3.565 2.064
Based on the table 4.4 above show that the t-test value was 3.565 it was greather then t-table value 2.064. based on the result of the t-test, found that there was an improvement of the student reading comprehension after teaching and learning Culture Oriented Materials method.
B. Discussions
The effectiveness of the use culture oriented materials in reading comprehension
1. Interesting materials of culture oriented materials in reading comprehension
Based on the analysis of data, the researcher found the interesting
that people learn trough reading and reading about interesting new things in one’s interest subject, undoubtedly helps motivation. The discussion aims at describing the students’ literal reading comprehension including main idea and supporting details after being taught by Culture Oriented Materials.
Demir (2012:188) in his thesis, concluded that background knowledge had a significant role in the learners’ reading comprehension performance since it helped them to become aware of their culture. So it improved the process reading comprehension and it affects their minds and representation so that they could have better performance. It supports by the frequency and rate percentage of the result of the students’ score of pre-test and post-test. The students’ score after presenting in teaching reading by using Culture Oriented Materials was better than before the treatment was given to the students’.
2. The students’ literal reading comprehension by using culture oriented materials in reading comprehension
The description of the data collected through pre-test as explained in the previous section shows that the students’ literal reading comprehension is improved. As (Burns, Roe & Ross, 1984) literal comprehension is the most obvious comprehension involves surface meaning.
At this level, teacher can ask students to find main idea and supporting details that are explicitly stated in the text. Reading for literal comprehension is directly stated in a selection. It is supported by frequency and rate percentage of the result of the students’ pre-test and post-test. Students’ score after presenting
materials by using Culture Oriented Materials in reading comprehension is better than before the treatment was given to the students.
Before giving treatment, the researcher conducted pre-test. The description of the data collected in pre-test shown the students’ reading comprehension is poor. Most of the students are difficult to comprehend the content of the text and answer the reading test.
In the pre-test, there was 3 (12%) out of 25 students classified into good score, 4 (16%) students classified into fairly good score, 4 (16%) students classified into fair score, 11 (44%) students classified into poor score, 3 (12%) students classified into very poor and neither or them were classified into
“excellent” not “very good” score.
In the post-test, there was 4 (16%) out of 25 students classified into very good score, 8 (32%) students classified into good score, 6 (36%) students classified into fairly good, 6 (36%) students classified into fair score, 1 (4%) students classified into poor score. And none of them classified into excellent and very poor scores.
Then mean score of the students’ pre-test was 5.48 classified into “Poor”
and post-test was 7.48 classified into “Good”. It indicates that the mean score of the students post-test (after presenting Culture Oriented Materials) was greater than the pre-test.
Then the different between pre-test and post-test was proving by the test value. The t-test value was 3.565 it was greater than t-table value 2.064, at the
the result of the t-test, the writer found that there was an improvement of the students reading comprehension after teaching and learning Culture Oriented Materials method.
Based on the discussion above, the result of the t-test there was a significant difference between result the pre-test and post-test. It means that there was different result before and after teaching reading comprehension using Culture Oriented Materials method during the treatment. It can be concluded that the students’ of the second year students of SMAN 8 Selayar can be argued that using Culture Oriented Materials method is very effective in improving the students reading comprehension.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents some conclusions and suggestions of the result from the data analysis.
A. Conclusion
Based on the discussion and explanation in the previous chapter and looking at the result of this research, the researcher put forward some conclusions as follows:
The use of culture oriented materials in teaching and learning English is interesting for the students, it can be seen in the result of treatment and the result of the test. The researcher used culture oriented materials as learning aid because it can motivate students to learn English reading comprehend more enjoyable and easily.
However, there were some problems in using culture oriented materials to improve students’ reading comprehension.
Culture oriented materials is effective to be used to improve students’
comprehension in reading because there is a significant difference between the progresses in reading comprehend of the students who were studying through culture oriented materials and those are not. By culture oriented materials, the students more easily understand the content of reading with ease. They were very enthusiasm when they
difference between the result of students’ pre-test and post-test. The t-test value was 3.565 it was greater than t-table value 2.064.
B. Suggestion
In relation to the conclusions above, the writer suggests that:
1. The English teachers should use of Culture Oriented Materials to increase their students’ reading comprehension achievement.
2. English teacher should be more creative in choosing the culture oriented materials in teaching reading comprehension.
3. The role of the English teacher to manage the materials for reading comprehension is very important. The teacher should be creative to arrange and comprehend the strategy to develop the students’ comprehend in teaching reading especially in teaching young learners.
4. Culture is Material used to teach young learners so Culture Oriented Materials can be used in Senior High school.
5. The weakness of material development when the material is not presented and arrange well. It can affect to the students interest, the student will feels bored.
In addition, students are difficult to do when they are given some examples relate to the material which the teacher gave. This research is still need validation from the next researcher that has the same topic with this study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexander, J. Still. 1998. Teaching Reading. Boston : Scoot Foresman and Company.
Bellafiore, Joseph. 1996. English Language Art, USA; Amsco School Publication Inc.
Brown, H. Dougla, 1980. Principles of language learning and teaching. USA:
Prentice Hall. Inc.
Demir, Y. 2012. The Effect of Background Knowledge and Cultural Navization on Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Interference. Journal of educational and instrumental studies in the world, 2(4), 188-189.
Futher, Steinberg. 1982. The Relationship Between Anxiety and Oral Performance in a Foreign Language. Unpublished MA thesis. Universityof Texas.
Garth-McCullough, R. 2008. Untapped Cultural Support : The Influence of Culturally Bound Prior Knowledge on Comprehension Performance.
Read Horiz, 49(1), 1-30
Gay, L.R. 1981. Educational Research. New York: Prentice Hill Inc.
Gay, L.R. 1987. Educational Research. New York: Merril and Macmillan Pub.and Co.
Grellet, F. 1986. A Partical Guide to Reading Comprehension Exercise.
Campbridge: Campbridge University Press.
Haeba. 1999. Comprehends is Special Kinds of the Kind’s Process. Englewood Cliffs Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Haeba, Jeremi Harmerin. 1999. The Practice Of English Leangue Teaching, Ed, New York: Pearson Education Limited 2001.
Haebah, Masjidah. 2004. The Students’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension.
FKIP Unismuh Makassar.
Hayati, M. 2009. The Impact of Cultural knowledge on Listening Comprehension of EFL Learners. English Language Teaching, 2(3). 34-152.
Heaton, J.B. 1984. Reading English Language Test. London: Longman.