Data and Source of Data

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS

B. Data and Source of Data

In this research, the main source of data was an English textbook entitled “Passport to the World” for 8^th Grade of Junior High School. This English textbook was published by 3 Serangkai. The writers are Prof. Dr.

Djatmika, M.A., Agus D. Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL., and Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M.A. The data of this research were the reading materials in the textbook, there are nine chapters in the textbook and only six chapters that would be analyzed, three chapters were not analyzed because there was no reading material. Six chapters that would be analyzed consist of 17 reading texts.

C. Technique of Data Collection

The researcher used document analysis to collect the data. According to Ary, “Document analysis can be of written or text-based artifact (textbooks, novels, journals, meeting minutes, etc) or of non-written records (photographs, audiotapes, videotapes, image, etc)”.⁴⁴ This research applied document analysis because the data were in form of document or written text. The data collection of this research was taken from a textbook.

The textbook which was analyzed was an English textbook for 8^th Grade of Junior High School entitled “Passport to the World”. There were some steps used by the researcher in collecting the data. The first step was collecting the data by buying the textbook. After word, The researcher read and reread the textbook repeatedly and carefully, then found the important

44Ary et.al, Introduction to research, 442.

detail from all reading material in the textbook. The next step was separating the reading materials that are relevant to the research into an analysis table. In conclusion, this textbook had nine chapters and only six chapters were analyzed by the researcher because there were no reading materials in the other chapters. Six chapters in the textbook consist of 17 reading materials.

The last step was analyzing all the data gotten from the textbook that was relevant to this research into analysis table.

D. Technique of Data Analysis

In this study, the researcher used content analysis based on the theory of Donal Ary et, al, to analyze the data. There were some steps used, to analyze the data. Those would be explained below.⁴⁵

1. Familiarizing and Organizing a. Familiarizing

The researcher must be immersed in the data. In this step, the researcher read and reread the all reading materials that had been chosen by the researcher to be analyzed. Some reading materials that had been chosen by the researcher were all reading materials represented in the textbook.

b. Organizing

In this research, the researcher read again the text of the reading material in each chapter, in order to know how many reading materials would be analyzed in each chapter and this step made the researcher

45Ary, 482.

easy to analyze. In addition, in order the researcher easier to analyze the genres of reading material in the textbook, the researcher wrote the title of the reading material in the form of a paper, after that the researcher matched up with the genres of reading material that purposed by Curriculum 2013.

Hence, to analyze the lexical density the researcher rewrites the reading text in the form of papers on Ms word and printed up, in order the researcher easier to analyze the lexical density when the researcher would give the code to know the proportion of lexical density in each reading text.

2. Coding and Reducing a. Coding

Coding is a step that the researcher reads again the data that had been organized. Then, the researcher gave the code for every data that would be analyzed. The researcher gave remarks to the data of reading materials that had been printed by using pen color to know what genre from the reading materials that suitable with the genre suggested by Curriculum 2013. Besides, for the lexical density analysis, the researcher used the technique of marking kinds of content words and grammatical function words in the sentences. The content words were marked in green color and grammatical function words were marked in underline.

While each indicator of the content word was marked:

Noun: n Adjective: adj

Verb: v Adverb: adv

Another side the indicator of grammatical function word was marked:

Preposition = 1 Auxiliary verb = 3 Pronoun = 2 Conjunction = 4 b. Reducing

In this step, the researcher made the data shorts by giving an underline to the data that indicated the genre of reading material in the textbook. The researcher remarked the data that indicate the genre of reading material purposed by Curriculum 2013 and reduce the data that were not included in this research. Afterward, the researcher determined the proportion of lexical density of the reading material in the textbook.

3. Interpreting and Representing a. Interpreting

In this step, the researcher restated the data that show the proportion of lexical density, and the genre of reading material in the textbook which has been purposed by curriculum 2013 for the second grade of junior high school.

b. Representing

Here, the researcher represented the finding that had been analyzed. The researcher represented the finding through descriptive

detail and table analysis, where it makes the researcher easier to represent the data.

E. Validity of Data

The researcher used triangulation to test the validity of the data.

“Triangulation is a powerful way of demonstrating concurrent validity, particularly in qualitative research”⁴⁶. In this research, the researcher used investigator triangulation. According to Ary, et al, investigator triangulation involves having multiple researchers collect data independently and compare the collected data.⁴⁷ The investigators of this research were, the researcher, the teacher of English subject, and English lecturer that expert in reading subject. However, there were some steps done by the researcher in validating the data. The first time, the researcher analyzed the data individually. Then, the researcher met and discussed with one of the English lecturers as the validator of this research. On another day, the researcher met and discussed with the teacher of English subject as the second validator. After that, the researcher read and reread all of the results of the analysis data from validators. In the next step, the researcher checked and compared all of the results. The last step was taking the minimum divergences data among researcher and validators to validate data in this research.

46Louis cohen, et al, Research Methods In Education, (New York: Routledge, 2007), 141.

47Ary, et al. Introduction to Research in Education, 499.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presented the findings of the research and discussion.

A. Findings

In this section, the researcher presented the data finding of research focusses. It included the analysis genre of reading material in the textbook based on Curriculum 2013 and the lexical density of the reading material.

The following are the list of reading text titles analyzed for the data of the study:

Table 4.1

Main Reading Textin “Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8^thGrade of Junior High School Based on Curriculum 2013

Text Title Chapter

1. Bazaar and Festival 4

2. Two Rabbits 5

3. Scenery of Kenya 5

4. My Pet Cat 5

5. My Country 5

6. Ondel–Ondel 5

7. My School 5

8. Rina’s Activity 6

9. Sarita is a Young Blogger 6

10. Uncle Martin 6

11. Two Bags 7

12. Siska 7

13. Dina Won the Match! 8

14. A Trip to Borobudur 8

15. Cinema 8

16. Mother’s Day 9

17. Diving in Bunaken Island Rewund 9

1. The Genre of Reading Material in the “Passport to the World”

English Textbook for 8^th Grade of Junior High School purposed by Curriculum 2013

From all reading texts above, the researcher classified the genre of the reading text as can be seen below:

Table 4.2

Genres of the Text in Each Chapter in the Textbook

Text Title of Reading Text chapter Page Genre

1. Bazaar and Festival 4 91 Announcement Text

2. Two Rabbits 5 115 Descriptive Text

3. Scenery of Kenya 5 117 Descriptive Text

4. My Pet Cat 5 120 Descriptive Text

5. My Country 5 121 Descriptive Text

6. Ondel–Ondel 5 126 Descriptive Text

7. My School 5 128 Descriptive Text

8. Rina’s Activity 6 138 Descriptive Text

9. Sarita is a Young Blogger 6 144-145 Descriptive Text

10. Uncle Martin 6 151 Descriptive Text

11. Two Bags 7 169-170 Descriptive Text

12. Siska 7 180 Descriptive Text

13. Dina Won the Match! 8 198-199 Recount Text

14. A Trip to Borobudur 8 205-206 Recount Text

15. Cinema 8 209 Recount Text

16. Mother’s Day 9 237 Announcement Text

17. Diving in Bunaken Island Rewund 9 237 Recount Text

Thus, it can be seen the total genre of each reading material are:

Table 4.3

Total Genre of Reading Material in the Textbook

No Genre Chapter Page Total

1. Announcement Text 4 and 9 91 and 237 2

2. Descriptive Text 5, 6 and 7 115, 117, 120, 121, 126, 128, 138, 144-145, 151, 169-170 and 180

11

3. Recount Text 8 and 9 198-199, 205-206, 209 and 237 4

4. Narrative Text - - -

5. Procedure Text - - -

Based on the table above, there were three genres of reading material found in the English Textbook. The dominant was descriptive text, then continued by recount text and the last was the announcement text. Those genres of reading material are reading material provided by curriculum 2013. Unfortunately, this textbook did not provide two genres that were narrative text and procedure text that also suggested by Curriculum 2013.

2. Lexical Density of Reading Material in the “Passport to the World”

English Textbook for 8^th Grade of Junior High School Based on Curriculum 2013

The lexical density in this study was measured by counting the number of content words as a percentage of the total number of words from each reading text. The researcher used the technique of marking content words and grammatical function words in the sentences. The content words were marked in green color and grammatical function words were marked in underline.

Text 1: Page 91

Bazar and Festival HiJuniors!^adj

The 17th Augustⁿis³ coming.^v We²'re³ having^v a bazaarⁿand⁴ a festivalⁿ commemorating^v our² countryⁿ anniversaryⁿ at¹ the schoolⁿ yardⁿnext^adj weekⁿ.Would³ your² classⁿlike^v to¹ join^vthe bazaarⁿ? If⁴ you²do^v, then⁴come^v and⁴see^vthe committeeⁿto¹ register^v your² classⁿ and⁴get^vone²both²in¹the bazaarⁿ. If⁴you²only^advwant^vto¹come^vfor⁴ the bazaarⁿ and⁴ festivalⁿ as⁴ shoppers,ⁿ please^adv go^v and⁴ enjoy^v it².

The bazaarⁿ and⁴ festivalⁿ will be³ one weekⁿ from¹ 11th to¹ 17th of¹ Augustⁿstarting^vat¹09.00 to¹16.00.Gofor⁴the bazaarⁿand⁴get^vfunⁿ as well as^advprizesⁿin¹it²! All²are³welcome.^adj

Thank^vyou². The Committeeⁿ

Table 4.4

Summary Types of Words from Text 1

Types of Words Part of Speech Total

Content Words

1. Noun 24

2. Verb 18

3. Adjective 3

4. Adverb 3

Total 48

Grammatical Function Words

1. Preposition 11

2. Pronoun 12

3. Auxiliary Verb 5

4. Conjunction 13

Total 41

Based on the table above, text 1 contained 48 content words which were comprised of 24 nouns, 19 verbs, 2 adjectives, and 3 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 41 grammatical which were comprised of 11 prepositions, 12 pronouns, 5 auxiliary verbs, and 13 conjunctions.

To count the proportion of lexical density the researcher employed Ure’sformula, as follows:

Lexical Density =

( )x 100%

Lexical Density = ×100%

Lexical Density = ×100%

Lexical Density = 53,93%

Based on the result above, text 1 had 53,93% lexical density.

According to Ure’s qualification of lexical density, it was indicated

medium lexical density, which was the content of the text was quite easy to be understood.

Text 2: Page 115

Two Rabbits

I² have^v two cute^adj little^adj rabbitsⁿ. Both of² them² are³ pure^adj white^adjin¹colourⁿ.I²have³named^vthem²Bunnyⁿand⁴ Bettyⁿ. Bunnyⁿ is³ the male^adjrabbitⁿand⁴Battyⁿis³ the female^adjone.²They²are³ my² friendsⁿ at¹ homeⁿ. At first^advmy¹ motherⁿ did not³ like^vrabbitsⁿ, but⁴ she²soon^advgrew^vfond^adjof¹ them². She²helps^vme²take^vgood^adjcareⁿ of¹both²them².

They² are³ now^adv about^adv the same^adj ageⁿ, around⁴ threeⁿ yearsⁿ. The Bunnyⁿis³a bit^adjlonger^adj.It² is³40 cm^adjlengthⁿ. Bettyⁿ is³ about^adv 3 cm^adj shorter^adj. Their² weightsⁿ are³ almost^adv the same^adj, about^adv5,5kg^adj.

Both² Bunnyⁿ and⁴ Bettyⁿ have^v white^adj furⁿ. The furⁿ often^adv attracts^v dustⁿ, dirtⁿ and⁴ germsⁿ. We² help^v them² get rid of^v it² by¹ brushing^v them² gently^adv every^adv 3-4 daysⁿ. We² have^v a special^adj wide-toothed^adj combⁿ for¹ the same^adj. We² have³ kept^v separate^adj combsⁿ for¹ both² the rabbitsⁿ. Bunnyⁿand⁴ Bettyⁿ love^v the combingⁿ sessionsⁿ. They² sit^v in¹ my² mother’sⁿ lapⁿ and⁴ enjoy^v this² activityⁿ. My²motherⁿwashes^vthe combsⁿthoroughly^advand⁴dries^vthem⁴after⁴ every^adjcombingⁿsessionⁿ.

My² petⁿ rabbitsⁿ love^v eatingⁿ carrotsⁿ, grassⁿ, basilⁿ and⁴ various^adjgreen^adjleafy^adj vegetablesⁿ.We² mainly^advfeed^vthem² with¹ leafy^adjgreensⁿand⁴give^vthem² carrotsⁿoccasionally^advas⁴the later^adv contain^v high^adj sugarⁿ contentⁿ. We² bring^v fresh^adj leafy^adj vegetablesⁿ and⁴ grassⁿ for¹ our² bunniesⁿ every day^adv and⁴ make^v sure^adjthey²are³well^advfed^v.

Just^adv like^v small^adj kidsⁿ, Bunnyⁿ and⁴ Bettyⁿ love^v being³ pampered^v.They² like^v sittingⁿin¹my² lapⁿand⁴just^adv love^v it² when⁴

I² pat^v them² or⁴ gently^adv rubⁿ their² headⁿ. They² show^v their² affectionⁿ by¹ licking^v me². They² also^adv love^v running^v around^adv the houseⁿwith¹me²

Both² Bunnyⁿand⁴ Bettyⁿ are³ quite^adj warm^adj, friendly^adj and⁴ sociable^adj. They² are not³ only^adv affectionate^v towards¹ us² but⁴ also^adv welcome^v all^adj our² guestsⁿ with¹ warmthⁿ. Small^adj kidsⁿ in¹ our² neighbourhoodⁿ often^adv come^v to¹ play^v with¹ Bunnyⁿ and⁴ Bettyⁿ. They²love^vplayingⁿwith¹the kids.ⁿ

Table 4.5

Summary Types of Words from Text 2

Types of Words Part of Speech Total

Content Words

1. Noun 74

2. Verb 40

3. Adjective 37

4. Adverb 23

Total 174

Grammatical Function Words

1. Preposition 19

2. Pronoun 54

3. Auxiliary Verb 16

4. Conjunction 22

Total 111

Based on the table above, text 2 contained 174 content words which were comprised of 74 nouns, 40 verbs, 37 adjectives, and 23 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 111 grammatical function words which were comprised of 19 prepositions, 54 pronouns, 16 auxiliary verbs, and 22 conjunctions.

To count the proportion of lexical density the researcher employed Ure’sformula, as follows:

Lexical Density =

( )x 100%

Lexical Density = x 100%

Lexical Density = x 100%

Lexical Density = 61,05%

Based on the result above, text 2 had 61,05% lexical density.

According to Ure’s qualification of lexical density, it was indicated high lexical density, which was the content of the text was quite difficult to be understood.

Text 3: Page 117

Scenery of Kenya

Kenyaⁿoffers^va diverse^adjrangeⁿof¹interestsⁿfor¹visitorsⁿ. We² have^v 300 kilometres^adj of¹ coastⁿ, with¹ some² lovely^adj beachesⁿ.There²are³coral^adjreefsⁿ,and⁴seaⁿcreaturesⁿ.That²’s³one^adj sideⁿ,that²’s³the beachⁿholiday.ⁿ

Then^adv, Kenyaⁿ is³ famous^adj for¹ safarisⁿ. There² are³ 45 national^adj parksⁿ, where⁴ clientⁿ can³ come^v and⁴ visit^v and⁴ see^v exotic^adj animalsⁿ like^adj flamingosⁿ- there² are³ about^adv two millionⁿ of¹ them². You² can³ also^adv go^v hikingⁿ in¹ the hillsⁿ and⁴ mountainsⁿ. There² is³ the cultureⁿ aspectⁿ, such as⁴ the Masaiⁿ, who⁴ are not³ very^adv exposed^v to¹ Western^adj civilizationⁿ. Basically^adv, that²’s³ the safariⁿand⁴beach sideⁿ.

You² can³ also^adv come^v for¹ golfⁿ. We² have^v 39 golf coursesⁿ, so⁴ you² can³ integrate^v a golfing^adj holidayⁿ – safariⁿ, beachⁿ, golfⁿ. We² also^adv have^v some² camelsⁿ,where⁴ peopleⁿcan³ just^adv go^v for¹ a camel rideⁿ.

In¹a nutshellⁿ,I²can³say^vthat⁴Kenyaⁿis³a wonderful^adjplaceⁿ for¹ visitorsⁿ to¹ come^v. Kenya^adj peopleⁿ are³ very^adv friendly^adj peopleⁿ.

Table 4.6

Summary Types of Words from Text 3

Types of Words Part of Speech Total

Content Words

1. Noun 43

2. Verb 12

3. Adjective 14

4. Adverb 9

Total 78

Grammatical Function 1. Preposition 12

Words 2. Pronoun 17

3. Auxiliary Verb 17

4. Conjunction 11

Total 57

Based on the table above, text 3 contained 78 content words which were comprised of 43 nouns, 12 verbs, 14 adjectives, and 9 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 57 grammatical function words which were comprised of 12 prepositions, 17 pronouns, 17 auxiliary verbs, and 11 conjunctions.

To count the proportion of lexical density the researcher employed Ure’sformula, as follows:

Lexical Density =

( )x 100%

Lexical Density = x 100%

Lexical Density = x 100%

Lexical Density = 57,77%

Based on the result above, text 3 had 57,77% lexical density.

According to Ure’s qualification of lexical density, it was indicated medium lexical density, which was the content of the text was quite easy to be understood.

Text 4: page 120

My Pet Cat

I² have^v a white^adj coloured^adj, soft^adj and⁴ furry^adjpetⁿ catⁿ. It² is³ a Himalayan^adj Catⁿ. These² catsⁿ are³ known^v for¹ their² soft^adj furry^adjcoatsⁿand⁴that²is³what²attracted^vme²too^adv.

Since¹ I² am³ the only^adv childⁿ in¹ my² familyⁿ, my² parentsⁿ decided^vto¹get^vme²a petⁿ. They²asked^vme²if¹I²wanted^va dogⁿor⁴a catⁿand⁴I²instantly^advchose^vthe letter².My²fatherⁿtook^vme²to¹a pet shopⁿand⁴my²heartⁿwent^vpoundingⁿfor¹this²cute^adjlittle^adjwhite^adj

kittenⁿwith¹grey^adjearsⁿ.We²brought^vit²homeⁿand⁴since¹then^advit² has³been³my²best^adjfriendⁿ.I²have³named^vit²Rosieⁿ.

Rosieⁿ is³ there² with¹ us² since¹ the last^adj two yearsⁿ and⁴ has³ become^v a partⁿ of¹ our² familyⁿ. I² love^v playingⁿ with¹ it². I² play^v with¹ it² in¹ the houseⁿ also^adv take^v it² out^adv in¹ the parkⁿ every evening^adv.I²bathe^vit²twicea monthⁿwith¹the helpⁿof¹my²motherⁿ. Bathing^v sessionsⁿ are³ super^adj funⁿ for¹ me² as well as^advRosieⁿ. My² motherⁿ makes^v me² a pointⁿ to¹ comb^v Rosie’sⁿ furry^adj coatⁿ every day^adv. We² have^v a separate^adj setⁿ of¹ combsⁿ, brushesⁿ, shampooⁿ and⁴ soapsⁿfor¹ Rosieⁿ.We² also^advtake^v a good^adjcareⁿ of¹her² dietⁿ. We²bring^vhomeⁿspecial^adjcat foodⁿfor¹her². I²love^vmy²petⁿcatⁿ.

Table 4.7

Summary Types of Words from Text 4

Types of Words Part of Speech Total

Content Words

1. Noun 49

2. Verb 24

3. Adjective 18

4. Adverb 10

Total 101

Grammatical Function Words

1. Preposition 23

2. Pronoun 47

3. Auxiliary Verb 10

4. Conjunction 8

Total 88

Based on the table above, text 4 contained 101 content words which were comprised of 49 nouns, 24 verbs, 18 adjectives, and 10 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 88 grammatical function words which were comprised of 23 prepositions, 47 pronouns, 10 auxiliary verbs, and 8 conjunctions.

To count the proportion of lexical density the researcher employed Ure’sformula, as follows:

Lexical Density =

( )x 100%

Lexical Density = x 100%

Lexical Density = x 100%

Lexical Density = 53,43%

Based on the result above, text 4 had 53,43% lexical density.

According to Ure’s qualification of lexical density, it was indicated medium lexical density, which was the content of the text was quite easy to be understood.

Text 5: Page 121

My Country

Well^adv, of course^adv in¹ Januaryⁿ in¹ my² countryⁿ it² can³ be³ very^advcold^adj,with¹lots of²snowⁿeverywhere^adv,so⁴you²must³bring^v lots of²warm^adjclothesⁿ, coatsⁿ,and⁴woolly^adjhatsⁿ,and⁴if⁴ you²can³, snow bootsⁿ.

Many² peopleⁿgo^v skiing^v in¹ the mountainsⁿ at¹the weekendsⁿ and⁴when¹you²are³up^advso^advhigh^adjand⁴the skyⁿis³blue^adj, the sunⁿ feel^v really^adv quite^adj hot^adj which² is³ warm^adj enough^adv to¹ have^v lunchⁿ outside^adv.You² can³ even^adv sunbathe^v,so⁴ you² should³ bring^v sun creamⁿ!But⁴ you² don’t³have³go^v skiingⁿ,there²are³ lots of²other² thigsⁿyou²can³do^vand⁴see^v.A lot of²our²townsⁿare³very^advpretty^adj. They² look^v exactly^adv the same^adj today^adv as⁴ they² did³ four hundred^adj yearsⁿ ago^adv. And⁴ we² have^v beautiful^adj lakesⁿ. If⁴ the weather’sⁿ fine^adj you² can³ go^v for¹ a boatⁿ tripⁿ and⁴ you² can³ get^v really^adv wonderful^adj viewsⁿ of¹ the mountainsⁿ all around^adv, from¹ lake Genevaⁿyou²can³sometimes^advsee^vas far as^advMount Blancⁿ.

The foodⁿyou²must³try^vis³fondueⁿ,which²is³cheeseⁿmelted^v in¹ a potⁿ. You² put^v piecesⁿ of¹ breadⁿ on⁴ long^adj forksⁿ to¹ get^v it² out^adv. Also^adv you² could³ try^v Rostiⁿ made^v with¹ potatoesⁿ and⁴ creamⁿ–mmm! They²’re³both²delicious^adj.