Therefore, the researcher wanted to analyze“Passport to the World”Textbook why it was seldom used by finding out the lexical density of reading material in the textbook. Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8th Grade of Junior High School Based on Curriculum 2013”. Based on the background above, the researcher analyzed Lexical Density of Reading Material in the “Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8thGrade of Junior High School Based on Curriculum 2013.
How is the lexical density of reading materials in the “Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8th Grade of Junior High School based on Curriculum 2013. To examine the lexical density from reading materials in the “Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8th Grade of Junior High School based on Curriculum 2013.
INTRODUCTION
- Research Background
- Research Questions
- Research Objectives
- Research significance
- Definition of Key Term
- Structure of the Report
Focus on Lexical Density and Readability” (International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, Volume 2, 2015). Besides, for the lexical density analysis, the researcher used the technique of marking kinds of content words and grammatical function words in the sentences. Afterward, the researcher determined the proportion of lexical density of the reading material in the textbook.
It included the analysis genre of reading material in the textbook based on Curriculum 2013 and the lexical density of the reading material. Lexical Density of Reading Material in the “Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8thGrade of Junior High School based on Curriculum 2013”.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Previous Research
10Siti Maimunah, “An Analysis of Lexical Density in English Textbook at VIII Grade Al-Huda Junior High School Tembilahan”, (Thesis, UIN Suka Riau, 2019). Previous research analyzed lexical density and readability while this research just analyzed the lexical density. An Analysis of Lexical Density in English Textbook at VIII Grade Al-Huda Junior High School Tembilahan”.
Previous research just analyzed the lexical density of descriptive and narrative text while this research analyzed all the reading material that purposed by curriculum 2013 in the textbook. The similarities of the three previous researches with this research were both of them analyzed lexical density.
Theoretical Framework
- Language
- Linguistics
- Lexical Density
The structure of the text is the introductory paragraph which tells who, what, where, and when. The grammatical of this text is the use of the proper noun, use of descriptive words, the use of past tense, and words that show the order of events.31 It means recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. The social function of the announcement is to share planned, or inform the reader about information about an event.
Because of the textbook, the student can repeat what the teacher had explained in the class. This index difficulty is intended to measure the composition of the reading text in the textbook.
RESEARCH METHODS
- Research Approach and Type of Research
- Data and Source of Data
- Technique of Collecting Data
- Technique of Data Analysis
- Validity of Data
Based on the table above, there were three genres of reading material found in the English Textbook. Based on the table above, text 1 contained 48 content words which were comprised of 24 nouns, 19 verbs, 2 adjectives, and 3 adverbs. Based on the table above, text 6 contained 83 content words which were comprised of 50 nouns, 20 verbs, 8 adjectives, and 5 adverbs.
Based on the table above, text 7 contained 49 content words which were comprised of 37 nouns, 5 verbs, 5 adjectives, and 2 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 45 grammatical function words which were comprised of 12 prepositions, 22 pronouns, 5 auxiliary verbs, and 6 conjunctions. Based on the table above, text 12 contained 34 content words which were comprised of 21 nouns, 7 verbs, 2 adjectives, and 4 adverbs.
On the other side, it was contained 35 grammatical function words which were comprised of 9 prepositions, 15 pronouns, 6 auxiliary verbs, and 5 conjunctions. On the other side, it was contained 48 grammatical function words which were comprised of 21 prepositions, 14 pronouns, 8 auxiliary verbs, and 5 conjunctions. On the other side, it was contained 30 grammatical function words which were comprised of 10 prepositions, 13 pronouns, 2 auxiliary verbs, and 5 conjunctions.
Based on the table above, text 16 contained 28 content words which were comprised of 15 nouns, 6 verbs, 4 adjectives, and 3 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 20 grammatical function words which were comprised of 10 prepositions, 4 pronouns, 3 auxiliary verbs, and 3 conjunctions. On the other side, it was contained 36 grammatical function words which were comprised of 14 prepositions, 16 pronouns, 4 auxiliary verbs, and 2 conjunctions.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Findings
On the other side, it was contained 111 grammatical function words which were comprised of 19 prepositions, 54 pronouns, 16 auxiliary verbs, and 22 conjunctions. Based on the table above, text 3 contained 78 content words which were comprised of 43 nouns, 12 verbs, 14 adjectives, and 9 adverbs. Based on the table above, text 4 contained 101 content words which were comprised of 49 nouns, 24 verbs, 18 adjectives, and 10 adverbs.
On the other side, it was contained 88 grammatical function words which were comprised of 23 prepositions, 47 pronouns, 10 auxiliary verbs, and 8 conjunctions. Based on the table above, text 5 contained 90 content words which were comprised of 36 nouns, 20 verbs, 15 adjectives, and 19 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 78 grammatical function words which were comprised of 14 prepositions, 30 pronouns, 22 auxiliary verbs, and 15 conjunctions.
On the other side, it was contained 50 grammatical function words which were comprised of 19 prepositions, 11 pronouns, 14 auxiliary verbs, and 6 conjunctions. On the other side, it was contained 61 grammatical function words which were comprised of 21 prepositions, 16 pronouns, 16 auxiliary verbs, and 8 conjunctions. Based on the table above, text 8 contained 62 content words which were comprised of 24 nouns, 17 verbs, 3 adjectives, and 18 adverbs.
Based on the table above, text 9 contained 113 content words which were comprised of 52 nouns, 31 verbs, 6 adjectives, and 24 adverbs. On the other side, it was contained 71 grammatical function words which were comprised of 24 prepositions, 34 pronouns, 3 auxiliary verbs, and 10 conjunctions. On the other side, it was contained 76 grammatical function words which were comprised of 21 prepositions, 36 pronouns, 14 auxiliary verbs, and 5 conjunctions.
On the other side, it was contained 96 grammatical function words which were comprised of 22 prepositions, 41 pronouns, 26 auxiliary verbs, and 7 conjunctions. Based on the table above, text 17 contained 52 content words which were comprised of 22 nouns, 11 verbs, 9 adjectives, and 10 adverbs.
Discussion
Four reading texts (texts 2, 6, 9, and 13) were categorized as high lexical density because their lexical density was between 61% to 70%. Further, the two texts left (text 7 and 12) were categorized as low lexical density because the lexical density was between 41% - 50%. Based on the lexical density analysis that had been conducted, a certain text which had more total number of words did not determine that the text was difficult to understand.
Meanwhile, the result of lexical density analysis showed that the text entitled “Two Rabbits” had high lexical density than the text titled “A Trip to Borobudur” even though the text entitled “Two Rabbits” had a fewer total number of words. As Johansson said, “low lexical density containsmany pronouns and auxiliaries rather than nouns and verbs”.52In brief, the majority of reading text in the textbook was not difficult to understand. Based on the findings, the percentage of lexical density could be known that the easy item was 11,76%, the moderate item was 64,70%, and the difficult item was 23,52%.
For other researchers, this research may give a reference for the other researchers to conduct a study concerning analyzing the lexical density of any reading texts in the textbook for different course levels or different publishers. Reading Comprehension and Perceived Gomprehensibility of Lexical Density at Discourse and Sentence Level.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, Sweden: University of Umea, 1978. Analyzing Lexical Density of English Reading Texts in Pathway to English Textbook for Senior High School Grade X.” Thesis, UIN Ar- Raniry Banda Aceh, 2018.
Lexical diversity and lexical density in speech and writing: A developmental perspective” Lund University, Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, 53, 2008. An Analysisof Lexical Density in English Textbook at VIII Grade Al-Huda Junior High School Tembilahan”. Hereby declares that the content of the thesis entitled “Lexical Density of Reading Material in the “Passport to the World” English Textbook for 8th Grade of Junior High School Based on Curriculum 2013 ” is the result of my research/work, except in part referred by the source.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusion
Related to the first focus of this research, the researcher found three genres of reading material represented in the English textbook, those were descriptive text, recount text, and announcement. It was represented 11 (eleven) times, continued by recount text that was represented 4 (four) times, and the last was announcement text that was represented twice. On another side, related to the second focus of this research, the researcher found 2 texts as low lexical density which means the texts is easy to understand, 11 texts as medium lexical density which means the texts is quite easy to understand, and 4 texts as high lexical density which means the texts is difficult to understand.
It means that the majority of the text in the textbook was not difficult to be understood by the students. In addition, the composition of this text had not reached the ideal ratio 1:2:1 of index difficulty because the.
Suggestion
Textbook For Seventh Grade Students In One Of Junior High Schools In Bandung.” Journal of English and Education. A Corpus-Based Analysis of Tehran Times and Azeri News Headlines: Focus on Lexical Density and Readability”, International Journal of Humanities Social and Education (IJHSSE) 2, no 1, Januari. An Analysis of Reading Materials on a Textbook for the Eighth Grader: Real Time an Interactive English Course for Junior High School Students Year VIII”.
Passport to the world’’ English Textbook for 8th Grade of Junior High School based on. Rosienis3there2with1us2 since1the lastadjtwoyearsnand4 has3 becomev a partn of1 our2 familyn.I2 lovev playingn with1 it2. I2 playv with1 it2 in1 the housen alsoadv takev it2 outadv in1 the parkn every eveningadv.
My2 mothern makesvme2a pointnto1combvRosie’snfurryadjcoatnevery dayadv.We2 haveva separateadjsetnof1combsn, brushesn, shampoonand4soapsnfor1 Rosien. In1 the oldadjdaysn peoplenbelievedv that4 a couplen of1 ondel – ondelsn were3 the manifestationv of1 a godnand4 goddessn who2 would3 protectv the circumcisedvboynfrom1 dangernor4 eviln. He2 hasv blueadj eyesn and4 strongadjfacen.He2wearsv glassesn.He2 is3 shortadjsightedadj.He2 takesvthem2off1when4he2doesn’t3workn.
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