CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
B. Theoretical Framework
3. Descriptive Text
something more clearly or add more details. This step can be called editing.
b. Proofread. Take another look at the completed text. This time, double-check your work for errors and pick your words carefully.
c. Make final corrections. Recheck the corrected errors discovered in steps five and six and make any other changes necessary to add. The text is finished.30
The author draws four conclusions about the writing process from the above quotation: planning (or pre-writing), writing (or drafting), reviewing (or editing), and finalizing (or rewriting).
f. Writing Assessment
Writing assessment is a process collective of students‘
writing learning objectives with some purposes to give feedback for students‘ writing. Brown 2000 there are six general categories about evaluation of students‘ writing those are content, organization, discourse, syntax, vocabulary and mechanics.31
Noprianto (2017) stated that descriptive text is one of the types requested to master by secondary schools in Indonesia.32 According to Gerrot and Wignell (1994: 208), the descriptive text describes a particular person, place, or thing.
Keraf (2000) stated that descriptive writing transfers the images and feelings the writer experienced to the reader.33 Based on these definitions, it is clear that descriptive writing is any text used to represent, explain, or describe a topic like a person, location, item, etc.
32 Eko Noprianto, ―Students‘s Descriptive Text Writing in SFL Perspective,‖ IJELTAL2, no.1 (2017): 66.
33 Gorys Keraf, Eksposisi: Komposisi Lanjutan II (Jakarta: Gramdia Widia Indonesia, 1995), 16.
b. The Purpose of Descriptive Text
As social creatures, humans need to share their experiences with others in a written form, for example, vacation experiences, meeting new people, Etc. They use descriptive text to describe their experience. The social function of descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place, or thing. 34
c. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
According to Luber, identification and description make up the general structure of the descriptive text. The subject of the description is introduced via identification. The description provides information about distinguishing aspects, including size, physical characteristics, aptitude, habit, etc.35
Mulyono state that the generic structure of descriptive is a paragraph consisting of the identification that identifies the phenomenon and a description that describes the parts, qualities, and characteristics of the phenomenon.36
From that explanation, the researcher concluded that the descriptive text structure is identification and description.
d. Language Features of Descriptive Text
Based on Peronity, the use of the simple present tense, which describes the object, and the use of the adjective to define the noun are
34 Barbarana Fine Clouse, The Student Write (McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004),143.
35 Juliant Luber. ―Definition, the purpose, generic structure, language features, and example of
Descriptive Text‖ JuliantLuber (blog). April 28, 2014,
http://juliantluber.blogspot.com/2014/04/descriptive-text.html.
36 Mulyono, English Way 2 (Jakarta: Quadra, 2009), 22.
among the linguistic characteristics of descriptive texts. Furthermore, Knapp and Watkins declare that descriptive text has the grammatical feature as follow:
1. The present tense is commonly used to describe something from a technical and factual point of view.
2. Relational verbs describe the appearance and function of phenomena (is, are, has, have).
3. Action verbs for describing behaviors or uses, i.e., the queen ant lays the eggs. Ants live in colonies.
4. Action verbs are symbolically utilized in the straightforward literary description to produce the desired impact, as in Declan broke the record.
5. A mental verb is used when describing literary descriptions,i.e.she, she felt unhappy.
6. Adjectives add extra information to nouns and may be technical, every day or literary, depending on the text, i.e., possums are nocturnal.
7. Adverbs add extra information for verbs to provide a more detailed description.
8. Adverbial phrases are used in descriptions to add more information about the manner, place, or time.
9. Sentences and paragraphs are thematically linked to the topic of description. Technical descriptions generally deal with classes of
things rather than individual things.37 It can be concluded that Language features are divided into 3. Those are present tense, verb, and adjective.
e. Kinds of descriptive text
There are five distinct categories of descriptive writing, as identified by Jolly. Those are;
1. Describing process
Not only does defining a process involve discussing how something is done, but it can also describe why something is done and what is required to finish the process.
2. Describing event
To describe an event, a writer must recall what is occurred. Assume the author is going to write about education in Indonesia. In this case, the writer should provide enough information for the reader to understand the writing.
3. Describing personality
The first step in describing someone is to identify their distinguishing characteristics. Regarding physical appearances, like eye color, hair color, etc., for emotional words like irritable, funny, etc. It can be greedy, cocky, pessimistic, honest, and stinky on the moral side and smart, intelligent, and wise on the intellectual side.
37 Peter Knapp and Morgan Watkins, Genre, Text, Grammar: Technologies for Teaching and Assessing Writing (Sydney: University of South Wales Press Ltd, 2005), 98-100.
4. Describing place
The best way to describe a place is to talk about something real. When describing an object, the details are the most important part. Places like schools, theme parks, hotels, hospitals, offices, etc., are examples of places.
5. Describing an object
To provide an accurate description of an object, the physical characteristics of the thing based on what is displayed in the images.
Table 2. 2
The example of descriptive text Tittle
My lovely mother
Figure 2. 1 Example picture of mother
Identification
Ms Fitri is my mother. She is beautiful. She is doctor.
Description
She is 30 years old. She works in Elizabeth Hospital. She has pointed nose. She is tall. She has black hair.
4. Flash card as Media